Co-Pilot: What is it and How to Become One – The #1 Ultimate Guide

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The term co-pilot is often heard in movies, cockpit conversations, and aviation manuals—but what does it actually mean? In the world of commercial aviation, the co-pilot plays a critical role in every flight, working alongside the captain to ensure safety, precision, and performance from takeoff to landing.

Whether you’re aiming for the airline cockpit, a career in charter aviation, or a long-term goal of becoming a captain, starting as a co-pilot is the first official step in your professional flying journey. But it takes more than just passion—it requires the right licenses, training, and flight experience to get there.

In this guide, you’ll learn exactly what a co-pilot does, what qualifications you’ll need, how to become one, what kind of salary to expect, and how to move from the right seat to the captain’s chair.

What is a co-pilot?

A co-pilot, also known as a first officer, is the second-in-command (SIC) of an aircraft. While the captain holds ultimate authority, the co-pilot is equally licensed and trained to operate the aircraft, share flight duties, and take control if necessary. In most modern two-pilot flight decks, responsibilities are shared equally to ensure safety and reduce fatigue.

The term “co-pilot” and “first officer” are used interchangeably in both commercial and private aviation. The distinction isn’t in the license, but in the seating position and company hierarchy. A co-pilot typically sits on the right side of the cockpit and assists in all phases of flight—from pre-flight inspection to final taxi.

Although often seen as a stepping stone to captain, the co-pilot role is critical in its own right. It requires deep technical knowledge, communication skill, and full readiness to take command at any moment.

Key responsibilities of a co-pilot

The co-pilot’s job goes far beyond “assisting the captain.” They are fully responsible for operating the aircraft safely and efficiently—especially in high workload situations.

Key responsibilities include:

  • Pre-flight preparation: Reviewing weather, flight plans, aircraft systems, and fuel requirements.
  • Assisting during all flight phases: Taking turns with the captain on flying, radio communications, and checklist management.
  • Monitoring systems: Constantly checking engine performance, instruments, and navigation inputs.
  • Emergency handling: Taking over control if the captain is incapacitated, and supporting emergency procedures as trained.
  • Crew coordination: Maintaining clear, calm communication with the captain, cabin crew, and air traffic control (ATC).

In every flight, the co-pilot plays a vital role in ensuring two sets of eyes, two minds, and two hands are actively managing the aircraft. This redundancy is a pillar of modern aviation safety—and why the right seat is never just a backup.

Qualifications needed to become a co-pilot

To qualify for a right-seat position in a commercial aircraft, you’ll need more than just passion for flying—you’ll need to meet strict regulatory and training standards set by the FAA (or your local aviation authority).

At a minimum, aspiring pilots must hold a Commercial Pilot License (CPL), which allows them to be legally paid for flying. In addition to the CPL, the following are typically required:

  • Instrument Rating – For flying under instrument flight rules (IFR) and handling low-visibility conditions
  • Multi-Engine Rating – Required for most airline or jet operations
  • Second-Class Medical Certificate – To confirm physical and mental fitness for commercial flying
  • English language proficiency – As mandated by ICAO for international operations

Some airlines may also require a minimum number of logged hours, even for entry-level first officer roles. For U.S. airline positions, most candidates must also hold or be eligible for the Airline Transport Pilot License (ATPL), which requires 1,500 total flight hours.

Flight training path: step-by-step

Becoming a commercial first officer isn’t an overnight process. It requires progression through several levels of training, each building on the skills and responsibilities of the last.

Here’s the standard pathway:

  1. Private Pilot License (PPL) – This is your foundation. You’ll learn basic aerodynamics, aircraft control, and navigation.
  2. Instrument Rating (IR) – Adds the ability to fly safely in clouds, fog, and low visibility.
  3. Time-Building Phase – Many pilots log 100–200 hours solo or with other trainees to meet commercial requirements.
  4. Commercial Pilot License (CPL) – Grants you the legal right to fly for hire.
  5. Multi-Engine Rating – Required for twin-engine aircraft, including most commercial and charter planes.
  6. Certified Flight Instructor (CFI) (optional) – Many pilots instruct to build hours before applying to airlines.
  7. ATP Certificate (if required) – For U.S. airline roles, you’ll need 1,500 hours and must pass the ATP checkride.

Most pilots complete these steps in 18 to 24 months, depending on their training schedule, budget, and how they choose to build hours.

Where do co-pilots work?

Pilots in second-in-command roles are employed across a wide range of aviation sectors—not just airlines. While many first officers aim for airline careers, there are plenty of opportunities to gain experience and flight hours in other operations.

Common workplaces include:

  • Commercial airlines – Domestic and international carriers remain the largest employers, offering structured promotion paths to captain roles.
  • Regional airlines – A popular starting point, especially in the U.S., for pilots seeking quick experience in turbine aircraft.
  • Charter and corporate aviation – Business jets and VIP transport flights often hire two-pilot crews, including entry-level SICs.
  • Cargo operations – Companies like FedEx, DHL, and UPS hire second-in-command pilots for scheduled cargo flights.
  • Government and EMS – Some roles exist in emergency medical services, firefighting, and federal transport operations.

This broad demand allows pilots to gain real-world flying experience while working toward advanced roles—and in many cases, to build hours toward captain qualification.

Co-pilot salary expectations

Earnings for second-in-command positions vary widely depending on experience, employer, aircraft type, and region. Entry-level salaries may seem modest at first, but the growth curve is steep—especially in airlines with seniority-based pay scales.

In the United States, entry-level salaries typically range from $40,000 to $60,000 per year, especially at regional carriers. As experience grows, or as pilots move into jet aircraft or international routes, first officers can earn upwards of $90,000 to $120,000 annually.

Here are a few influencing factors:

  • Airline vs. charter: Major carriers generally pay more than charter operators.
  • Aircraft type: Jet-rated first officers earn more than those flying turboprops or light aircraft.
  • Union and seniority: Airline pay is structured, with increases based on years of service and aircraft size.
  • Geographic location: Pay varies by country and region—pilots in North America and the Middle East tend to earn more than those in parts of Asia or South America.

Though the first few years are about building experience, the long-term earning potential in aviation is significant—especially for those who continue on to captain positions.

Advancement: from co-pilot to captain

For many aspiring aviators, the right seat is only the beginning. Progressing from a supporting role to the left seat—captain—is a natural and rewarding career goal. But making that leap requires more than just time in the air.

Most airlines and charter operators promote internally based on a combination of:

  • Flight hours: Accumulating 1,500+ hours is typically the first benchmark, but captains often have closer to 3,000–4,000 hours, including significant PIC (Pilot-in-Command) time.
  • Seniority: At major airlines, promotion is based on union or company seniority systems, which reward pilots who stay longer with the same carrier.
  • Skill assessments: Simulator checks, line evaluations, and recurrent training prove readiness to lead a flight crew.
  • Leadership ability: Captains are responsible not only for aircraft operation but also for decision-making, crew coordination, and overall safety.

The transition is a major milestone—and one that demonstrates professionalism, confidence, and readiness to lead. For pilots who start strong and stay committed, moving up from co-pilot to captain is not just possible—it’s expected.

Conclusion

The journey to becoming a co-pilot is structured, challenging, and ultimately rewarding. From building core flight skills in training to operating complex aircraft as second-in-command, it’s a career built on discipline, precision, and a deep passion for aviation.

Whether your goal is to join a major airline, fly business jets, or eventually command your own flight crew, the first officer role is where it all begins. With the right licenses, flight school, and commitment, you can start this journey and build a future where every seat in the cockpit brings you closer to the left one.

If you’re serious about aviation, the path is clear—and the right seat is waiting.

Ready to start your journey toward the right seat?

Florida Flyers Flight Academy offers FAA-approved training programs designed to take you from student to professional in as little as 12–18 months. Whether you’re starting from zero or looking to fast-track your commercial training, you’ll get the structure, support, and flying time you need to build your career.

FAQ: co-pilot to captain

QuestionAnswer
Is a co-pilot the same as a first officer?Yes. Both terms refer to the second-in-command who assists the captain and can fully operate the aircraft.
How long does it take to become a co-pilot?Most pilots reach first officer roles within 18 to 24 months of full-time training and hour-building.
Can a co-pilot fly the plane?Absolutely. Pilots in this role alternate duties with the captain and may handle takeoff, landing, or entire legs of a flight.
What is the salary for a co-pilot?Entry-level pay ranges from $40,000 to $60,000/year, with senior first officers earning $90,000+ depending on the employer.
Can international students become co-pilots in the USA?Yes. With the proper visas, FAA certifications, and TSA approval, international students can train and work in the U.S. aviation system.

Contact the Florida Flyers Flight Academy Team today at (904) 209-3510 to learn more about how to do the foreign pilot license conversion in 4 steps.