ⓘ TL;DR
- Uhlelo lokufaka izinombolo ze-runway lusekelwe esihlokweni esinobuthi esihlukaniswe ngeshumi futhi sizungezwe inombolo ephelele eseduze. Isihloko esingu-092° siba yi-Runway 09.
- I-runway eyodwa inezinombolo ezimbili ngoba umkhawulo ngamunye umelela izihloko ezihambisanayo zikagesi ezihluka ngamadigri ayi-180, njengo-09 no-27.
- Izinombolo zemigwaqo ziyashintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ngenxa yokukhukhuleka kwenyakatho okunamandla, okudinga ukuthi izikhumulo zezindiza zibuyekeze izimpawu, amashadi, kanye nezizindalwazi zokuzulazula.
- Izinhlamvu ezifana no-L, u-C, no-R zihlukanisa imigwaqo yezindiza ehambisanayo nombono womshayeli wendiza, hhayi ngombono wemephu.
- Izinombolo zemigwaqo ziwuphawu oluqondisa indlela kuphela. Azibonisi ubude bemigwaqo, ububanzi, noma amandla esakhiwo.
Okuqukethwe
Lesi sihloko ngeke sichaze uhlelo lokufaka izinombolo ze-runway ngokukutshela ukuthi kulula bese sikushiya ucabanga okunye. Sizokukhombisa ngqo ukuthi lezo zinombolo zabelwa kanjani, ukuthi kungani i-runway ingaba ngu-9 no-27, nokuthi kwenzekani lapho uMhlaba ngokwawo unquma ukuzishintsha.
Ukudideka okuphathelene nezinombolo zendlela yokugijima kuyaqondakala. Zibukeka zingenanjongo, ikakhulukazi uma ubona indlela yokugijima iphawulwe ngo-9 kolunye uhlangothi kanye no-27 kolunye. Kuzwakala njengekhodi, hhayi uhlelo. Kodwa luyisistimu, futhi lwakhiwe ngesimiso esisodwa esivumelanayo: isihloko sikamagnetic.
Lapha uzofunda indlela ethile yokucabanga ngemuva kwenombolo ngayinye ye-runway, inqubo yesinyathelo ngesinyathelo yokuzibeka, kanye nesizathu sangempela sokuthi ziphinde zifakwe izinombolo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ekugcineni, uzobheka noma iyiphi i-runway futhi wazi kahle ukuthi inombolo isho ukuthini.
I-Logic Engemuva Kwayo Yonke Inombolo Yomzila
Inombolo yendlela yokugijima yinombolo ephelele eseduze nengxenye eyodwa kweziyishumi ze-azimuth yamagnetic yomugqa ophakathi wendlela yokugijima, elinganiswa ngokwewashi ukusuka enyakatho yamagnetic. Inombolo yokugcina ikhishwa ku-azimuth, ngakho-ke isihloko sama-degree angu-092 siba yi-runway 09. Le nombolo eyodwa itshela umshayeli wendiza ukuthi uzondiza ngakuphi lapho. ukufika noma ukugibela indiza kusukela kulokho.
Uhlelo aluqondakali kahle kakhulu ngoba inombolo ekolunye uhlangothi ibonakala iphambene nenombolo ekolunye uhlangothi. Indawo yokugijima enenombolo engu-09 kolunye uhlangothi izobe inomboro engu-27 kolunye uhlangothi. Lokhu akulona iphutha noma ukuhlangana nje, kuwukuphindaphindwa kwesihloko sokuqala, esibalwa ngokungeza noma ukususa ama-degree angu-180. Inombolo iyashintsha ngoba indlela yokusondela iyashintsha.
The Incwadi Yolwazi Lwezindiza ye-FAA ibhala phansi le ndinganiso, iqinisekisa ukuthi wonke umshayeli wendiza ufunda inombolo efanayo kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ikuphi esikhumulweni sezindiza. Ukunemba kubaluleke kakhulu ekubonakaleni okuphansi noma ezikhumulweni zezindiza ezingajwayelekile, lapho izinga elilodwa lokungahambisani kahle lingasho umehluko phakathi kwendlela ezinzile kanye nendlela yokulungisa.
Ukuqonda indlela yokucabanga kususa imfihlakalo. Ngesikhathi esilandelayo lapho inombolo ye-runway ibonakala ingahleliwe, ukubala kulula: hlukanisa isihloko sikagesi ngo-10, ujikeleze uye enombolweni ephelele eseduze, bese wehlisa u-zero. Uhlelo lulula kunalokho olubukeka ngakho.
Okushiwo Yi-Runway 9 kanye ne-27 Empeleni
Ukudideka okuphathelene nomgwaqo i-runway 9 kanye ne-27 cishe kujwayelekile phakathi kwabashayeli bezindiza abasha kanye nabahambi abanelukuluku. Kubukeka sengathi kuyaphikisana, izinombolo ezimbili zikhomba ngezindlela eziphambene emgqeni ofanayo wendlela. Iphutha ukuphatha izinombolo njengamalebula kunokuthi ziyini: izihloko eziqondene nendlela ethile ezishintsha kuye ngokuthi undiza ubheke kuphi.
Ngaphambi:
Umgibeli ubheka ngefasitela bese ebona i-runway 9 kolunye uhlangothi kanye ne-runway 27 kolunye. Izinombolo zibonakala zihlehlisiwe, cishe ngokungahleliwe. Lokhu kuholela ekucabangeni ukuthi uhlelo aluhambisani noma ukuthi othile wenze iphutha lokubhala amalebula.
Ngemuva kwalokho:
Umzila 09 usho ukuthi ukuphela kwendlela kuqondile cishe kuma-degrees angu-90 ku- ikhampasi iphakame ngamadigri angu-360, ibheke empumalanga. Uhlangothi oluphambene, i-runway 27, lukhomba kuma-degree angu-270, ibheke entshonalanga. I-runway efanayo ebonakalayo inezinombolo ezimbili ngoba isiqondiso ngasinye sokufika sinesithenjwa saso samagnetic.
Lokhu akuyona into exakile. Kuwukucabanga okuphelele kwesistimu okubonakalayo. Inombolo itshela umshayeli ukuthi abhekise kanjani ikhala ngaphambi kokuba amasondo asuke phansi.
Indlela Izinombolo Zomzila Ezinikezwa Ngayo Isinyathelo Ngesinyathelo
Inqubo yokwabiwa kwemisebenzi iwumshini, ayiyona imfihlakalo. Izincazelo eziningi zeqa isinyathelo esibalulekile sokuzungeza ngendlela efanele, lapho i-logic yesistimu ichofoza noma yehluleka khona kumfundi omusha. Le nqubo ilandela izinyathelo ezinhlanu eziqondile eziguqula i-compass bearing ibe izinombolo ezidwetshwe emgwaqweni.
Isinyathelo 1. Kala i-azimuth yamagnetic yomugqa ophakathi nendawo yendiza usuka ohlangothini olusondela umshayeli wendiza. Lena indawo yokuqala yangempela, hhayi ukuqondiswa ngokomzimba kwendiza ebalazweni. Ukulinganisa kuvela kukhampasi eqondiswe enyakatho yamagnetic, hhayi enyakatho yangempela.
Isinyathelo 2. Hlukanisa leyo azimuth ngo-10 bese uyizungeza uye enombolweni ephelele eseduze. I-bearing yama-degree angu-092 iba ngu-9.2, ezungeza iye ku-9. I-bearing yama-degree angu-176 iba ngu-17.6, ezungeza iye ku-18. Ukuzungeza yisinyathelo esidala umphumela ohlanzekile onezinombolo ezimbili.
Isinyathelo 3. Yehlisa u-zero wokugcina uma umphumela uyizinombolo ezimbili, noma engeza u-zero oholayo uma umphumela uyinombolo eyodwa. Inombolo 9 iba ngu-09. Inombolo 18 ihlala ingu-18. Yingakho ungalokothi ubone inombolo ye-runway enenombolo eyodwa ngaphandle kuka-zero oholayo, kungumthetho wokufometha oqinisekisa ukuvumelana kuzo zonke umdwebo neshadi lesikhumulo sezindiza.
Isinyathelo 4. Nika inombolo ehambisanayo ekugcineni okuphambene. Engeza u-180 enombolweni yokuqala, noma ususe u-180 uma inombolo yokuqala inkulu kuno-180. Indlela yokugijima engu-09 ithola indlela yokugijima engu-27 ngakolunye uhlangothi. Indlela yokugijima engu-18 ithola indlela yokugijima engu-36. Izinombolo ezimbili zihlala zifinyelela ku-36, okuyinguqulo yenani eliphelele lama-degree angu-360.
Isinyathelo 5. Faka izinhlamvu u-L, u-C, noma u-R uma kunezindawo zokugijima ezihambisanayo. Lesi sinyathelo sisebenza kuphela ezikhumulweni zezindiza ezinezindawo zokugijima eziningi ezikhomba ohlangothini olufanayo. Umhlahlandlela we-Pilot Institute isebenzisa isibonelo samadigri angu-092 abe yi-runway 09, esibonisa inqubo ephelele kusukela ekuthwaleni kuya kwelebula lokugcina.
Ukuqedela lezi zinyathelo kuveza inombolo yendiza noma yimuphi umshayeli wendiza noma kuphi angayichaza ngokushesha. Uhlelo lususa ukungaqondakali esimweni lapho ukungaqondakali kungaba yinhlekelele.
Kungani Imigwaqo Yezindiza Iba Nezinombolo Ezintsha Ngokuhamba Kwesikhathi
Inombolo yendiza edwetshwe ku-asphalt ayihlali njalo. Iyashintsha ngoba insimu yamagnetic yoMhlaba ingugesi ohamba kancane, oshintshashintshayo ngaphansi kohlelo lonke lwezindiza, futhi izinombolo kumele zilandele.
Inyakatho yamagnetic inyakaza ngesivinini esiguquguqukayo kuye ngendawo. Eminyakeni noma amashumi eminyaka, i-azimuth yamagnetic yomugqa ophakathi we-runway ingashintsha ngamadigri amaningana. Lapho lokho kushintsha kusunduza isihloko sidlule umkhawulo ojikelezayo, cishe phakathi kwezinombolo ezimbili, i-runway ithola igama elisha.
Lesi akusona isenzakalo esingavamile. Izikhumulo zezindiza emhlabeni wonke ziye zashintsha izinombolo zemigwaqo yezindiza njengoba insimu yamagnetic ishintsha, okuphoqa izibuyekezo kumapuleti okusondela, izimpawu zemigwaqo yetekisi, kanye nezizindalwazi ezifakwe ohlelweni lokuphathwa kwezindiza lwendiza ngayinye.
Inqubo yokushintsha izinombolo iwumsebenzi wokuthutha othinta yonke ingxenye yokusebenza kwesikhumulo sezindiza. Izimpawu kumele zishintshwe. Amashadi ashicilelwe yiziphathimandla zezindiza kumele abuyekezwe. Abashayeli bezindiza kumele baziswe ngezincwadi ezisemthethweni. uhlelo lokuhlukanisa imigwaqo yezindiza ixhumene ngqo nokuzulazula, ngakho-ke ushintsho luhambisana nayo yonke inqubo yokwaziswa kwangaphambi kokundiza kanye nayo yonke inqubo yokusondela kwethuluzi. Ushintsho lwenombolo eyodwa lungadinga izinyanga zokuxhumanisa.
Okwenza lokhu kube yinto ebaluleke ukwazi ukuthi uhlelo aluguquki. Izinombolo ezibonakala zizinzile futhi zinegunya namuhla zilungile kuphela kulesi sikhathi sokuhamba kancane kwensimu yamagnetic. Kusasa, zingase ziphelelwe yisikhathi.
Okushiwo yizinhlamvu u-L, u-C, no-R
Imigwaqo yezindiza ehambisanayo yephula umqondo ocacile wesistimu yokubala imigwaqo yezindiza, yingakho izinhlamvu u-L, u-C, no-R zikhona. Ngaphandle kwazo, umshayeli wendiza ovunyelwe ukufika emgwaqweni wezindiza 15 esikhumulweni sezindiza onemigqa emithathu ehambisanayo ubengeke akwazi ukwazi ukuthi iyiphi okufanele ayihlose. Izinhlamvu zixazulula lokho kungaqondakali ngokwabela isikhundla maqondana nesiqondiso sokusondela.
- L yendlela yokugijima ehambisanayo kwesobunxele
- C yendlela ephakathi nendawo yokugijima ehambisanayo
- R yendlela yokugijima eqondile kwesokudla
- Kunikezwa uma ubhekene nesiqondiso sokusondela
- Kusetshenziswa kuphela uma imigwaqo emibili noma ngaphezulu yabelana ngenombolo efanayo
- Akuzona zonke izindiza ezinezinhlamvu ezintathu
- Izinhlamvu zifakwe ngqo enombolweni, azikho isikhala
Indawo ebekwe kuyo inqunywa njalo ngokombono womshayeli wendiza mayelana nendlela yokugcina, hhayi ngokubuka imephu. Lokhu kusho ukuthi i-15L kanye ne-15R ziyiziphambano ezibukwayo ekugcineni ngakunye kwendlela efanayo, okuyi-15L ukusuka kolunye uhlangothi iba yi-33R ukusuka kolunye.
Hlola Okufakiwe ku-Wikipedia ku-runway igama lomhlangano ophelele. Bese ubheka umdwebo wesikhumulo sezindiza sendawo yakho bese ubona ukuthi yiziphi izindiza zezindiza ezihambisanayo ezinezinhlamvu, iphethini iba sobala uma usuyazi ukuthi yini okufanele uyibheke.
Imibono Engalungile Evamile Mayelana Nezinombolo Zomgwaqo
Inganekwane ephikelelayo kakhulu ngezinombolo zezindiza ukuthi zabelwe ngokungahleliwe, njengokungathi umqhubi wesikhumulo sezindiza ukhipha inombolo esigqokweni. Le nkolelo iyaqhubeka ngoba izinombolo zibukeka zingenasisekelo kubagibeli ababona u-09 kolunye uhlangothi kanye no-27 kolunye ngaphandle kokuqonda isisekelo sesihloko sikamagnetic. Iqiniso liwukuthi inombolo ngayinye ilandela ukubala okuqinile okungashiyi ndawo yokuqagela.
Elinye iphutha elivamile ukucabanga ukuthi inombolo ibonisa ubude bendlela yokugijima. Indlela yokugijima ebhalwe ukuthi yi-15 ayibude obungamamitha angu-1,500, kanti indlela yokugijima engu-22 ayibude obungamamitha angu-2,200. Inombolo ayihlobene nebanga, iyilebula eliqondisa ngqo elithathwe ku-azimuth yamagnetic yomugqa ophakathi nendawo.
Abanye abahambi bayazibuza ukuthi kungani umzila wendiza u-00 ungaveli. Impendulo ilula: isihloko sama-degree angu-000 singaba senyakatho emagnetic, esijikeleza siye kuma-degree angu-360, hhayi u-zero. Uhlelo lusebenzisa u-36 kulowo mbhalo, futhi izinombolo zezinombolo ezilodwa zihlala zithola u-zero oholayo, umthetho obhalwe ku- amazinga okuklama imigwaqo yezindiza ezilawula izindiza zomhlaba wonke.
Mhlawumbe iphutha eliyingozi kakhulu ukuthi zombili iziphetho zendlela yokugijima zinenombolo efanayo. Umshayeli wendiza olindele indlela yokugijima engu-09 lapho esondela ocabanga ukuthi uhlangothi oluphambene nalo luyi-09 naye uzobe engalungile ngamadigri ayi-180. Inombolo yokuphindaphinda ikhona ngqo ukuze kuvinjelwe lokho kudideka, okunikeza yonke indlela isihlonzi sayo esiyingqayizivele.
Lokhu kungaqondani kubalulekile ngoba kuqeda ukwethembana ohlelweni olwenzelwe ukucaca ngokuphelele. Lapho umshayeli wendiza noma umgibeli evuma ukuthi izinombolo azinasisekelo, uyayeka ukufuna umqondo ogcina yonke indlela iphephile.
Indlela Abashayeli Bezindiza Abasebenzisa Ngayo Izinombolo Zendlela Yokugijima Ekuzijwayezeni
Abashayeli bezindiza abazibambi ngekhanda izinombolo zezindiza njengezinto ezingabalulekile. Bazisebenzisa njengethuluzi eliyinhloko lokuqinisekisa ukuthi basondela endaweni efanele yezindiza, ikakhulukazi ezikhumulweni zezindiza ezimatasa lapho izindiza eziningi zikhomba khona ngezindlela ezahlukene kanti umkhawulo wephutha u-zero.
Umshayeli wendiza osondela ekugcineni uhlola inombolo edwetshwe emkhawulweni ngokumelene nendawo evunyelwe yi-air traffic control. Leyo nombolo eyodwa, ebonakala ibanga elingaphezu kwekhilomitha, iqinisekisa ukuthi indiza ihambisana nendawo efanele. Esikhumulweni sezindiza njengeChicago O'Hare esinezindawo zokugijima eziyisishiyagalombili, lokhu kuqinisekiswa okubonakalayo akuyona into ongayikhetha, kuyingxenye ephoqelekile yohlu lokuhlola ukufika.
Inombolo iphinde isebenze njengesifinyezo sokuxhumana. Umshayeli wendiza akasho ukuthi "usondela emzileni wendiza okhomba empumalanga." Bathi "usufikile emzileni wendiza 09." Lelo ilebula elinamadijithi amabili liphethe lonke ulwazi oluqondisiwe oludingekayo ukuze umlawuli alandelele ithrafikhi nokuthi umshayeli wendiza agcine ukuqaphela isimo ngaphandle kokungabaza.
Izinombolo zivela kumadayagramu esikhumulweni sezindiza, amapuleti okusondela, kanye nezinqubo zethuluzi. Ishadi ngalinye umshayeli wendiza alibhekiselayo ngesikhathi sokwehla lifaka inombolo yendlela yokugijima njengesibonakaliso esiyinhloko. Lapho umshayeli wendiza echaza indlela yokusondela, inombolo yendlela yokugijima iwulwazi lokuqala abaluqinisekisayo uma kuqhathaniswa nesimo sezulu, isiqondiso somoya, kanye nendlela yokugijima esebenzayo lapho uya khona.
Uhlelo lusebenza ngoba inombolo ayikaze ibe yinto engaqondakali. Luwukuhunyushwa okuqondile kwesihloko sikamazibuthe sibe ilebula elifundwa yiwo wonke umshayeli wendiza, umlawuli, kanye nabasebenzi basemhlabathini ngendlela efanayo. Lokho kuvumelana yikho okwenza uhlelo lungabonakali uma lusebenza futhi lungenzeki ukuphuthelwa uma lungasebenzi.
Ngesikhathi Esizayo Uma Ubona Izinombolo Zomgwaqo, Uzokwazi
Uhlelo lokufaka izinombolo ze-runway luyayeka ukuba yimfihlakalo lapho uxhuma inombolo ngayinye nesihloko esinobuthi. Ukubheka kanye nje umkhawulo we-runway manje kukutshela ukuthi ubheke kuphi, u-09 usho empumalanga, u-27 usho entshonalanga, kanti yonke enye inombolo ilandela indlela efanayo yekhampasi ngaphandle kokukhetha.
Lolo lwazi lushintsha indlela ofunda ngayo umdwebo wesikhumulo sezindiza noma ulalele ucingo lomsakazo lomshayeli wendiza. Awusaboni izinombolo ezingahleliwe ezidwetshwe e-asphalt. Ubona ireferensi enembile yokuhambahamba esebenza ngendlela efanayo kuzo zonke izikhumulo zezindiza emhlabeni, kusukela emugqeni omncane wesifunda kuya esikhungweni esikhulu samazwe ngamazwe.
Bheka izinombolo zendiza esikhumulweni sezindiza sendawo yakho kusasa. Zisebenzisele ukubala. Khetha inombolo, uphindaphinde ngeshumi, bese uthola ukuthi uya kuphi ngekhampasi. Uhlelo luzoba nomqondo njalo.
Imibuzo Evamile Mayelana Nezinhlelo Zokubala Izinombolo Zemigwaqo
Inombolo yendlela yokugijima ibalwa kanjani?
Inombolo yendlela yokugijima itholakala esihlokweni sikamaginethi somugqa ophakathi wendlela yokugijima, esilinganiswa ngokwewashi sisuka enyakatho kamaginethi, sihlukaniswe ngeshumi, bese sizungezwa inombolo ephelele eseduze. Indlela yokugijima enesihloko sikamaginethi esingu-092° iba yi-Runway 09, kanti isihloko esingu-274° siba yi-Runway 27.
Kusho ukuthini ukuthi u-9 no-27 endaweni yokugijima?
Izinombolo ezimbili eziku-runway zimelela izinkomba eziphambene zokuhamba: I-Runway 09 ibheke empumalanga ku-090° magnetic, kanye ne-Runway 27 ibheke entshonalanga ku-270° magnetic. Abashayeli bezindiza abafika ku-Runway 09 baya empumalanga, kanti labo abafika ku-Runway 27 baya entshonalanga, yize izinombolo zibonakala ziphambene ku-compass rose.
Kwenzekani uma indawo yokugijima ibizwa ngokuthi i-runway?
Uma i-magnetic north ishintsha ngokwanele ukushintsha i-magnetic heading ye-runway okungenani ngamadigri amahlanu, igunya lesikhumulo sezindiza lishintsha izinombolo ze-runway ukuze zibonise i-heading entsha. Lokhu kubangela izibuyekezo kuwo wonke amashadi okuhamba, izinqubo zokusebenzisa imishini, izimpawu, kanye nemininingwane yabashayeli bezindiza, futhi abashayeli bezindiza asebendize kuleso sikhumulo sezindiza iminyaka eminingi kumele baqeqeshe kabusha imephu yabo yengqondo yensimu.
Iyini ikhodi 1 2 3 4 yemigwaqo yezindiza?
Ikhodi 1-2-3-4 ibhekisela kuKhodi Yereferensi Yesikhumulo Sezindiza (i-ARC), ehlukanisa imigwaqo yezindiza ngobukhulu nangesivinini sezindiza ezingangena kuzo, hhayi ngohlelo lokufaka izinombolo zemigwaqo yezindiza. Izigaba ze-ARC zisukela ku-A kuya ku-E ngesivinini sokufika kwendiza, kanye nezinombolo zamaRoma I kuya ku-VI zamaphiko kanye nomzila wamasondo, okunquma ukuthi yiziphi izinhlobo zezindiza ezivunyelwe ukusebenza kuleyo migwaqo yezindiza.
