ⓘ TL;DR
- Amashadi e-Approach anezindawo ezine ezihlukile: umugqa wokwazisa, ukubuka kohlelo, ukubuka iphrofayili, kanye nesigaba sama-minimum. Ngayinye iphendula umbuzo ohlukile futhi kumele ifundwe ngokulandelana, hhayi yonke ngesikhathi esisodwa.
- Qala njalo ngomugqa wokwazisa. Ama-frequencies, amanothi enqubo, kanye nemiyalelo yendlela okufanele uyisebenzise kumele isethwe ngaphambi kokuthi ubheke imephu.
- Umbono wohlelo ubonisa indlela eseceleni kuphela. Umbono wephrofayili ubonisa imingcele eqondile. Akekho yedwa olandisa indaba ephelele yale ndlela.
- I-DA kanye ne-MDA azifani. Izindlela zokunemba zikunikeza ukuphakama kwesinqumo ngaphandle kwethuba lesibili. Izindlela zokunemba zikuvumela ukuthi ushayele phezulu ku-MDA kuze kube yilapho ungasakwazi ukusondela.
- Kafushane ishadi lendlela ngemizuzwana engamashumi ayisithupha phansi ukuze libe yinkomba emoyeni, hhayi iphazili oyixazululayo ngenkathi wehla emafwini.
Okuqukethwe
Lesi sihloko ngeke sikunike olunye uhlu lwezimpawu zeshadi lendlela okufanele uzikhumbule. Sizokufundisa ukulandelana kwemininingwane okugcina abashayeli bezinsimbi bengaphuthelwa ukuphakama, ukundiza endaweni engalungile, noma ukuqeda okungenani.
Iningi labashayeli bezindiza lifunda amashadi ezindlela zokufinyelela ngokufunda inganekwane, ukuthi kusho ukuthini ukuwela kweMalta, ukuthi ungayifunda kanjani imvamisa yendawo, lapho iphuzu lendlela elahlekile lihlala khona. Lolo lwazi luyadingeka kodwa alwanele. Abashayeli bezindiza abenza amaphutha ngaphansi kwengcindezi akusibo abakhohliwe ukuthi kusho ukuthini uphawu. Yibo abangazange bathuthukise ukugeleza kokwaziswa okuqondisiwe okubamba amaphutha ngaphambi kokuba abe ukuphambuka.
Lapha uzothola uhlu lwezifinyezo oluphindaphindwayo, uhlelo oluqondile umshayeli wendiza olinganiswe ngethuluzi afunda ngalo ishadi lendlela kusukela phezulu kuya phansi, kwesobunxele kuya kwesokudla. Uzofunda ukuthi yini okufanele uyihlole kuqala, yini okufanele uyifunde ngokuzwakalayo, nokuthi abashayeli bezindiza abaningi badlula kuphi izinyathelo ezibabizayo. Ekugcineni, uzofingqa amashadi endlela yokwenza izinto ngendlela abashayeli bezindiza abangaphuthelwa ucingo ngayo.
Lokho Amashadi Endlela Yokusebenza Akukutshela Ngempela
Iningi labashayeli bezindiza liphatha amashadi ezindlela njengemibhalo yokubhekisela okufanele ichazwe ekhabetheni lendiza ngaphansi kwengcindezi yesikhathi. Lowo muzwa ubuyela emuva impela, ishadi liyithuluzi lokufingqa elenzelwe ukufundwa ngokulandelana okuthile ngaphambi kokuba injini iqale, hhayi iphazili okufanele lixazululwe ngenkathi ugwema amafu.
Ishadi ngalinye lenqubo yendlela yokusebenzisa ithuluzi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yiliphi izwe eliyishicilelayo ngaphansi kwezindinganiso ze-ICAO, lihlela ulwazi lube izindawo ezine ezihlukene ezikhonza izigaba ezahlukene zendlela. I-Plan View ikhombisa umzila osemaceleni kusukela endaweni yokuqala yokusondela eya esikhumulweni sezindiza. I-Profile View ihumusha leyo ndlela eseceleni ibe yisiqondiso esiqondile, ukuphakama, ama-engeli okwehla, kanye nokulungiswa kokwehla okugcina indiza ingenazo izithiyo.
Isigaba Esincane yilapho indlela iphila noma ife khona. Sibala izigaba zendlela, ukuphakama okuncane kokwehla noma ukuphakama kwesinqumo, kanye nezidingo zokubonakala ezinquma ukuthi indlela ingaqedwa ngokusemthethweni yini. Umdwebo Wesikhumulo Sezindiza ubonisa ukulungelelaniswa kwemigwaqo, izinhlelo zokukhanyisa, kanye nokulungiswa kokukhanya kwendlela, isiqinisekiso sokugcina sokuthi indlela eshadini ifana nendlela engaphambili kwefasitela.
Lezi zindawo ezine azibalulekile ngokulinganayo kuzo zonke izigaba zendlela. Iphutha liwukuziphatha njengohlu lokuhlola okufanele luskenwe kunokuba kube yincwadi yokuchaza okufanele ifundwe ngokulandelana. Umshayeli wendiza ofunda iSigaba Sobuncane ngaphambi kokubukwa kwepulani usevele elahlekelwe yindaba, ubuncane abusho lutho ngaphandle kokuqonda indlela eholela kuzo.
Isakhiwo siyafana kuzo zonke ishadi lezindlela ezishicilelwe emhlabeni wonke. Ukuqeqeshwa kokuzifunda ngokulandelana okufanele yikona okuhlukanisa abashayeli bezinsimbi abashayela inqubo kulabo abayilandela.
Kungani Ukukhumbula Izimpawu Kunganele
Ukwazi zonke izimpawu kumashadi okusebenza kufana nokubamba ngekhanda izinhlamvu zamagama bese uzibiza ngombhali wenoveli. Izimpawu ziyigama lamagama, kodwa ukugeleza kolwazi kuyiluhlelo lolimi oluziguqula zibe indaba ehambisanayo.
Iningi labashayeli bezindiza liyawudlula umugqa wokubonisana phezulu kweshadi bese ligxumela ngqo ekubukeni kohlelo. Babona ama-navaids kanye nokulungiswa bese becabanga ukuthi bayaqonda inqubo. Abakuphuthelwa inqubo yokubhekana nephutha, izinguquko zemvamisa, kanye nemikhawulo yokuphakama efihliwe embhalweni abawushaya indiva.
Lo mkhuba usebenza kahle ku-simulator nomfundisi wesiguli. Ngaphansi kwengcindezi, isimo sezulu sisondela esikhumulweni sezindiza esingajwayelekile, siyaphela. Umshayeli wendiza oweqa umugqa wesitimela uthola sekwephuzile ukuthi indlela elahlekile idinga ukujika kokukhuphuka iye endaweni ethile abangazange bayibone. Umphumela uba ukuphambuka komshayeli wendiza noma ukujikeleza okwakungafanele kwenzeke.
I-Florida Flyers Flight Academy ifundisa uhlelo oluhlelekile lwezifinyezo zayo inkambo yokulinganisa izinsimbi ngoba lo mkhuba uvimbela amaphutha lapho kubaluleke kakhulu. Abafundi bafunda ukufunda ishadi kusukela phezulu kuya phansi, kwesobunxele kuya kwesokudla, njalo. Ukulandelana kuba okuzenzakalelayo, okukhulula ikhono lokuqonda lokundiza indlela esikhundleni sokubhala ikhodi eshadini.
Umshayeli wendiza obamba ngekhanda izimpawu kodwa angalokothi afunde ukugeleza kwemininingwane uyisiphazamiso esisodwa esikude nephutha. Umshayeli wendiza obhala ishadi ngokulandelana okufanayo njalo usezakhele isivikelo kulokho kuphazamiseka.
Umugqa Wokufingqa: Ukufundwa Kwakho Kokuqala
Umugqa wokubonisana phezulu kwamashadi okubhekana nendiza yilapho abashayeli bezindiza abaningi benza khona iphutha labo lokuqala. Bayaliqa ngokuphelele, begxumela ngqo ekubukeni kohlelo ngoba izimpawu zibukeka zijwayelekile. Lowo mkhuba yingakho abashayeli bezindiza bephuthelwa ushintsho lwemvamisa noma bendiza inqubo yokubhekana nendiza engalungile, amaphutha aguqula indlela ejwayelekile ibe ukuphambuka komshayeli.
Kufundwa i- umugqa wemininingwane yendlela yokusondela ngokulandelana okuhlelekile kubamba lawo maphutha ngaphambi kokuba enzeke. Izinyathelo ezinhlanu ezingezansi yi-sequence i-Florida Flyers Flight Academy efundisa ngayo enkambweni yayo yokulinganisa izinsimbi, futhi ziyasebenza ngoba isinyathelo ngasinye sinomphumela uma seqiwe.
Khomba igama lenqubo kanye nesikhumulo sezindiza: Qinisekisa ukuthi uneshadi elifanele lendlela yokugijima kanye nohlobo lwendlela oyilindele. Umshayeli wendiza ochaza inqubo engalungile esikhumulweni sezindiza esiyinkimbinkimbi njenge-KJFK usevele ulahlekelwe yindlela ngaphambi kokuyiqala.
Hlola usuku kanye nesimo sokubuyekezwa: Amashadi e-Approach abuyekezwa njalo ezinsukwini ezingama-28, futhi ishadi eliphelelwe yisikhathi lingabhekisela ku-navaid engasebenzi noma ukuphakama okushintshiwe. Umhlahlandlela ophelele mayelana nokwaziswa kweshadi le-approach uhlala uqala ngokuqinisekiswa kwemali ngenxa yalesi sizathu.
Qaphela amaza, umbhoshongo, indlela, i-ATIS: Zibhale phansi noma uzibeke esitokisini somsakazo ngaphambi kokuba indlela iqale. Ukuzama ukuthola imvamisa ngesikhathi sesigaba sokugcina sendlela kuyisiphazamiso esiholela ekuphakameni.
Funda inqubo yendlela ephuthelwe ngokuzwakalayo: Ukukhuluma la mazwi kuphoqa ubuchopho ukuba bucubungule ukulandelana esikhundleni sokukubuka. Umshayeli wendiza ohlola buthule umbhalo wendlela ephuthelwe uvame ukuphuthelwa ukuphakama noma ukujika lapho indlela ephuthelwe empeleni indiza.
Qinisekisa ushintsho noma ukulungiswa kwendlela yokuqala: Qinisekisa ukuthi umzila osuka esakhiweni sendlela eya kwi-IAF uhambisana nalokho i-ATC ekubekile. Ukungafani lapha kusho ukuthi umshayeli uqala indlela esuka endaweni engafanele, bese yonke iphrofayili yokwehla iba engavumelekile.
Ukuqedela lezi zinyathelo ezinhlanu ngaphambi kokuthinta umbono wohlelo kuguqula ishadi elivela kudokhumenti yokubhekisela libe ithuluzi lokwazisa. Umshayeli wendiza owenza lokhu njalo ubamba amaphutha phansi esikhundleni sasemoyeni.
Ukuhlela Ukubuka Kohlelo Ngaphandle Kokulahleka
Umbono wohlelo uyingxenye yeshadi abashayeli bezindiza abacabanga ukuthi bayayiqonda baze bafike esiphethweni esingalungile. Kubukeka njengemephu eqondile ye-overhead, kodwa ubuningi bolwazi, ama-navaids, ama-fixes, ukubamba amaphethini, imizila yokudla, kanye nombuthano wokuphakama ophephile okungenani, kudala ukugcwala okubonakalayo okuholela emaphutheni okuzulazula lapho kufundwa ngaphandle kokufundwa ngokusebenzayo.
Ukulandelela yonke indlela ngomunwe ngaphambi kokundiza kuwumehluko phakathi kokwazi ukuthi ukuphi nokuqagela ukuthi ukuphi. Qala ekulungiseni indlela yokuqala bese ulandela yonke ingxenye kuze kube sekulungiseni indlela yokugcina. Misa isikhashana ekulungiseni ngakunye bese uqinisekisa igama layo ngokumelene nomugqa wokubhala. Lesi senzo somzimba sokulandelela sakha imodeli yengqondo yendlela okungekho mkhawulo wokubuka ishadi ongawulingisa.
Abafundi beFlorida Flyers Flight Academy baprakthiza le ndlela yokulandelela ngezikhathi ze-sim ngaphambi kokuba bashayele indlela yangempela ye-IFR. I-sim isusa ingcindezi yesimo sezulu sangempela kanye Ukuxhumana kwe-ATC, ukuvumela ubuchopho bugxile ngokuphelele ekwakheni ulwazi lwendawo ngomzila. Ngesikhathi labo bafundi bendiza ngendlela yangempela, umbono wohlelo awuyona imephu edidayo, yindlela eyaziwayo ukuthi sebehambe kuyo izikhathi eziyishumi nambili.
Umbuthano wokuphakama ophephile ophansi kakhulu yisici abashayeli bezindiza abaningi abasibhekayo futhi abasinaki. Lowo mbuthano uchaza indawo ephakeme kakhulu ngaphakathi kwerediyasi ethile yesikhumulo sezindiza. Ukungayinaki kusho ukwamukela ingozi yokundiza uye endaweni ngenkathi uhamba endaweni ephephile noma ngesikhathi sokufika okungafanele. Yichaze kafushane. Yazi inombolo. Bese ulandelela umzila.
Umbono wohlelo uvuza umshayeli wendiza owuphatha njengochungechunge okufanele alulandele, hhayi isithombe okufanele asibuke. Umunwe ulandela indlela. Ingqondo iqinisekisa ukulungiswa ngakunye. Indlela iba yinto ebikezelwayo.
Ukubuka Iphrofayela: Ukuphakama Okukugcina Ucacile
Umbono wephrofayili yilapho izindlela zokusondela kwezinsimbi zihlukaniswa khona kubashayeli bezindiza abalubheka njengomdwebo wokubhekisela kunohlu lokuhlola ukwehla. Iningi labashayeli bezindiza libheka umbono wephrofayili ukuqinisekisa ukuphakama kokulungisa indlela yokugcina, bese lizishaya indiva izilungiso zokwehla ezinquma ukuthi zihlala ngaphezu kwezithiyo noma zehlela endaweni. Umbono wephrofayili awusisiphakamiso, kuyisivumelwano sokuphakama esibophayo phakathi komshayeli wezindiza nazo zonke izithiyo endleleni.
Ukulungiswa kwe-Stepdown kuyisici esivame ukungafundwa kahle kulesi sigaba. Ukulungiswa ngakunye kwe-stepdown kubonisa ukuphakama okuncane okusebenza kuphela phakathi kwaleso sixazululo nesinye esilandelayo. Umshayeli wendiza owela ukulungiswa kokuqala kwe-stepdown endaweni efanele kodwa ehle kusenesikhathi aye endaweni elandelayo yokulungiswa ngaphambi kokufika kuleyo ndawo uphule inqubo. Ukubuka kwephrofayili kudweba lolu chungechunge ngokuqondile, kodwa umshayeli wendiza kumele alufunde ngokuvundlile, afanise ukuphakama ngakunye nokulungiswa kwalo okuqondile esikalini sebanga.
Ukuphakama kwe-Glide slope intercept kudala elinye iphuzu lokwehluleka ezindleleni ezinembile. Ukubuka kwephrofayili kukhombisa ukuphakama lapho indiza kufanele ibambe khona ukuthambekela kokushelela, ngokuvamile ekulungisweni kokugcina kwendlela. Ukwehla uye emthambekeni wokushelela ngaphambi kwalelo phuzu kusho ukundiza ngaphansi kwendlela eshicilelwe. Ukukhuphuka ngaphezu kwayo kusho ukujaha inaliti phansi, okwandisa izinga lokwehla futhi kubeke engcupheni indlela engazinzile. Ukubuka kwephrofayili kunikeza ukuphakama kwe-intercept ncamashi, umsebenzi womshayeli wendiza ukuwushaya ngokunembile, hhayi ukuwulinganisa.
Indawo yokuhla ebonakalayo ezindleleni ezingaqondile yisinqumo sokugcina sokuphakama ngaphambi kwendawo yokugijima. Umbono wephrofayili uphawula leli phuzu lapho umshayeli wendiza engehla khona ngaphansi kokuphakama okuncane kokwehla uma indawo yokugijima ibonakala. Abashayeli bezindiza abangawuhloli lo mbono besuka ebangeni lokubuka uhlelo bavame ukwehla kusenesikhathi noma sekwephuzile, okudala ukufika ngokushesha noma indlela engafanele. Umbono wephrofayili kanye nombono wephrofayili kumele kuvumelane, okunye ngaphandle kokunye kuyindaba engaphelele.
Isigaba Esincane: Lapho Isinqumo Sihlala Khona
Isigaba esincane yilapho ishadi lendlela liyeka khona ukuba yimephu bese liba yinkontileka. Isigaba ngasinye sendiza, u-A, u-B, u-C, no-D, sinesethi yaso yokuphakama okuncane kokwehla noma ukuphakama kwesinqumo okusekelwe esivinini sokufika. Indiza yesigaba A endizayo ngaphansi kwamafindo angu-91 ingehla ngaphansi kwendiza yesigaba D esunduza amafindo angu-165, kanti abashayeli bezindiza abangawunaki lo mehluko basengozini yokundiza ngendlela engazinzile noma bephula imithetho encane ngokuphelele.
Izindlela Ezincane Zokusondela Ngesigaba Sezindiza
Ukuhlaziywa kwendlela isivinini sokufika esilawula ngayo ukuphakama (i-MDA/DA) kanye nezidingo zokubonakala eshadini elijwayelekile.
| Isigaba | I-MDA / DA | Ukubonakala |
|---|---|---|
| A (ngaphansi kwamafindo angu-91) | I-MDA/DA ephansi | Ukubonakala okuphansi |
| B (amafindo angu-91–120) | I-MDA/DA ephakathi nendawo | Ukubonakala okumaphakathi |
| C (amafindo angu-121–140) | I-MDA/DA Ephakeme | Ukubonakala okuphezulu |
| D (amafindo angu-141–165) | I-MDA/DA ephezulu kakhulu | Ukubonakala okuphezulu kakhulu |
Ithebula lembula iqiniso elilula: izindiza ezisheshayo zidinga indawo eyengeziwe yokuziqondisa, ngakho zithola amazinga aphansi aphezulu. Umshayeli wendiza oshayela indiza yeSigaba C ofingqa amazinga aphansi eSigaba A uzozithola engaphansi kokuphakama okushicilelwe ngaphandle kokubhekisela okubonakalayo, indlela eqinisekisiwe yokufika engaphumelelanga noma okubi nakakhulu. Fingqa isigaba esifanelana nesivinini sokufika kwendiza yakho, hhayi leso ofisa ukuthi ube naso.
Umdwebo Wesikhumulo Sezindiza: Ukuhlolwa Kokugcina Ngaphambi Kokufika
The umdwebo wesikhumulo sezindiza Yisigaba abashayeli bezindiza abaningi abasibhekayo futhi basilahle, becabanga ukuthi sebeyazi kakade indlela yokugijima. Lokho kucabanga yikho kanye okubangela ukufika kwemigwaqo okungalungile ezikhumulweni zezindiza eziyinkimbinkimbi ezinemigwaqo yokugijima efanayo elinganiselwe ngamafidi ambalwa. Umdwebo awusiqinisekisi salokho osukulindele kakade, yithuba lokugcina lokubamba ukungalingani phakathi kwemodeli yakho yengqondo kanye nobuso bangempela.
Ukuhlelwa kwendlela yokugijima kuyisici esisobala, kodwa umdwebo uphinde ubhale ukucushwa kokukhanya kwendlela, izihlonzi zendlela yokugibela, kanye nokuphakama kwendawo yokungena. Umshayeli wendiza ochaza umdwebo uyazi ukuthi izibani zendlela ziyi-ALSF-2 noma i-MALSR ngaphambi kokwehla ngaphansi kobuncane. Lolo lwazi lushintsha isu lokuthola okubonakalayo ekuphakameni kwesinqumo.
Ukuphakama kwendawo yokuthinta kanye nokuphakama kwesikhumulo sezindiza kuphrintiwe kumdwebo ngesizathu. Izilungiselelo ze-altimeter zisethwe endaweni yokuphakama kwesikhumulo sezindiza, kodwa ukuphakama kwendawo yokuthinta kukutshela ukuthi imigwaqo yemigwaqo ingakanani. Umehluko wamamitha angu-50 phakathi kwalokhu okubili usho ukuthi umkhawulo awukho lapho i-altimeter ilindele ukuba ube khona.
I-Florida Flyers Flight Academy ifaka izifinyezo zemidwebo yesikhumulo sezindiza ohlelweni lwayo lokuqeqeshwa kwabashayeli bezindiza bezentengiselwano ngoba ukufika endaweni engafanele yendiza kuyingozi yangempela ezikhumulweni zezindiza eziyinkimbinkimbi. Abafundi bafundiswa ukulandelela indlela yetekisi kusukela endaweni yendiza yendiza yokufika kuya endaweni yokuma ngaphambi kokufika, bakhe isithombe sengqondo esivimbela ukudideka ngesikhathi sokuqaliswa. Lo mdwebo uwukuhlola kokugcina ngaphambi kokuqala kohlu lokuhlola ukufika.
Umshayeli wendiza oweqa umdwebo wesikhumulo sezindiza ubheja ukuthi inkundla yezindiza ayibonisile ifana naleyo ayibonayo. Ensimini enemigwaqo yezindiza emithathu ehambisanayo, leyo mingcele ayinawo amathuba amahle.
Yakha Umkhuba Wokuxoxa Ngaphambi Kokuwudinga
Amashadi okufika awusizo kuphela njengochungechunge lwemininingwane oluwandulelayo. Umshayeli wendiza owazi zonke izimpawu kodwa weqa ukugeleza okuhleliwe usevele wethule umkhawulo wephutha eliholela ekuqhekekeni kokuphakama, imigwaqo engalungile, noma ukudideka kwendlela engalungile.
Umehluko phakathi komshayeli wendiza ondiza inqubo ngendlela ehlanzekile nomuntu ozama ukululama akulona ulwazi, kuwumkhuba. Ukubeka ishadi ngalinye ngokulandelana okufanayo, njalo, ngisho nasezimweni ezibonakalayo, kwakha indlela yezinzwa eqala ngokuzenzakalelayo lapho umthwalo womsebenzi ukhuphuka. Lowo mkhuba yiwona ovimbela iphutha ngaphambi kokuba lenzeke.
Prakthiza ukuhamba kwemininingwane endizeni ngayinye. Sebenzisa ishadi eliphrintiwe noma isibonisi se-elekthronikhi bese uqhuba ukulandelana ngokuzwakalayo. Kwenze kube okuzenzakalelayo ngaphambi kokuthi kudingeke ukuthi kube okuzenzakalelayo. Bhalisa enkambweni yokulinganisa izinsimbi noma undize ne-CFI ezokugcina ezingeni elifanele kuze kube yilapho umkhuba unamathela.
Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa Mayelana Namashadi Endlela Yokusebenza
Uyini umehluko phakathi kweshadi lendlela yokufinyelela kanye nepuleti lendlela yokufinyelela?
Ziyidokhumenti efanayo, kanti ipuleti lendlela liyigama elidala elingaphambi kokumiswa kweshadi lesimanje. Ishadi lendlela yokusebenza laqala ukuba yindinganiso lapho i-FAA neJeppesen bevumelanisa amagama abo ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20, yize abashayeli bezindiza abaningi besawasebenzisa womabili la magama ngokushintshana.
Amashadi ezindlela zokusebenzisa avuselelwa kangaki?
E-United States, i-FAA ishicilela amashadi abuyekeziwe njalo ezinsukwini ezingama-28 ngomjikelezo ohleliwe owaziwa ngokuthi ishejuli ye-AIRAC yezinsuku ezingama-56. Lo mjikelezo uqinisekisa ukuthi yonke ishadi ohlelweni libonisa isimo sakamuva se-navaid, idatha yezithiyo, kanye nezinguquko zenqubo ngasikhathi sinye kuyo yonke indawo yomoya kazwelonke.
Ngingawasebenzisa yini amashadi ezindlela zokusebenzisa kuthebhulethi?
Yebo, izinhlelo zokusebenza ezifana ne-ForeFlight kanye ne-Garmin Pilot zibonisa amashadi ezindlela zokusebenza asebenza ngokugcwele anezindawo zokumboza izindiza ezibhekiselwe endaweni. Lezi zinhlelo zokusebenza zilanda ngokuzenzakalelayo izibuyekezo zakamuva zomjikelezo wezinsuku ezingama-28 futhi zivumela abashayeli bezindiza ukuthi babhale amashadi ngqo esikrinini ngesikhathi sokwaziswa.
Isho ukuthini i-MSA eshadini lendlela yokufinyelela?
I-MSA imele i-Minimum Safe Altitude, ekhonjiswa njengendawo eyindilinga egxile ku-navaid ethile enikeza indawo evulekile ngaphakathi kwe-radius echaziwe. I-MSA circle ivame ukumboza i-radius engamamayela angu-25 futhi ihlukaniswe ngezigaba, ngayinye inokuphakama kwayo ngokusekelwe esivimbelweni esiphezulu kuleyo quadrant.
Ingabe kudingeka ngiqale ngifunde umugqa wemininingwane?
Yebo, umugqa wokwazisa uqukethe amaza abalulekile, amanothi enqubo, kanye nemiyalelo yendlela ephuthelwe okumele isethwe futhi iqondwe ngaphambi kokubuka umbono wohlelo. Ukweqa umugqa wokwazisa kuphoqa umshayeli wendiza ukuthi azingele idatha ebalulekile ngenkathi endiza, okuyilapho kanye lapho kufanele kuqashelwe khona amathuluzi.
