ⓘ TL;DR
- Intsomi yepleyiti yendlela yesixhobo ayisiyonto yokuxhasa. Sisixhobo esiphambili esichaza zonke iimpawu ezikwipleyiti ngexesha lokwazisa.
- Le ntsomi yahlula amaza onxibelelwano, iinkqubo zokukhanyisa, ubuncinci, kunye neempawu zendlela eziphosiweyo zibe ziindawo ezinengqondo ezikhawulezisa ixesha lokuskena.
- Ibhanti yombane kunye neempawu zomnqamlezo zaseMalta zibonisa iindawo ezahlukeneyo zokuchasana eziphosiweyo. Ziyatshintsha xa uphoswa.
- Iimpawu zokukhanya ezisondelayo zichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ubuncinci bokufika. Izibane ezininzi zithetha ukubonakala okuncinci okugunyazisiweyo.
- Ukujonga intsomi ngaphambi kokuba yonke indlela isetyenzwe kuthintela iingcamango eziphelelwe lixesha kwaye kususa iimpazamo ezinokuthi ziphepheke zokwazisa.
Isiqulatho
Ipleyiti yokusondela egqunywe ziimpawu, amanani, kunye nemigca ijongeka njengekhowudi eyenzelwe omnye umntu. Intsomi yepleyiti yokusondela kwisixhobo yeyona nto iphambili ekuyichaza. Uninzi lwabaqhubi beenqwelo-moya bazama ukukhumbula iimpawu baze bagqibele bezicingela kwakhona kwi-cockpit.
Ingxaki ayikobunzima bepleyiti. Ingxaki kukuphatha le ntsomi njengesisombululo sokugqibela endaweni yesixhobo sokunika ulwazi. Umqhubi wenqwelo moya ojika aye kwintsomi kuphela xa edidekile sele elahlekelwe lixesha kunye nobubanzi bengqondo.
Eli nqaku likufundisa ukusebenzisa intsomi njengesalathiso sakho esiphambili kuyo yonke indlela. Uza kufunda ingqiqo engasemva kweempawu, apho ungalufumana khona ulwazi ngalunye, kunye nendlela yokubhala ipleyiti kancinci ngaphantsi kwemizuzu emibini. Intsomi ayisayi kuba yinto yokuzikhusela kwaye iba sisiseko seskeni yakho.
Kutheni Intsomi Ibaluleke Ngakumbi Kunokukhumbula Izinto?
Ukukhumbula yonke imiqondiso kwipleyiti yokusondela yindlela yokulahlekelwa. Le ntsomi ikhona ngesizathu, kwaye eso sizathu asifanele singanakwa emva kosuku lokujonga.
I-FAA ihlaziya iimpawu nanini na xa iinkqubo okanye iteknoloji itshintsha. Isikhokelo sabasebenzisi beTshati ihlaziywa xa kukho isimboli esitsha setshathi okanye xa kukho utshintsho ekubonakalisweni kolwazi kunye/okanye iimpawu kwiitshathi. Ukuthembela kwinkumbulo yoqeqesho lonyaka ophelileyo kuthetha ukuhambahamba ngezinto eziphelelwe lixesha.
Ukwazi apho ujonge khona kukhawuleza kunokuzibamba ngentloko. Umqhubi wenqwelo moya onokufumana uphawu lombane kule ntsomi ngemizuzwana emithathu ubetha omnye oqikelele ukuba uphosisile xa ekwiimitha ezingama-200.
Le ntsomi ayiloncedo. Yindlela eyintloko yokubhekisela kuyo yonke indlela oyichazayo. Yiphathe ngaloo ndlela.
Amacandelo Amathathu Aphambili Embali Ngayinye
Intsomi yepleyiti yendlela yokusebenzisa izixhobo ayiloluhlu lolwazi olunye. Ziindawo ezintathu ezahlukeneyo zokubhekisa, nganye isombulula ingxaki eyahlukileyo ngexesha leenkcazo-ntetho. Ukuqonda olu lwakhiwo kukhawuleza kunokukhangela uphawu ongalukhumbuliyo ngokupheleleyo.
Unxibelelwano kunye neeFrequency zokuHamba
Eli candelo lihlala phezulu kwepleyiti, ngaphezulu kombono wesicwangciso. Lidwelisa inqaba, indlela, kunye neefrikhwensi zendlela yokugqibela ecaleni kwe-navaid identifiers. Isalathiso sentsomi ye-FAA ibonisa ngqo indlela ibhokisi nganye yefrikhwensi ebhalwe ngayo ilebhile. Abaqhubi beenqwelo moya abangayingqinisisi le pleyiti basengozini yokudayela ifrikhwensi yetower engalunganga xa befika bexakekile.
Izibane zeNdlela kunye neempawu zeRunway
Eli candelo likwinxalenye esezantsi yentsomi, lichaza iinkqubo zokukhanyisa ezimisela ubuncinci bokufika. I-MALSR, i-ALSF-2, kunye ne-SSALR nganye inophawu olwahlukileyo kunye nesiphumo esithile sokusebenza.
Le ntsomi ibonisa iprofayili ebonakalayo yenkqubo nganye, hayi nje isifinyezo sayo. Loo match ebonakalayo yiyo ethintela umqhubi wenqwelo moya ukuba angadibanisi i-flasher elandelelanayo nenkqubo yokukhanyisa epheleleyo ngexesha lendlela engabonakaliyo.
Indlela Engaphoswanga kunye neempawu eziNcinci
Eli lelona candelo libalulekileyo lentsomi xa kufikwa kwingcaciso. Lichaza uphawu lwebhanti yombane kwindawo ephosiweyo, umnqamlezo waseMalta wokulungisa indlela yokugqibela, kunye netheyibhile yexesha/umgama wecandelo lendlela ephosiweyo.
Uphawu ngalunye luvela kumbono weprofayili kunye nombono wesicwangciso. Intsomi idibanisa umfanekiso omnye wenkqubo. Ukungaluqondi kakuhle olu candelo kuthetha ukuchaza indlela ephosakeleyo engahambelaniyo nepleyiti.
Indlela yokuCwangcisa iSicwangciso Jonga iimpawu
Imbono yesicwangciso yindawo apho iipleyiti zendlela zifumana udumo lwazo ngokuxinana. Uphawu ngalunye lukhuphisana ngokufuna ingqalelo, kwaye umahluko phakathi kokwehla okukhuselekileyo kunye nendlela ephoswe rhoqo uhlala kwi icon enye encinci. Intsomi iyawuchaza lo mxinano, kodwa kuphela ukuba uyazi ukuba zeziphi iimpawu ezifuna isenzo kwaye zeziphi eziluncedo nje.
Ukufunda umbono wesicwangciso ngokukhawuleza kuthetha ukuphatha le ntsomi njengesihluzi. ulandelelwano lwengcaciso yetshathi yendlela kufuneka kuqale apha rhoqo, kuba umbono wesicwangciso uphendula umbuzo wokuqala: ndingayilandela le nkqubo konke konke?
Iimpawu zeNavaid: I-VOR yihexagon ene-frequency ngaphakathi. I-NDB sisangqa esinechaphaza embindini. I-DME yibhokisi ene-frequency. Ngayinye ikwitshathi apho i-navaid ikhoyo ngokwasemzimbeni, kwaye intsomi ibonisa imo echanekileyo kunye nefomathi yeleyibhile ukuze ungaze ubhidanise i-VOR nendawo edibana kuyo.
Iisimboli zokulungisa: Iindawo ezidibanayo ziinxantathu ezinegama elinoonobumba abahlanu. Iindawo ezidibanayo ziisangqa ezinegama elinoonobumba abahlanu. Intsomi iyazahlula ngokucacileyo, kodwa umahluko wokusebenza ubalulekile: iindawo ezidibanayo zichazwa ziiradial kunye nemigama, iindawo ezidibanayo zichazwa zii-lat/lon coordinates. Ukufingqa uhlobo olungalunganga kuthetha ukuhamba ngesalathiso esingalunganga.
Iipateni zokubamba: Ipateni yokubamba ibonakala njengemilo yendlela yokubaleka enotolo olubonisa indlela engenayo. Intsomi ichaza iimpawu zokungena eziqhelekileyo kunye nobhalo lwexesha. Into engayibonisiyo le ntsomi kukuba ipateni yokubamba idla ngokuba yinkqubo yokuphoswa, ngoko ke ukuyifunda gwenxa kuthetha ukubhabha ngendlela engafanelekanga yokubaleka.
Iimpawu zemiqobo: Izithintelo zivela njengoonxantathu abancinci abanenombolo yokuphakama. Intsomi ibonisa umahluko phakathi komqobo omnye kunye neqela, kunye nokuba ukuphakama kungaphezulu komhlaba okanye kwinqanaba eliphakathi lolwandle. Ezi mpawu ziyingcebiso, azinyanzelekanga, kodwa ukuzityeshela xa kubonakala kancinci yindlela abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya abahlasela ngayo izinto ababenokuziphepha.
Imbono yesicwangciso yimephu yezigqibo, hayi nje imephu yejografi. Yonke imiqondiso ikuxelela apho uya khona okanye ikulumkise ngento ekuphazamisayo. Intsomi yeyona nto ibalulekileyo ekuhleleni ezo ndidi zimbini ngemizuzwana, hayi imizuzu.
Icandelo leMinimums: Oko Kuthethwa YiNombolo Ngenene
Icandelo le-minimums lilapho kuvela khona uninzi lweempazamo zendlela, kwaye i-legend yeyona decoder ithembekileyo kuphela. Abaqhubi beenqwelo moya abangayilandeliyo le legend briefing apha badlala ngememori ngokuchasene nefomathi etshintshayo kwipleyiti nganye. I-legend ayidwelisi nje amanani, ichaza ingqiqo engasemva kwe-DA/DH ngokuchasene ne-MDA, kwaye loo mahluko ngumahluko phakathi kokwehla okuzinzileyo kunye nendlela ephosiweyo.
Ii-minimum ezithe ngqo kunye nee-minimum ezijikeleza ziphila kwibhokisi enye kodwa zithetha izinto ezahlukeneyo ngokupheleleyo. Intsomi icacisa ukuba ii-minimum ezijikeleza ngqo ziyasebenza xa indlela yokugqibela ingaphakathi kweedigri ezingamashumi amathathu ukusuka kwindlela eya kuyo. Ii-minimum ezijikeleza ziphezulu kuba zibangela ukujika kwendlela. Ukungaqondi kakuhle ukuba seti yeyiphi esebenza kwindlela esebenzayo yimbangela eqhelekileyo yeempazamo zendlela.
Iindidi zendlela yokufikelela kwenye indawo apho intsomi ifumana khona ukugcinwa kwayo. Isantya esichaza udidi A ukuya ku-E asishicilelwa kwipleyiti nganye. Intsomi igcina loo ngxelo, kwaye ukuyijonga ngexesha lokunika ulwazi kuthintela umqhubi wenqwelo-moya ekusebenziseni ubuncinci obuyilelwe inqwelo-moya ecothayo. Amanani akwibhokisi yobuncinci achanekile kuphela xa ethelekiswa nodidi olufanelekileyo.
Iimfuneko zokubonakala zibonakala njengee-fractions okanye ii-statute miles, kwaye intsomi ichaza ukuguqulwa. Ukubonakala kwesiqingatha semayile akufani ne-2400 RVR, kwaye intsomi ikwenza kucace oko. Ubuncinane bendlela ye-ILS ngaphandle kokuqinisekisa ifomathi yokubonakala ngokuchasene nentsomi yindlela emfutshane ebiza ukuchaneka.
Icandelo le-minimums lelona candelo libalulekileyo kuyo nayiphi na ipleyiti yendlela. Intsomi ayiloncedo kwabo bangalungiselelanga, sisixhobo esiguqula ibhloko yamanani ibe yingcaciso esebenzisekayo.
Izibane zeNdlela kunye neempawu zeRunway
Ezi mpawu azihombisi. Zichaza ngokuthe ngqo eyona ndawo incinci onokuyamkela xa ufika.
Yonke inkqubo yokukhanyisa inesimo sayo esithile. Le ntsomi ikubonisa ngqo ukuba nganye ijongeka njani kwipleyiti kwaye ithetha ukuthini ngexabiso lakho elincinci.
- I-MALSR, Ukukhanya okuphakathi kwendlela yokusondela kunye nezibane zesalathisi sokulungelelanisa indlela yeenqwelo moya.
- I-ALSF-2, Ukukhanya okujongeka ngamandla aphezulu kunye nezibane ezikhanyayo ezilandelelanayo kunye nomgca ophakathi.
- I-SSALR, Ukukhanya okulula kwendlela emfutshane kunye nezibane zesalathisi sokulungelelaniswa kweendlela zeenqwelomoya.
- TDZ, Iimpawu zeendawo zokuchukumisa, imivimbo emibini ehambelanayo kwindlela yeenqwelo moya.
- CL, Iimpawu zomgca osembindini, umgca oqhekekileyo ohamba embindini wendlela.
- I-REIL, Izibane zokuchonga isiphelo sendlela, ii-strobes ezikhanyayo emgubasini.
- IINDLELA ZOKUGQIBELA, Inkqubo yokukhanyisa ejonge kwicala ngalinye, isangqa sezibane.
Ipatheni ilula: izibane ezininzi zithetha ubuncinci obuphantsi. Inkqubo epheleleyo ye-ALSF-2 ivumela ukubonakala okuncinci kunofakelo olusisiseko lwe-MALSR.
Bhala uphawu lokukhanyisa kancinci kuqala. Emva koko jonga icandelo leeminimum. Ezi zimbini mazihambelane. Ukuba azihambelani, kukho into engalunganga kwipleyiti okanye ekuqondeni kwakho.
Indlela Engavumelekanga kunye neempawu zePateni zokubamba
Inkqubo yokungafakwanga yindlela enye yepleyiti engenakukwazi ukucaciswa phakathi kohambo. Ukuyichaza ngokuchanekileyo kuthetha ukwazi ngqo apho iimpawu zihlala khona kunye nento eziyifunayo. Kulapho ke apho Iinkqubo zendlela eziphosiweyo ze-IFR iba lulandelelwano lwezenzo ezaziwayo endaweni yokuba yingxwabangxwaba.
Chonga uphawu lwendawo yokufika ephosiweyo
Ibhanti yombane iphawula indawo yokufikelela ephosiweyo ngendlela echanekileyo. Umnqamlezo waseMalta ubonisa indawo yokufikelela ephosiweyo ngendlela engalunganga. Uphawu olulula lokulungisa luthetha ukuba indlela ephosiweyo iqala kuloo ndawo yokuhlangana okanye indlela. Uphawu ngalunye luhlala kwimbonakalo yesicwangciso kunye nembonakalo yeprofayili, ngokuqhelekileyo kufutshane nezantsi kwepleyiti.
Funda imiyalelo yendlela ephosiweyo kumbono weprofayili
Imbonakalo yeprofayili ibonisa indlela ethe nkqo kunye nendawo echanekileyo apho indlela ephosiweyo iqala khona. Imiyalelo iprintiwe njengombhalo ngqo ngaphantsi kweprofayili. Yifunde ngokuvakalayo ngexesha lokubonisana. Amagama akuxelela isihloko, ukuphakama ekufuneka ukunyuke, kunye nokulungiswa ekufuneka uqhubeke nako.
Fumana uphawu lwepateni yokubamba kunye nemiyalelo yokungena
Ipateni yokubamba ibonakala kumbono wesicwangciso njengemilo yendlela yokubaleka eneentolo zomlenze ezingenayo kunye nezikhokelo. Imiyalelo yokungena idla ngokuprintwa ecaleni kwepateni yokubamba okanye kumbhalo wendlela ephosiweyo. Chaza uhlobo lokungena, i-teardrop, i-parallel, okanye i-direct, ngaphambi kokuba uyifune.
Ukugqiba olu landelelwano lwamanyathelo amathathu kuthetha ukuba indlela ephosiweyo ayisosimanga. Yinkqubo osele uyiqalile engqondweni yakho.
Iingcaciso Ezingachanekanga Zeentsomi Eziqhelekileyo Okufanele Ziphetshwe
Eyona mpazamo iyingozi eyenziwa ngabaqhubi beenqwelo-moya ngeepleyiti zendlela kukungalufundi kakuhle uphawu, kukuthatha ukuba sele beyazi ukuba luthetha ukuthini. Indlela yokusebenzisa i-localizer kuphela kunye ne-ILS zifana kakhulu kumbono wesicwangciso, kodwa le ntsomi idweba umgca onzima phakathi kwazo. Umahluko ubonisa ukuba ungahla na ngaphandle kwesikhokelo se-glideslope.
I-lightning bolt kunye ne-maltese cross zibangela ukudideka okukhulu kwicandelo le-missed approach. I-lightning bolt iphawula indawo ephosiweyo kwi-ILS. I-maltese cross iyiphawula kwindlela engachanekanga. Ukuzixuba kuthetha ukuqala indlela ephosiweyo kwisisombululo esingalunganga, nto leyo ebeka umngcipheko wokususwa komhlaba. Intsomi iyisombulula le nto ngemizuzwana embalwa, ukuba uyayijonga.
Itheyibhile yexesha/umgama ihlala kwimbonakalo yeprofayili kwaye iyatshixwa ngexesha lokubonisana ngokukhawuleza. Abaqhubi beenqwelo moya bajonga umgama baze bacinge ukuba ixesha lilingana. Akunjalo. Itheyibhile ichaza utshintsho lwesantya somhlaba olutshintsha kakhulu ixesha. Ukufunda le ntsomi kuqinisekisa ulwalamano oluchanekileyo phakathi komgama nexesha ngaphambi kokuba indlela iqale.
Ukujonga intsomi ngexesha lohambo ngaphambi kokuba inqwelo-moya ihambe kuthintela izinto ezingalindelekanga eziba ziingxamiseko. Intsomi ayisiyonto yokugqibela ekufuneka uyenze. Yindawo yokuqala ekufuneka uyijonge xa uphawu lungahambelani noko ukulindeleyo. Ukufunda itshathi ye-IFR ngokuchanekileyo iqala ngokuthemba intsomi kunenkumbulo.
Yakha Indlela Yakho Yokuchaza Imbali Ngeli Nqaku
Intsomi ayiloncedo xa inkumbulo isilela. Sisixhobo sokuchaza esenza inkumbulo ingabi yimfuneko. Yonke ipleyiti yendlela inesakhiwo esifanayo esinengqondo, kwaye intsomi sisitshixo esiyivulayo.
Ukuphatha le ntsomi njengesalathiso esiphambili kutshintsha indlela ochaza ngayo izinto. Uyeka ukuqikelela uze uqale ukuqinisekisa. Uyeka ukuthembela kwinto ocinga ukuba ithetha ukuthini uphawu uze uqale ukuqinisekisa ukuba ithetha ukuthini ngokwenene. Loo tshintsho lodwa lususa udidi lweempazamo ezenzekayo xa iingcamango zithatha indawo yokuhlolwa.
Khuphela iSikhokelo saBasebenzisi seTshathi ye-FAA. Yithi gqaba gqaba ngendlela enye ngosuku usebenzisa intsomi njengesalathiso sakho esiphambili. Yakha eyakho ulandelelwano lwengcaciso yetshathi yendlela malunga noko intsomi ikuxelela kona, hayi oko ukukhumbulayo. Ipleyiti ikunika yonke into oyifunayo. Intsomi ikubonisa apho ungayifumana khona.
Imibuzo Eqhelekileyo Malunga neNgcali yePlate yeNdlela yeSixhobo
Yintoni umahluko phakathi kwentsomi kunye nesikhokelo sabasebenzisi betshathi?
Intsomi sisihluzo esincinci esiprintiweyo ngqo kwipleyiti nganye yendlela ukuze ireferensi ikhawuleze xa ibhabha. Isikhokelo sabasebenzisi beTshathi luxwebhu olwahlukileyo lwe-FAA oluchaza zonke iimpawu, utshintsho lwefomathi, kunye nohlaziyo lwenkqubo ngokweenkcukacha ezipheleleyo.
I-FAA ihlaziya kangaphi indlela yokusebenzisa iimpawu zepleyiti?
I-FAA ihlaziya iSikhokelo saBasebenzisi beTshathi nanini na xa kungeniswa isimboli esitsha setshathi okanye imifanekiso ekhoyo itshintsha. Oku kuthetha ukuba intsomi ekwipleyiti yakho ihlala isetyenziswa, kodwa ukuthembela kwimemori evela kumjikelo wohlaziyo wangaphambili kwazisa umngcipheko.
Ndingayifumana phi le ntsomi kwipleyiti yokusondela?
Le ntsomi ibonakala kwikona ephezulu ngasekhohlo yepleyiti yokusondela, ngaphantsi nje komcu wokwazisa. Ihlala kwindawo encinci kodwa engaguquguqukiyo ukuze abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya bazi kakuhle apho bafanele bajonge khona ngexesha ngalinye lokwazisa.
Ithetha ukuthini imiqondiso yebhanti yombane kwipleyiti yokusondela?
Umbane uphawula indawo ephosiweyo yokusondela kwipleyiti yokusondela. Ubonisa indawo apho umqhubi wenqwelo moya kufuneka enze khona inkqubo ephosiweyo yokusondela ukuba imeko-bume yendlela yokubhabha ayibonakali.
