Iningi labashayeli bezindiza abanenkinga phansi benza kanjalo ngoba akekho owabafundisa indlela yokufunda umdwebo wesikhumulo sezindiza ngaphambi kwetekisi yabo yokuqala bebodwa. Lo mhlahlandlela ulungisa lokho. Kusukela ekubalweni kwemigwaqo kanye nokubhala izinhlamvu zemigwaqo kuya ezindaweni ezishisayo, ukubamba imigqa emifushane, kanye namabhokisi emvamisa, yonke into yomdwebo wesikhumulo sezindiza ichazwa lapha ukuze ukwazi ukuhamba kunoma yisiphi isikhumulo sezindiza ngokuzethemba okufanayo nochwepheshe onolwazi.
Okuqukethwe
Udonsa umdwebo wesikhumulo sezindiza wensimu ongayijwayele, futhi into yokuqala oyiqaphelayo ukuthi ingakanani imininingwane efakwe ekhasini elilodwa. Izinombolo zemigwaqo, izinhlamvu zemigwaqo yetekisi, izindawo ezifakwe umthunzi, izinombolo ezizungelezekile emaphethelweni, kubukeka njengekhodi ongakaze ufundiswe ukuyiphula.
Iningi labashayeli bezindiza nabathandi bezindiza bangathola umdwebo wesikhumulo sezindiza, kodwa abakwazi ukuwufunda ngokuzethemba. Umehluko phakathi kwetekisi ephephile kanye nokungena emgwaqweni wendiza uvame ukuholela ekuqondeni ukuthi lezo zimpawu namalebula asho ukuthini ngempela.
Lesi sihloko sifundisa ulimi olubonakalayo lwemidwebo yesikhumulo sezindiza ukuze ukwazi ukuhamba kunoma yisiphi isikhumulo sezindiza ngokwazi okufanayo nomshayeli wendiza ochwepheshe.
Lapha uzofunda ukunquma izinombolo zemigwaqo, ulandele indlela yokuqondisa itekisi, uthole izindawo ezishisayo ngaphambi kokuba zibe yizinkinga, futhi ufunde idatha yemingcele abantu abaningi abayigwemayo. Ekugcineni, ngeke nje ubheke umdwebo wesikhumulo sezindiza, uzowufunda.
Lokho Okuboniswa Yimidwebo Yesikhumulo Sezindiza Ngempela
Iningi labantu libheka umdwebo wesikhumulo sezindiza bese libona imephu. Abashayeli bezindiza babona incwajana yokuphepha icindezelwe ephepheni elilodwa. Umehluko phakathi kwaleyo mibono emibili umehluko phakathi kokuqagela nokwazi kahle ukuthi ukuphi enkundleni yezindiza eyinkimbinkimbi.
Imidwebo yesikhumulo sezindiza, ngokwencazelo, iklanyelwe ukusiza ukuhamba kwezimoto emhlabeni eduze kwemigwaqo eyinkimbinkimbi kanye nezindawo zokupaka izimoto. Kodwa ukuyibiza ngamamephu akusho lutho ngalokho abakwenzayo. Imephu ikutshela ukuthi izinto zikuphi. Imidwebo yesikhumulo sezindiza ikutshela ukuthi uthuthe kanjani, ukuthi ume kuphi, ukuthi ukhulume nobani, nokuthi izingozi zikhona kuphi.
Umdwebo uphethe amaza okulawula umhlaba, umbhoshongo, kanye nokulethwa kwezindawo zokuphumula. Uphawula ukuphakama ukuze abashayeli bezindiza bakwazi ukusetha isivinini sabo. ama-altimeters ngaphambi kokuhamba. Igqamisa izindawo ezishisayo, izindawo lapho kwenzeke khona ukungqubuzana kwemigwaqo yezindiza ngaphambili. Yonke into ekhasini ikhona ngoba othile wayedinga lolo lwazi ukuze agweme ukungqubuzana noma ukuxhumana okungekuhle.
Umdwebo awuyona inkomba oyibhekayo ngemva kokulahleka. Yipulani oyakhayo ngaphambi kokuba uqale ukuhamba. Lowo mehluko ushintsha indlela owufunda ngayo.
Ukuhlela Izinombolo Zomgwaqo Nokumaka
Inombolo ependwe ekugcineni kwendlela yokugijima akuyona ilebula. Isihloko, futhi ukuyifunda kabi kusho ukundiza ngendlela engahambisani nomgwaqo ongezansi.
Izinombolo zomgwaqo zivela ku-azimuth yamagnetic yomugqa ophakathi wendlela yomgwaqo, ihlukaniswe ngeshumi, futhi ijikelezwe ibe inombolo ephelele eseduze. Indlela yomgwaqo eqondiswe kuma-degree angu-270 iphenduka i-Runway 27. Uhlangothi oluphambene, oluqhele ngama-degree angu-180, luthola okufanayo: Indlela yomgwaqo 9. Yingakho yonke indlela yomgwaqo inezinombolo ezimbili, eyodwa ekugcineni ngakunye, nokuthi kungani lezi zibhangqa zihlala zifinyelela ku-36.
Inombolo itshela umshayeli ukuthi kufanele andize ngakuphi lapho esondela kulolo hlangothi. Umzila 27 usho ukuthi ukundiza ngesihloko esingama-degrees angaba ngu-270. Ukunemba kubalulekile ngoba ukushintshashintsha kwamagnetic kuyashintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, futhi izikhumulo zezindiza zibala kabusha lezi zinombolo lapho ukushintsha kudlula ama-degrees ambalwa. Umzila owawuyi-Runway 27 eminyakeni engamashumi amabili edlule ungase ube yi-Runway 26 manje.
Lolu hlelo luphendula umbuzo wokuthi kusho ukuthini ukuthi u-27 usho ukuthini endaweni yokugijima ngqo. Akuyona ijubane, ibanga, noma igama lohlobo lwendlela yokugijima. Luyisihloko esinobuthi, esihlukaniswe ngeshumi, esiyindilinga, futhi esipendwe embundwini ukuze umshayeli azi kahle ukuthi indawo yokugijima ikhomba kuphi ngaphambi kokuba amasondo athinte phansi.
Umqondo ulula. Umphumela wokungayinaki awunjalo.
Amalebula E-Taxiway kanye Nomqondo Ongemuva Kwawo
Iningi labashayeli bezindiza liyakwazi ukukhumbula izinombolo zezindiza ngekhanda, kodwa uhlelo lokufaka amalebula emigwaqo luphazamisa ngisho nabashayeli bezindiza abanolwazi ezindaweni abangazazi. amalebula nezimpawu zemigwaqo yetekisi Kulula kakhulu kunalokho okubukeka, izinhlamvu zemizila emikhulu, izinombolo zama-spurs, kanye nenhlanganisela yezinombolo ezi-alpha lapho isikhumulo sezindiza siphelelwa izinhlamvu.
I-Taxiway A iyindlela eyinhloko ehambisana nomgwaqo wokugijima. I-Taxiway B ihlezi eduze kwayo. Uma isikhumulo sezindiza sinemigwaqo yokugibela engaphezu kwamashumi amabili nesithupha, izinhlamvu ezimbili, i-AA, i-BB, noma i-AB, futhi izinombolo zivela ezindleleni zokuxhuma ezisuka emithanjeni emikhulu. I-Hartsfield-Jackson yase-Atlanta isebenzisa lolu hlelo kulo lonke uhlaka lwayo olukhulu.
Amalebula akumdwebo ahambisana nezimpawu ezibonakalayo kuzo zonke izimpambano-mgwaqo. Umshayeli wendiza otshelwa ukuthi “itekisi ngeBravo iye endaweni yokuma” ulandela izimpawu eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ezinezinhlamvu eziphuzi aze afike lapho eya khona. Umdwebo uyinkomba; izimpawu ziyisiqinisekiso. Enye ngaphandle kwenye idala ukudideka phansi.
Izindlela zokuhamba ezikumdwebo zibanzi, zinezinombolo, futhi zinomphetho wemigqa eqinile. Izindlela zokuhamba ngamatekisi zincane, zinezinhlamvu, futhi zimakwe ngemigqa ephakathi enezingqimba. Umehluko ubalulekile ngoba ukuwela inkundla yokugijima ngaphandle kwemvume kuyimbangela yokungena. Lo mdwebo wenza lowo mngcele ubonakale ngaphambi kokuba umshayeli wendiza ahambise indiza.
Izikhumulo zezindiza eziyinkimbinkimbi zibekwe ngeziqalo eziqondisa izinkomba, i-Taxiway A North vs. I-Taxiway A South, ukuvimbela ukungaqondakali lapho uhlamvu olulodwa ludlula imayela lomgwaqo. Umdwebo ubonisa lokhu kuhlukana okunemigqa emfushane kanye nokususwa kwelebula okuvuza ukutadisha ngokucophelela ngaphambi kokuba izinjini ziqale.
Izindawo Ezishisayo Nezexwayiso Zokuphepha Kumdwebo
Ingxenye eyingozi kakhulu yesikhumulo sezindiza akuvamile ukuba yindawo yokugijima yendiza ngokwayo. Iyindawo eyinkimbinkimbi yokuhlangana kwemigwaqo yamatekisi kanye nemigqa lapho abashayeli bezindiza, izimoto zasemhlabeni, kanye Imiyalo ye-ATC kuhlangana, futhi lapho ukudideka kuphenduka khona ukungena kwendiza.
Lezi zindawo ziphawulwe kumadayagramu e-FAA njengezindawo ezishisayo. Indawo ngayinye eshisayo iyindawo ethile ebusweni besikhumulo sezindiza enomlando oqoshiwe noma okungenzeka kube khona ukuhlasela noma ukudideka kokuhamba. Akuzona izixwayiso ezingokwemfundiso. Zisekelwe ezenzakalweni zangempela kanye nezinto ezicishe ziphuthelwe ezibhalwe phansi futhi zahlaziywa.
Kumdwebo osemthethweni we-FAA, yonke indawo eshisayo ibonakala njengenombolo ezungeleziwe ebekwe ngqo endaweni yesikhumulo sezindiza. Leyo nombolo ihambisana nokungena eceleni, lapho i-FAA inikeza khona incazelo yolimi olulula yengozi ethile. Abanye bachaza i-geometry edidayo: “Ukuhlangana okuyinkimbinkimbi kwe-Taxiways A, B, kanye no-C ne-Runway 9-27.” Abanye baxwayisa ngezimpawu ezingezona ezijwayelekile noma izithiyo zomugqa wokubona. Incazelo itshela umshayeli ukuthi yini okufanele ayiqaphele.
Abashayeli bezindiza abangayi emhlanganweni wezindawo ezishisayo ngesikhathi sokuhlela ngaphambi kwetekisi baphapha bengaboni kahle esigabeni esibucayi kakhulu sokuhamba komhlaba. I-FAA ishicilela uhlu oluphelele lwazo izindawo ezishisayo zokuphepha kwemigwaqo yasemgwaqweni kuyo yonke imidwebo yesikhumulo sezindiza, futhi idatha yemingcele ikhona ukuze ifundwe ngaphambi kokuba amasondo aqale ukuhamba. Umshayeli wendiza oye wafunda lezo zinombolo ezizungelezile uyazi ukuthi kufanele anciphise ijubane kuphi, ukuthi aphinde ahlole kanjani umugqa omfushane wokubamba, nokuthi angalindela kuphi okungalindelekile.
Umkhawulo awugcini nje ngokubeka uhlu lwezindawo ezishisayo. Uphinde uqukethe usuku lokubuyekezwa kwakamuva, usuku lokuqala ukusebenza kweshadi, kanye nanoma yiziphi izinguquko zesikhashana. Umdwebo onezinyanga ezimbalwa ubudala ungase ube nendawo eshisayo ehlelwe kabusha noma entsha engeziwe. Idatha yomkhawulo iyisifinyezo sokuphepha. Ukungayinaki kufana nokungayinaki I-NOTAM.
Lapho Ungayithola Khona Imidwebo Yesikhumulo Sezindiza Esemthethweni
Ukwazi ukufunda umdwebo wesikhumulo sezindiza akusizi ngalutho uma ungakwazi ukuthola ofanele. Imithombo esemthethweni ayilingani yonke, ngamunye ufeza injongo ehlukile, futhi ukukhetha ongalungile kuchitha isikhathi noma, okubi nakakhulu, kukufake nolwazi oluphelelwe yisikhathi.
- Ikhasi lokusesha le-FAA Airport Diagrams
- Ishadi Lokwengeza US (d-CS), uchungechunge lwezincwadi eziyi-7
- I-SkyVector, umhleli wendiza we-inthanethi wamahhala
- Amawebhusayithi esikhumulo sezindiza ngamanye afana neChicago Executive Airport
- Amashadi kaJeppesen ezinqubo zezinsimbi
- I-oda le-FAA JO 7110.10 lamadayagramu esevisi yendiza
- I-AirNav.com ukuthola ulwazi oluyisisekelo lwesikhumulo sezindiza
I-FAA's Chart Supplement US ingumthombo onegunya wemidwebo yesikhumulo sezindiza e-United States. Lokhu kuhlanganisa zonke izindiza ezisetshenziswa umphakathi futhi kufaka phakathi amaza, izindawo ezishisayo, kanye namanothi okusebenza angafakwanga yimidwebo ezimele.
Donsa umdwebo wesikhumulo sezindiza ohlela ukusivakashela ngesonto elizayo. Landela umzila wetekisi kusukela endaweni yokuma uye endaweni yokugijima. Qaphela izindawo ezishisayo. Hlola imvamisa. Yenza lokhu ngaphambi kokuthi uhlale e-cockpit, yilapho umdwebo uba khona ithuluzi, hhayi nje ireferensi.
Ukufunda Idatha Yemingcele kanye Nenganekwane
Ulwazi olubaluleke kakhulu lokuphepha kumdwebo wesikhumulo sezindiza lungaphandle komdwebo ngokwawo. Abashayeli bezindiza abeqa idatha yemingcele bazulazula ngesandla esisodwa beboshwe ngemuva, bephuthelwa amaza, izinsuku zokusebenza, kanye nezixwayiso zezingozi eziguqula imephu engaguquki ibe ithuluzi lokusebenza.
Yonke idayimani esemthethweni inosuku lokubuyekezwa kwakamuva emngceleni ophezulu. Lolo suku lukutshela ukuthi idayimani ibonisa ukwakhiwa kwamanje, imigwaqo yamatekisi evaliwe, noma izinguquko zemvamisa. Idayimani ephelelwe yisikhathi imbi kakhulu kunokungabi nayo idayimani, inikeza ukuzethemba okungamanga. Uhla lwedethi olusebenzayo luqinisekisa ukuthi idayimani isebenza efasiteleni lakho lendiza.
Uhlu lwemvamisa emngceleni aluyona isiphakamiso. Luyisethi ephelele yeziteshi zomsakazo ezisebenzayo zokulethwa kwemvume, ukulawula phansi, umbhoshongo, kanye ne-ATIS. Abashayeli bezindiza abafaka la maza omsakazo kusengaphambili ngaphambi kokuqala kwenjini basindisa imizuzwana ebalulekile ngesikhathi setekisi. Umngcele uphinde ubhale ukuphakama kwesikhumulo sezindiza, okuthinta izilungiselelo ze-altimeter kanye nokubalwa kokusebenza kwendiza lapho isuka.
Inganekwane ichaza izimpawu ezenza umdwebo ufundeke. Imigqa yokubamba umgwaqo, izindawo ezibalulekile ze-ILS, kanye nemingcele yendawo engashukumi ngayinye inesithonjana esithile. Ukufunda kabi uphawu lomugqa wokubamba kusho ukuwela umgwaqo osebenzayo ngaphandle kwesikhala. Inganekwane ayihlobisi, iyisihluthulelo sazo zonke izimpawu zokuphepha ebusweni.
Phatha umkhawulo njengento yohlu lokuhlola ngaphambi kohambo lwendiza. Donsa umdwebo, uskene usuku, uqinisekise amaza, bese ubuyekeza izimpawu zenganekwane zezindiza zakho zokuhamba nokufika. Umdwebo ngokwawo awunamsebenzi ngaphandle komongo onikezwa umkhawulo.
Indlela Abashayeli Bezindiza Abasebenzisa Ngayo Imidwebo Ngesikhathi Setekisi
Umdwebo wesikhumulo sezindiza uba ithuluzi lokuzulazula bukhoma ngesikhathi indiza iphuma esangweni. Amaphutha amaningi asemhlabeni awaveli ngoba abashayeli bezindiza bengenalo ishadi, kodwa ngoba balibheka njengokubhekisela ekubukeni kunokuba kube umbhalo okufanele uwulandele isinyathelo ngesinyathelo.
Isinyathelo 1: Buyekeza umdwebo ngaphambi kokuba injini iqale ukuhlela umzila wetekisi ukusuka esangweni kuya emzileni wokugijima obekiwe. Lokhu kwaziswa kwangaphambi kwesikhathi kwakha imodeli yengqondo yokwakheka kwesikhumulo sezindiza ukuze umshayeli wendiza akwazi ukubikezela ukujika nokugcina amaphuzu amafushane kunokuba asabele kuwo. Ukweqa lesi sinyathelo kuguqula yonke imiyalelo ye-ATC ibe ukuxakeka ukuthola umzila wetekisi ofanele.
Isinyathelo 2: Qaphela izindawo ezishisayo kanye nemvamisa ebhalwe eceleni ngaphambi kokubiza abaqondisi bomhlaba. Umshayeli wendiza osevele ethole izinombolo zezindawo ezishisayo ezizungeleziwe kumdwebo angatshela abasebenzi ukuthi kudingeka kuphi ukuqapha okwengeziwe. Lokhu kuguqula inothi lomkhawulo libe yindawo ethile yesenzo ngesikhathi setekisi.
Isinyathelo 3: Landela imiyalelo ye-ATC ngenkathi ubheka nxazonke ukujika bese ubamba iphuzu elifushane ngokumelene nomdwebo. Umdwebo uqinisekisa ukuthi imiyalelo yomlawuli ihambisana nokwakheka okubonakalayo, ibamba ukungaxhumani kahle ngaphambi kokuba kube ukungqubuzana. Umshayeli wendiza ofunda umdwebo ngaphandle kokulalela umsakazo undiza engaboni.
Isinyathelo 4: Sebenzisa umdwebo ukuqinisekisa ukubamba imigqa emifushane kanye nezindawo zokuwela imigwaqo ngaphambi kokuwela noma iyiphi indawo esebenzayo. Umdwebo ukhombisa indawo eqondile yophawu ngalunye lokubamba olufushane maqondana nomgwaqo wetekisi, ngakho umshayeli wendiza wazi kahle ukuthi kufanele ame kuphi. Ukuqagela ukuthi umugqa umi kuphi yikho okuqala ngayo ukungena kwemigwaqo.
Isinyathelo 5: Buyekeza umdwebo ngama-NOTAM noma izinguquko zesikhashana ngesikhathi somhlangano wangaphambi kohambo. Umgwaqo wetekisi ovaliwe noma umkhawulo osusiwe ongaphawulwanga eshadini uba yingozi ngesikhathi indiza iqala ukuhamba. Umdwebo ufana nokubuyekezwa kokugcina okusetshenziswe kuwo.
Ukuqedela le nqubo kuguqula ishadi elingaguquki libe ithuluzi lokuphepha elinamandla eliqondisa yonke intshukumo yomhlaba. Umshayeli wendiza olandela lezi zinyathelo ufika endaweni yokugijima elungele ukundiza, engalulami ephutheni lokuzulazula.
Imidwebo Yesikhumulo Sezindiza Esikhulu Ngaphambi Kohambo Lwakho Olulandelayo
Imidwebo yesikhumulo sezindiza ayizona izinto zokubhekisela ezibekwe nge-laminate ukuze zivuleke ngemva kokufika. Zingamathuluzi okuphepha asebenzayo athatha indawo yokuqagela ngokuqiniseka phakathi nesigaba ngasinye sokuhamba komhlaba. Umfundi manje uyaqonda ukuthi inombolo yendiza iwuphawu olunezinjini, incwadi yetekisi iyisiqondiso sokuzulazula, kanti inombolo ye-hot spot emaphethelweni iyingozi ebhaliwe edinga ukwaziswa.
Ukukhetha ukweqa isibuyekezo sedayagramu yangaphambi kwetekisi ukukhetha ukuhamba endaweni engabonakali esikhumulweni sezindiza. Umshayeli wendiza ochaza izindawo ezishisayo, aqinisekise amaza, futhi alandelele umzila wetekisi ngaphambi kokuba injini iqale ususa ukudideka okubangela ukuqubuka kwezimoto. Umshayeli wendiza ongenjalo uthembele enkumbulweni nasethembeni, izinto ezimbili ezingenandawo endaweni ematasa.
Donsa umdwebo wesikhumulo sezindiza sasekhaya lakho ku-SkyVector noma kusayithi le-FAA njengamanje. Landela umzila wetekisi kusukela endaweni yokuma uye endaweni yakho evamile yokuhamba. Thola izindawo ezishisayo. Funda idatha yemingcele. Yenza lokhu kuzo zonke izindiza ngaphambi kokuba undize uye lapho. Ukuzethemba kuvela ekulungiseleleni, hhayi kokuhlangenwe nakho kuphela.
Imibuzo Evamile Mayelana Nemidwebo Yesikhumulo Sezindiza
Zibizwa ngokuthini imidwebo yesikhumulo sezindiza?
Imidwebo yesikhumulo sezindiza yaziwa ngokusemthethweni ngokuthi amashadi esikhumulo sezindiza noma amashadi e-aerodrome, futhi yimamephu ajwayelekile asetshenziswa abashayeli bezindiza ukuzulazula phansi ezikhumulweni zezindiza. I-Federal Aviation Administration iyawashicilela njengengxenye ye-Chart Supplement, futhi avame ukubizwa ngokuthi imidwebo yesakhiwo sesikhumulo sezindiza noma amashadi okunyakaza kobuso besikhumulo sezindiza.
Ngingazitholaphi imidwebo yesikhumulo sezindiza?
Imidwebo esemthethweni yesikhumulo sezindiza iyatholakala ngqo kwiwebhusayithi ye-FAA Diagrams, ekuvumela ukuthi useshe ngekhodi yesikhumulo sezindiza kunoma yisiphi isikhumulo sezindiza sase-US. Ukuze uthole ukufinyelela kwedijithali, i-SkyVector inikeza imidwebo yamanje kanye namanye amathuluzi okuhlela izindiza, futhi amawebhusayithi esikhumulo sezindiza ngamanye avame ukuba nezinguqulo zawo ukuze kubhekwe kuwo.
Kusho ukuthini ukuthi u-27 endaweni yokugijima?
Inombolo 27 ebaleni lokugijima ibonisa ukuthi i-magnetic heading yayo ingu-270 degrees, okusho ukuthi i-runway ibheke entshonalanga. Le nombolo itholakala ngokuhlukanisa i-magnetic azimuth ngeshumi, ngakho-ke i-runway ebheke empumalanga ingabalwa ngo-09, hhayi u-9, ukuze ibonise i-090-degree heading ephelele.
Yiziphi izinhlobo ezine zemigwaqo yezindiza?
Izinhlobo ezine zemigwaqo yezindiza yimigwaqo yezindiza ebonakalayo, imigwaqo yezindiza yemishini engaqondile, imigwaqo yezindiza yemishini eqondile, kanye nemigwaqo yezindiza enezindlela zesistimu yokufika kwemishini (i-ILS). Uhlobo ngalunye lunezimpawu ezithile nezidingo zokukhanya ezinquma ukubonakala okuncane kanye nezimo zophahla lapho abashayeli bezindiza bangafika khona, futhi lokhu kuhlukaniswa kukhonjiswe ngokucacile kumadayagramu esikhumulo sezindiza.
