ⓘ TL;DR
- Ukuqonda ukuthi i-DME isebenza kanjani kuqala ngomjikelezo wesikhathi se-pulse. Indiza idlulisa ama-radio pulse pair, isiteshi sasemhlabeni siphendula ngemva kokulibaziseka okuhleliwe kwama-microsecond angu-50, bese ikhompyutha engaphakathi iguqula isikhathi sokuya nokubuya sibe amamayela olwandle.
- Ukufundwa kubonisa ububanzi bokuthambekela, hhayi ibanga lomhlabathi. Uma uphakeme futhi useduze nesiteshi, igebe phakathi kwalokho okuboniswa yisikrini nokuthi ukuphi ngempela.
- Ukukhetha imvamisa ye-VOR noma ye-ILS kushintsha ngokuzenzakalelayo isiteshi se-DME esibhangqiwe. Akukho ukulungiswa okuhlukile okudingekayo ngoba ukubhangqa kuxhunywe ohlelweni lokwabiwa kwemvamisa.
- I-DME idinga umugqa wokubona ukuze isebenze. Indawo, izakhiwo, kanye nokubonakaliswa kwezindlela eziningi kungavimba noma kuphazamise isignali, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni eziphakeme eziseduze nendawo eyinkimbinkimbi.
- Ukwazi ukuthi i-DME isebenza kanjani ezindlini zanamuhla zokugibela kubalulekile ngoba i-GPS ayikayithathi indawo. Izinhlelo ze-FMS zihlanganisa zombili imithombo, futhi ezinye izindlela zisadinga i-DME ukuze kulungiswe izinto ezisheshayo kanye nezinqubo zendlela ezingafanele.
Okuqukethwe
Umbuzo ophakama esifundweni sokuqala se-DME somfundi ngamunye wezinsimbi zomculo ulula ngendlela ekhohlisayo: ibhokisi elisephanelini likwazi kanjani ukuthi ukude kangakanani nesiteshi esiphansi? Impendulo akuyona imilingo noma izimpawu zesathelayithi. Ngumdlalo wesikhathi somsakazo oqondile osebenze ngokwethembeka kusukela ngawo-1940.
Izincazelo eziningi zeqa ingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu kumshayeli wendiza e-cockpit. Zichaza inkolelo-mbono ngaphandle kokuyixhumanisa nalokho okuboniswa yisibonisi se-DME, noma okubi nakakhulu, ziyayifihla inkinga yobubanzi be-slant engakuphambukisa endleleni. Ukuqonda ukuthi i-DME isebenza kanjani kusho ukuqonda kokubili isikhathi se-pulse esihle kanye ne-geometric trap ebamba abashayeli bezindiza abaphatha ukufunda njengebanga lomhlabathi.
Lesi sihloko sichaza umjikelezo wokubuza imibuzo ngomsakazo, i-geometry yobubanzi be-slant okumele ilandelwe yiwo wonke umshayeli wendiza, nokuthi i-DME ihlangana kanjani nama-frequency e-VOR kanye ne-ILS ukuze ikunikeze ulwazi lwesikhundla ongaluthemba. Ekugcineni, uzokwazi kahle ukuthi kusho ukuthini lokho kufundwa kwe-DME nokuthi kufanele uzibuze nini.
Umsindo Womsakazo Olinganisa Ibanga
Iningi labashayeli bezindiza licabanga ukuthi i-DME isebenza ngokulinganisa ukuthi kuthatha isikhathi esingakanani ukushaya komsakazo owodwa ukuya esiteshini saphansi nokubuyela emuva. Indlela yangempela yokusebenza inembile kakhulu futhi iyathakazelisa kunalokho okushiwo yisithombe esilula.
Umhloli we-DME wendiza udlulisa umfudlana wama-pulse pair ngesivinini esithile ngaphakathi kwe- Ibhendi engu-960 – 1215 MHz. Isiteshi sasemhlabeni sithola la ma-pulse, futhi ngemva kokulibaziseka okungaguquki kwamasekhondi angu-50, sithumela i-pulse pair yaso ngemvamisa ehlukile. Lokho kulibaziseka ngamabomu kuyisihluthulelo. Ngaphandle kwakho, ikhompyutha esebhodini ayikwazanga ukuhlukanisa impendulo yesiteshi sasemhlabeni nomsindo womsakazo ongahleliwe noma ukuzindla.
Umamukeli ulinganisa isikhathi sohambo oluya nokubuya kusukela ekudlulisweni kuya ekutholeni. Ususa ukubambezeleka kwesiteshi somhlaba okwaziwayo samasekhondi angu-50, bese uhlukanisa isikhathi esisele kabili. Umphumela uba isikhathi sohambo oluya phesheya, esiguquka ngqo sibe yibanga ngesivinini sokukhanya.
Le nqubo iphindaphinda amakhulu ezikhathi ngomzuzwana. Ikhompyutha ye-DME ilinganisa lezi zilinganiso ukuze ikhiqize ukufundwa kwebanga okuzinzile nokuvuselelayo. Uhlelo lushesha ngokwanele ukuthi i-pilot ibone inombolo eqhubekayo, hhayi uchungechunge lwezibalo ezihlukile.
Ubuhle balo mklamo ukuthi indiza yenza izibalo. Isiteshi sasemhlabeni simane silalele futhi siphendule. Lokho kungalingani kusho ukuthi imishini yasemhlabeni ingakhonza izindiza ezingenamkhawulo ngasikhathi sinye, ngayinye ibala ibanga layo ngokuzimela.
Kungani Ububanzi Bokuthambeka Bubaluleke Kakhulu Kunokuba Yibanga Lomhlaba
Ibanga eliboniswa ku-DME yakho lingamanga, noma okungenani akulona iqiniso elicatshangwa abashayeli bezindiza abaningi. Leyo nombolo imelela umugqa oqondile phakathi kwendiza yakho nesiteshi sasemhlabeni, hhayi ibanga eliqondile emhlabeni.
Lo mehluko ubaluleke kakhulu uma ungabalulekanga kangako. Ezindaweni eziphakeme lapho kunesiteshi esikude, umehluko phakathi kwebanga lokuthambekela kanye nebanga lomhlabathi awubalulekile. Kodwa eduze, ikakhulukazi lapho usondela, iphutha liba likhulu ngokusebenza.
Cabanga ngokufundwa kwe-DME okungamamayela amahlanu ngenkathi ungaphezu kwamamitha ayizinkulungwane eziyishumi ukusuka phansi. I-geometry iyinxantathu yesokudla: ukuphakama kungumlenze owodwa, ibanga lomhlabathi ngomunye, kanti ukufunda kwe-DME kuyi-hypotenuse. Lelo banga lokuthambekela elingamamayela amahlanu lisho ukuthi ibanga langempela lomhlabathi liseduze namamayela amane nesigamu. Uma uphakeme, iphutha liba likhulu kakhulu.
Yingakho amapuleti okusondela ebonisa izidingo zebanga le-DME ngemikhawulo yokuphakama. Inqubo edinga i-DME ekulungisweni okuthile icabanga ukuthi usekuphakameni okuthile. Uma uphakeme kunokuphakama komklamo wenqubo, uzofika ebangeni le-DME ngaphambi kokuba ufike endaweni efanele. Amaphuzu okufika aphuthelwe kanye nokulungiswa kokwehla kuncike ekuqondeni lobu budlelwano.
The Incwajana ye-CFI ku-DME ichaza kahle i-geometry, kodwa isifundo sangempela sivela ekushayeleni indlela. Themba ukufundwa kwe-DME ukuze uthole isikhathi nokulandelana, kodwa njalo hlola ngokuqhathanisa ukuphakama kwakho kanye nomklamo wenqubo. Iphutha lebanga lokuthambekela liyabikezelwa futhi liyalawuleka, ukulishaya indiva akunjalo.
Indlela i-DME ehambisana ngayo ne-VOR kanye ne-ILS Frequencies
Ukuhlanganisa i-DME nezinye izinsiza zokuzulazula akuyona into elula, kuyisu lokuphatha imvamisa ngamabomu elivimbela i-spectrum yomsakazo ukuthi ingasebenzi. Lapho umshayeli wendiza ekhetha imvamisa ye-VOR noma ye-ILS, umamukeli we-DME uvula ngokuzenzakalelayo isiteshi esihambisanayo ngaphandle kwesenzo esengeziwe. Lokhu kwenzeka ngoba i-FAA inika iziteshi ezithile ze-DME kumaza athile e-VOR kanye ne-ILS, okudala ubudlelwano bomuntu nomuntu obuqeda isidingo sokulungiswa okuhlukile.
Imishini ye-DME cishe ihlala itholakala ndawonye neziteshi zomhlaba ze-VOR noma ze-ILS. I-VOR noma i-ILS idlulisela isignali yayo yokuzulazula nge-VHF, kuyilapho i-DME isebenza ebhendini le-UHF. Ukubhanqa kusebenza ngoba izimpawu ezimbili zivela endaweni efanayo, ngakho ibanga elilinganiswe yi-DME lihambisana ngqo nolwazi lwe-bearing noma lwe-glidepath oluvela ku-navaid ebhangqiwe.
Uhlelo lusebenzisa amalungiselelo eziteshi ze-X kanye ne-Y ukuvimbela ukuphazamiseka phakathi kweziteshi ezibhangqiwe ezisebenza ngesivinini esifanayo. Iziteshi ze-X zisebenzisa isikhala esithile se-pulse, kuyilapho iziteshi ze-Y zisebenzisa isikhala esihlukile. Lokhu kuvumela iziteshi eziningi ze-DME ukuthi zabelane ngesivinini esifanayo ngaphandle kokudideka umamukeli wendiza. Umhloli wendiza uyazi ukuthi iyiphi isiteshi ayikhethile futhi ulalela kuphela ama-pulse empendulo anesikhala esifanele.
Lokhu kubhanqa yingakho ukulungisa imvamisa ye-ILS kukunikeza ngokuzenzakalelayo ulwazi lwebanga ngendlela. Isiteshi se-DME sifakwe kusabelo semvamisa ye-ILS. Abashayeli bezindiza akudingeki bacabange ngakho, uhlelo luphatha ukubhanqa buthule. Kodwa ukuqonda indlela yokusebenza kubalulekile lapho kulungiswa inkinga yokufundwa kwe-DME okulahlekile noma lapho undiza emoyeni lapho i-DME ikhishwa khona.
Ukuze uthole umbono ojulile wokuthi kanjani Umsebenzi wezabelo zesiteshi se-DME kuzo zonke izinhlobo ezahlukene ze-navaid, imibhalo yobuchwepheshe yembula ukubhanqa okunembile kwemvamisa okwenza lolu hlelo lusebenze.
Kwenzekani Uma Ulungisa Imvamisa Ye-ILS
Uma ushaya imvamisa ye-ILS, umhloli we-DME kuphaneli yakho uyasebenza ngaphandle kokufaka okwengeziwe. Lokhu kubhanqa okuzenzakalelayo yikho okwenza ukundiza kwethuluzi kube lula, ukukhetha imvamisa eyodwa kuqalisa kokubili isiqondiso se-localizer kanye nokufundwa kwebanga okuchaza zonke izinyathelo zendlela.
Lungisa imvamisa ye-ILS emsakazweni wokuzulazula
Isiteshi se-DME sixhunywe kuleyo mvamisa ye-VHF ngokusebenzisa uhlelo lokubhangqa oluchazwe ngaphambilini. Akukho ukufakwa kwemvamisa ye-DME ehlukile okudingekayo. Umamukeli uqala ngokushesha ukusesha isiteshi somhlaba esihambisanayo esiteshini sakhe se-UHF esibhangqiwe.
Isamukeli se-DME sikhiyela esiteshini esibhangqiwe
Lokhu kwenzeka ngemizuzwana embalwa. Umhloli wendiza uqala ukudlulisa ama-pulse pair esiteshini esinikeziwe ngenkathi elalele impendulo yesiteshi saphansi. Uma isiteshi sisebangeni futhi umugqa wokubona ucacile, ukukhiya kwenzeka ngokuzenzakalelayo.
Isiteshi sangaphansi siphendula ngama-pulse pairs
Ngemva kokulibaziseka okuhleliwe kwamasekhondi angu-50, i-ground transponder ithumela ama-pulse pair emuva ngemvamisa engu-63 MHz ngqo kusuka kumvamisa yokubuza. Umamukeli wendiza ubona lokhu njengezimpendulo ezivumelekile ngokufanisa isikhala se-pulse kanye nesikhathi.
Indiza ibala ibanga bese ilibonisa
Ikhompyutha engaphakathi isusa ukubambezeleka komhlaba okwaziwayo esikhathini esiphelele sokuya nokubuya, ihlukanise kabili, bese iguqula umphumela ube amamayela olwandle. Leyo nombolo ivela ku-DME indicator noma ibekwe phezu kwe-HSI. Uthola indawo yokusondela ephuthelwe ngokubheka lapho umugqa ogqamile uphenduka khona ube umugqa onamachashazi kuphrofayili noma umbono wohlelo ku- ipuleti lokusondela.
Lonke lolu chungechunge, kusukela ekufakweni kwemvamisa kuya ekufundeni ibanga elizinzile, kuthatha isikhathi esincane kunalesi esithathayo ukufunda lesi sigaba. Ukuzenzakalela yikona okubalulekile. Kukukhulula ukuthi ugxile endleleni uqobo kunokuphatha imithombo yokuzulazula ehlukile.
Imikhawulo Okufanele Wonke Umshayeli Wezindiza Ayazi
I-DME iyithuluzi elithembekile, kodwa inezithiyo ezinzima zomzimba nezokusebenza okumele wonke umshayeli wendiza aziqaphele ngaphambi kokuthembela ekufundweni ezigabeni ezibalulekile zokundiza. Iphutha eliyingozi kakhulu ukuphatha ukubonisa ibanga njengeqiniso eliphelele ngaphandle kokuqonda ukuthi yini engasiphazamisa.
- Imfuneko yomugqa wokubona ivimba ukwamukelwa endaweni ephakeme ngemuva kwendawo
- Iphutha lobubanzi bokuthambekela liyakhula ngokuphakama, lidlula ibanga lomhlabathi
- Ukuminyana kwemvamisa endaweni yomoya ematasa kungabangela ukuphazamiseka kwenhliziyo
- Ukususwa kwesiteshi sangaphansi komhlaba kunciphisa ukumbozwa kwezinye izindawo
- Ukuzindla kwezindlela eziningi okuvela ezakhiweni noma ezintabeni kudala ukufundwa okungamanga
- Ukungabi nesignali ye-DME kusho ukuthi akukho lwazi lwebanga nhlobo
Okwembulwa yilolu hlu ukuthi ubuthakathaka be-DME buhambisana nezimo eziqondile lapho abashayeli bezindiza beyidinga kakhulu khona, ukuhamba ngezinyawo ezindaweni eziphakeme, ukusondela endaweni, kanye nezindawo ezinabantu abaningi. Ubuchwepheshe buvinjelwe kakhulu yi-physics, hhayi amaphutha okuklama.
Hlola ibanga le-DME uma uliqhathanisa neminye imithombo etholakalayo ngesikhathi sokuhamba ngakunye. Uma undiza endaweni ongayijwayele noma endaweni yomoya ematasa, bonisa isikhathi lapho imikhawulo ethile ye-DME ezisebenza kuleso sikhumulo sezindiza ngaphambi kokuba udinge ulwazi. Phatha okufundiwe njengephuzu elilodwa ledatha, hhayi igama lokugcina.
Indlela Ukunemba kwe-DME Okuma Ngayo Ezimweni Zangempela
Iningi labahloli bama-pilot licabanga ukuthi ukunemba kwe-DME kuyinombolo eqondile egxivizwe ephepheni lemininingwane. Iqiniso liwukuthi ukunemba kuyahlukahluka ngokwezimo, futhi ukusebenza kwangempela kohlelo kuncike ezintweni ezingatholwa yincwadi yemiyalelo ngokugcwele.
Ukunemba kwesikhathi sokushaya kwenhliziyo kuyisisekelo. Iwashi langaphakathi lesiteshi esingaphansi komhlaba kumele ligcine ukunemba kwezinga le-microsecond ukuze ukubalwa kohambo oluya nokubuya kusebenze. Izimo zesimo sezulu ezifana nemvula enkulu noma ukuguqulwa kwezinga lokushisa kungasakaza isignali yokushaya kwenhliziyo, kwethule amaphutha amancane esikhathi ahlangana ezindaweni ezinde.
Ukuphazamiseka kwezindlela eziningi kuyinguquko efihliwe. Izici zomhlaba, izintaba, izakhiwo, ngisho nezindiza ezinkulu phansi, zingabonisa isignali ye-DME, okubangela ukuthi umamukeli angene enkingeni ebambezelekile kunokushaya kwenhliziyo okuqondile. Lokhu kudala ukufundwa kwebanga okungamanga okungaba kude ngamamayela ambalwa, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokusebenza ezindaweni eziphakeme eduze kwezikhumulo zezindiza ezinezindawo eziyinkimbinkimbi.
Isiteshi sasemhlabeni ngokwaso sinemikhawulo yokunemba engokwemvelo. Isiteshi ngasinye siyalinganiswa ngesikhathi sokufakwa, kodwa ingxenye iyashintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kanye nemijikelezo yokushisa yesizini kushintsha isisekelo. Amayunithi e-DME anamuhla aqinile agcina ukubekezelelana okuqinile kunezinhlelo ezindala ezisekelwe kumashubhu, kodwa i-physics eyisisekelo ye ukulinganisa ibanga lomsakazo kusho ukuthi akukho ukufunda okuphelele.
Ukunemba kwe-GPS kuvame ukuba ngcono ezimweni ezinhle, kodwa i-DME iyazimela lapho i-GPS ihluleka khona. Isignali ye-DME kunzima ukuyivimba, ayixhomekile ku-geometry yesathelayithi, futhi isebenza ngokwethembeka ezigodini zasemadolobheni lapho izimpawu ze-GPS zibonisa khona izakhiwo. Lezi zinhlelo ezimbili ziyahambisana, enye ayingcono ngokwemvelo.
I-DME kuma-Cockpits Anamuhla: Isasebenza Noma Ayisebenzi?
Umbuzo ngokwawo wembula ukungaqondi kahle ukuthi indiza yangempela isebenza kanjani. I-GPS ayizange yenze i-DME yaphelelwa yisikhathi, yenze i-DME yaba usizo kakhulu njengokuhlola okuphambeneyo kanye nokusekelayo.
Izinhlelo zesimanje ze-FMS zihlanganisa ukufundwa kwe-DME kanye ne-GPS kanye nokuzulazula okungenazintambo. Uhlelo alukhethi umthombo owodwa kunomunye. Luwahlanganisa, lubeka isisindo ngasinye ngokusekelwe kwikhwalithi yesiginali kanye ne-geometry. Lapho i-GPS iwela endaweni ekude noma ngesikhathi sokuphazamiseka kwesathelayithi, i-DME igcina ikhambi lendawo liphila ngaphandle kokuthi umshayeli wendiza aphakamise umunwe.
Izindlela ezithile zisadinga i-DME ukuze kulungiswe izinyathelo zokunciphisa ijubane kanye nezinqubo zendlela ezingafanele. Indlela ye-ILS ene-DME arcs idinga imishini i-GPS yodwa engenakukwazi ukuyikopisha ngaphandle kwesamukeli esiqinisekisiwe. I-FAA ayizange ikhiphe i-DME ngesivinini esifanayo nezinye izindiza ezisebenzisa i-navaid ezisemhlabeni ngoba nje igcwalisa lesi sikhala.
I-Florida Flyers Flight Academy iqeqesha abafundi kokubili ukusebenza kwe-DME yendabuko kanye nokuzulazula okusekelwe ku-GPS. Umgomo awukona ukukhetha uhlelo oluthandwayo. Ukwakha abashayeli bezindiza abangangena kunoma iyiphi i-cockpit, kungaba umqeqeshi we-steam-gauge onebhokisi le-DME elizimele noma iphaneli yengilazi esebenzisa i-FMS ehlanganisiwe, futhi bazi kahle ukuthi kusho ukuthini ukufunda ibanga nokuthi kufanele bakwethembe nini.
I-DME akuyona uhlelo oludala olulinde umhlalaphansi. Luyingqimba ehambisanayo esitokisini sokuzulazula okufanele wonke umshayeli wendiza ochwepheshe aqonde ezingeni lesekethe, hhayi nje izinga lokucindezela izinkinobho. Ukuqonda izisekelo ze-DME ihlukanisa abashayeli bezindiza abalandela imigqa ye-magenta kubashayeli bezindiza abazulazulayo.
Master DME futhi Fly Ngokuzethemba
Ukuqonda ukuthi i-DME isebenza kanjani kuguqula ukufundwa kwe-cockpit kusuka enombolweni oyethembayo ngokungaboni kube iphuzu ledatha ongaliqinisekisa, uliphonsele inselelo, futhi ulisebenzise ngokunemba. Umehluko phakathi komshayeli wendiza owazi umjikelezo wokubuza imibuzo nomuntu ofunda nje isibonisi umehluko phakathi komuntu ozulazulayo nomuntu olandela.
Yonke indlela yethuluzi encike ekuhlolweni kwebanga le-DME iba ukuhlolwa kwalokhu kuqonda. Uma uphuthelwa yiphutha lebanga lokuthambekela ekuphakameni kanye nephuzu lendlela yokubhekana eliphuthelwe liyashintsha. Uma ungawuqondi kahle umbango wemvamisa bese isibonisi sebanga sihlala simnyama. Lezi akuzona izinkinga zemfundo. Ziwuhlobo lwamaphutha ahlukanisa umshayeli wethuluzi oqinile nomuntu ohlushwa ukuqeqeshwa kwe-IFR.
I-Florida Flyers Flight Academy yakha ubuchwepheshe be-DME kuzo zonke izinhlelo zezinsimbi kanye nezentengiselwano ngoba ama-cockpit angempela asafuna lokho. Zijwayeze izinqubo kuze kube yilapho umjikelezo wokubuza imibuzo uba yinto yesibili. Abashayeli bezindiza abazi kahle izisekelo yibo abandiza ngokuzethemba lapho i-GPS yehluleka futhi inombolo okuwukuphela kwayo esikrinini ivela ekushayweni kwenhliziyo okuhamba ngesivinini sokukhanya.
Imibuzo Evamile Mayelana Nokuthi I-DME Isebenza Kanjani
Isebenza kanjani i-DME?
I-DME isebenza ngokulinganisa isikhathi sokuhamba nokubuya kwama-radio pulses athunyelwe phakathi kwendiza nesiteshi sasemhlabeni, bese isusa ukubambezeleka okungaguquki kwama-microsecond angu-50 okwakhelwe empendulweni yesiteshi sasemhlabeni. Ikhompyutha engaphakathi iguqula leso sikhathi sibe amamayela olwandle, ibonise ibanga lebanga lokuthambekela ngqo kuthuluzi le-cockpit.
Yiziphi imikhawulo ye-DME?
I-DME idinga umugqa oqondile wokubona esiteshini saphansi, okusho ukuthi indawo noma izakhiwo zingavimba isignali ezindaweni eziphakeme futhi zibangele ukuthi ukufunda kunyamalale. Iphutha lebanga lokuthambekela lisho nokuthi ibanga elibonisiwe lihlala lide kunebanga langempela lomhlabathi, ukungafani okukhula ngokuphakama futhi kube okubalulekile ekusebenzeni lapho kusondela.
I-DME ihambisana kanjani nama-frequency e-VOR?
Iziteshi ze-DME zihlanganiswa ngamabomu namaza e-VOR kanye ne-ILS ukuze ukukhetha imvamisa yokuzulazula kushintshe ngokuzenzakalelayo i-DME ehlobene ngaphandle kwesenzo esengeziwe sokuhlola. Lokhu kubhangqa kusebenzisa isikhala seziteshi ze-X kanye ne-Y ukuvimbela ukuphazamiseka phakathi kweziteshi eziseduze, futhi isiteshi se-DME esingaphansi komhlaba sivame ukuba sendawonye ne-VOR noma i-ILS transmitter.
