ⓘ TL;DR
- Indawo yokufika kwisikhululo seenqwelo-moya yimitha yokuqala eyi-3,000 ngaphaya komda kwaye yindawo ekuphela kwayo eyenzelwe ukudibana kokuqala ngokukhuselekileyo kunye nomda wokuma ngokupheleleyo.
- Jonga amanqaku eendawo ekujoliswe kuzo, hayi umda. Ukuchukumisa ngaphaya kwazo kunciphisa umgama phakathi kwezithintelo kunye nomgama wokuma.
- Umthetho we-70-50 kukujonga ubude bendlela yokubaleka: kwi-70% yesantya sokufika, kufuneka ube ne-50% yendlela yokubaleka okanye wenze umjikelo.
- Umthetho we-51% sisiqhushumbisi sokuhambahamba ngomoya onqamlezileyo. Ukuba umoya onqamlezileyo udlula i-51% yamandla abonakalisiweyo, musa ukuzama ukufika.
- Izibane ze-touchdown zone ziqinisekisa indawo ekuyo ebusuku kwaye azibonakali kakuhle, ziqinisa indawo ekufuneka ifike kuyo inqwelo-moya.
Isiqulatho
Indlela ijongeka ngqo ukusuka kwi-cockpit. Isantya somoya izinzile. Indlela yokubaleka iqonde phambili. Iqala ukutsha. Emva koko amavili achukumisa phantsi ngaphaya kweempawu zeendawo ekujoliswe kuzo, kwaye indlela yokubaleka eseleyo iyancipha ngokukhawuleza kunokuba bekulindelwe. Le ayiyongxaki yobuchwephesha. Yingxaki yendawo yokubaleka inqwelo moya ithintelwe.
Uninzi lwabaqhubi beenqwelo moya bayazi ukuba kufuneka bafike kwindawo yokufika. Bambalwa abanokuyibona ngaphandle kokujonga isixhobo. Bambalwa abasayaziyo imithetho yesigqibo eyahlula indawo yokufika ekhuselekileyo kwindawo yokujika. Ingcebiso eqhelekileyo, ejoliswe kwiimpawu, ayiphelelanga. Ayishiyi mithetho mibini esetyenziswa ngabaqhubi beenqwelo moya abanamava ukugqiba ukuba bazenze okanye bayeke.
Eli nqaku ligubungela ukuba yintoni kanye kanye indawo yokufika, indlela yokufunda iimpawu zayo kwindlela yokuhamba, kunye nemithetho emibini ebalulekileyo yezigqibo engayihoyiyo uninzi lwezikhokelo: umthetho we-70-50 wobude bendlela yokuhamba kunye nomthetho we-51% wokufika komoya onqamlezileyo. Ekugqibeleni, uya kwazi ngqo ukuba ufike phi kwaye nini endaweni yoko.
Oko i-Runway Touchdown Zone ikuyo ngokwenene
Indawo yokufika kwindawo yokumisa iinqwelomoya yindawo yendlela, ngaphaya komda, apho iinqwelomoya zokufika zenzelwe ukuba ziqale ziqhagamshelane nendlela yokumisa iinqwelomoya. Iglosari yoMqhubi we-FAA/uMlawuli ichaza njengeenyawo zokuqala ezingama-3,000 zendlela yeenqwelo moya eqala emngxunyeni. Inkcazo ye-ICAO ibanzi, ichaza indawo, hayi umgama omiselweyo.
Uninzi lwabaqhubi beenqwelo moya lucinga ukuba le ndawo yindawo enye. Ayinjalo. Yindawo ekhethiweyo eyenzelwe ukufunxa impembelelo yokuqala kwaye ikunike indawo yokuma. Le ndawo ikho ukuqinisekisa ukuba imiqobo isuswa kwimida yokusondela kunye nokusebenza kokufika. Ukuba ungaphantsi kwayo, ubeka emngciphekweni izibane zendlela. Ukuba umi ixesha elide, utya umgama wakho wokuma.
Umahluko phakathi kweenkcazo ze-FAA kunye ne-ICAO ubalulekile xa kuqhutywa uhambo lokubhabha kumazwe ngamazwe. I-FAA ithi ziimitha ezingama-3,000. I-ICAO ithi indawo leyo kulapho umenzi athi ikhona. Enye ngumthetho. Enye yisikhokelo. Yazi ukuba yeyiphi esebenza kwindawo oya kuyo.
Ukuqonda lo mahluko kutshintsha indlela ochaza ngayo indlela. Uyeka ukukhangela indawo enye ekujoliswe kuyo. Uqala ukukhangela indawo. Loo tshintsho lodwa luthintela iimpazamo eziqhelekileyo zokufika.
Ukufunda iiMpawu kwiNdlela ePhayiweyo
Indawo yokufika kwindawo yokuphumla ayisiyonto ingaqondakaliyo. Ipeyintwe ngqo kwindawo yokubaleka iinqwelomoya ngolwimi olunokufundwa ngumqhubi wenqwelomoya. I-AIM ichaza indawo njengeenyawo zokuqala ezingama-3,000, kwaye iimpawu zikuxelela kanye apho ikhoyo loo nto.
- Iimpawu zomda. Le yimiqolo emhlophe ebanzi kububanzi bendlela yokubaleka. Iphawula ukuqala komphezulu osebenzisekayo wokufika. Imiqolo esibhozo kwiindlela zokubaleka ezibanzi kuneenyawo ezili-100, emine kweminye emincinci.
- Iimpawu zenqaku ezijolise kuzo. Iingxande ezimbini ezimhlophe ezijiyileyo, enye kwicala ngalinye lomgca ophakathi. Zimi kwiimitha eziyi-1,020 ukusuka emgubasini. Kulapho ujolisa khona inqwelo-moya, hayi umgubasi ngokwawo.
- Iimpawu zommandla wokuthintela. Izibini zeengxande ezimhlophe zibekwe kwindawo ezikude kangangeemitha ezingama-500. Ziqala kwindawo ekujoliswe kuyo zize ziqhubeke phantsi kwendlela yokubaleka. Isibini ngasinye sikuxelela ukuba ukude kangakanani kwindawo okuyo.
- Iimpawu zomgca osembindini. Imigca emhlophe enemibala ejikeleze ubude bendlela yokubaleka. Ikugcina ulungelelene ne-axis yendlela yokubaleka. Kwindawo yokuchukumisa, ikunceda ulungise ukutyibilika ngaphambi kokuba amavili achukumise.
- Iimpawu zomphetho wendlela yokuhamba. Imigca emhlophe eqinileyo echaza imida esecaleni. Ukuhlala phakathi kwazo kwindawo leyo kuthetha ukuba ukwindawo egangathiweyo. Ukuntywila ngaphandle kwazo kukubeka esichengeni sokuhamba ngenqwelomoya.
Ezi mpawu zenza inkqubo yokubona. Zifundeni kunye kwaye ninokuqinisekisa indawo enikuyo ngaphandle kokujonga isixhobo. Ngexesha elizayo xa nibhabha, chaza ummandla usebenzisa umzobo wesikhululo seenqwelo-moya uze uwuqinisekise ngamehlo enu kwindlela yokuhamba. iimpawu zendlela yokumisa iinqwelomoya kunye nezibane iguqula umphezulu opeyintiweyo ube sisixhobo sokwenza isigqibo.
Kutheni Ukufika Kwindawo Ekufutshane Kuyingozi
Ukufika kufutshane nendawo yokufika kwindlela yeenqwelo moya yimpazamo eqhelekileyo, ingakumbi kwiindawo zokufika ezimfutshane apho umda wempazamo sele umxinwa. Impazamo ivakala ikhuselekile, ihlisa amavili kwangethuba, kodwa isusa isithintelo sokhuseleko esilungiselelwe indawo.
Ngaphambi: Indlela endala ijolise kumda ngokwawo. Umqhubi wenqwelo moya ugxila ekudluliseni inqwelo moya ngaphezu kwamanani, aze antante phantsi kwendlela yokuhamba, ephuma isantya. Ukufika kwenqwelo moya kwenzeka ngaphaya kwendawo ekujoliswe kuyo, kudla umgama obalulekileyo wendlela yokuhamba kwaye kushiya indawo encinci yokwenza iimpazamo xa iqalisa.
Emva: Indlela echanekileyo ijolise kwiimpawu zokujolisa, ezo zixande zimbini zimhlophe ziqinileyo. Umqhubi ubhabha ngendlela ezinzileyo ukuya kwezo mpawu, afike ngaphakathi kwenxalenye yokuqala yendawo, aze abe nendawo yonke yokubaleka eseleyo yokuma. Lo ngumahluko phakathi kokuhla okulawulwayo kunye nokunyanzela iibhuleki ukuba zenze wonke umsebenzi.
Ukuma kufutshane nendawo yokufika kwendlela kunciphisa ukuvuleka kwemiqobo xa usondela kwaye kwandisa umngcipheko wokuhambahamba kwendlela. Le ndawo ikhona ngesizathu: yindawo ekuphela kwayo apho ukuvuleka kwemiqobo kunye nemida yokusebenza kokufika kuqinisekiswa khona. Isikhokelo se-AOPA kwiindawo zokufikelela kwi-touchdown kuyayiqinisa le ngongoma. Ukuphosa indawo kuthetha ukubhabha ngaphandle kwezo ndawo.
Umthetho we-70-50 wezigqibo zokuHlala
Umthetho we-70-50 yindlela yokuqalisa uhambo, hayi indlela yokufika. Uphendula umbuzo omnye: ngaba unendlela eyaneleyo yokumisa inqwelo moya ngokukhuselekileyo? Uninzi lwabaqhubi beenqwelo moya luwufunda kumqeqeshi, kungekhona kwincwadi yemiyalelo. Kulapho ixabiso lawo lihlala khona, ekugwebeni kwawo.
Jonga indawo yakho kwisantya sakho sokufika
Lo mthetho ufuna indawo ethile yokujonga. Xa isalathisi sesantya somoya sibonisa ukuba uhlile kwisantya sakho sokugqibela sokufika, jonga indlela yeenqwelo moya eseleyo. Eli lixesha lenyaniso. Inombolo ekwigeyiji ayikuxeleli nto ngaphandle kokuqinisekiswa okubonakalayo kokuba ukuphi ngaphaya kwendlela.
Qinisekisa ukuba unayo indlela yeenqwelo moya eseleyo
Isiqingatha sesibini somthetho kukujonga indawo. Ukuba ukhawuleze kakhulu kodwa ngaphantsi kwesiqingatha sendlela yokubaleka isesaphambi kwakho, izibalo azisebenzi. Amandla afunekayo ukuze ume adlule umgama okhoyo. Elo thuba kulapho kuqala khona uhambo lokubaleka inqwelo moya.
Yenza uhlengahlengiso ukuba itshekhi ayiphumelelanga
Le yeyona nxalenye inzima. Umthetho awusebenzi ukuba umqhubi wenqwelo moya akayinaki isiphumo. Ukuhlolwa okungaphumeleli kuthetha ukuba indlela ayizukusindiswa. Ukudada ixesha elide okanye ukubhuleka nzima kungenisa izinto ezibangela umngcipheko. Impendulo echanekileyo kuphela yindlela echanekileyo.
Qonda ukuba kutheni lo mthetho usebenza
Umthetho we-70-50 wakha isithintelo kuyo yonke indawo yokufika. Unyanzela isigqibo kwangethuba ukuba sithathe amanyathelo, singafiki kade ngokwaneleyo ukuba soyike. Abafundisi abanamava bayawufundisa kuba uthatha indawo yokuqikelela ngokujonga okuphindaphindiweyo. Lo mthetho awubonakali kwiNcwadi yoLwazi lweNqwelo-moya. Kulungile oko. Ezinye zezona zixhobo zibalaseleyo kwinqwelo-moya zihlala kulwazi olungabhalwanga oludluliswa phakathi kwabaqhubi beenqwelo-moya.
Ukugqiba olu vavanyo kuyo yonke indlela kuguqula ingqiqo engacacanga yokuba ngumntu okhawulezayo okanye ophakamileyo ibe yindawo yokwenza isigqibo esicacileyo. Lo mthetho awuqinisekisi ukufika ngokugqibeleleyo. Uqinisekisa ukuba awuyi kufumanisa kade ukuba indlela yeenqwelo-moya yayimfutshane kakhulu.
Umthetho we-51% weCrosswind Landings
Umthetho we-51% awuyondlela yokufika. Yindlela yokuqalisa, kwaye ukuyiphatha njengento nayiphi na enye yimpazamo ekhupha abaqhubi beenqwelo moya kwindawo yokufika.
Nantsi imithetho ngendlela elula. Ukuba icandelo lomoya onqamlezayo lidlula i-51% yamandla enqwelomoya abonakalisiweyo, musa ukufika emhlabeni. Ixabiso lomoya onqamlezayo elibonakalisiweyo ngumoya ophezulu ovavanyiweyo ngumvelisi ngexesha lokuqinisekiswa. Asingomda onzima. Kodwa umda we-51% yindawo enzima yokwenza isigqibo.
Lo mthetho uyabhideka kuba abaqhubi beenqwelo moya bacinga ukuba ulawula indlela yokuphatha ulawulo xa umoya unqamleza. Awukwenzi oko. Umthetho we-70-50 ujonga ubude bendlela yokuqhuba inqwelo moya. Umthetho we-51% ujonga umoya. Omnye umalunga nokuma komgama. Omnye umalunga nolawulo olusecaleni. Basebenza ngeenjongo ezahlukeneyo, kodwa bobabini baphendula umbuzo ofanayo: ngaba olu hambo lufanele luqhubeke?
Imimoya enamandla ewela umgama itshabalalisa ukuchaneka kwendawo yokuchukumisa. Umoya utyhala inqwelo-moya iphume embindini. Umqhubi wenqwelo-moya uyalungisa, alungise kakhulu, aze ashukume. Iimpawu zeendawo zokujolisa ziyatyibilika ecaleni kwi-windscreen. Ukuchukumisa kwenzeka ngasekhohlo embindini, okanye kude, okanye zombini. Indawo ayibonakali.
Umthetho we-51% ukho ukuthintela loo meko ngaphambi kokuba iqale. Xa umoya udlula umda, isigqibo esilumkileyo kukungawisi inqwelo moya kwindlela engaphantsi komhlaba. Kukujikeleza ulinde iimeko ezikuvumela ukuba ufike apho ubufuna khona.
Izibane zeRunway Touchdown Zone kunye noko zikuxelela kona
Uninzi lwabaqhubi beenqwelo moya bajonga indlela eya kwindlela yokuhamba ukuze bafumane ulwalathiso lwendawo yokufika. Isixhobo sokwenyani esichanekileyo singcwatyelwe kuyo.
Izibane ze-touchdown zone ye-runway ziluhlu lwezibane ezimhlophe ezifakwe kumphezulu we-runway. Ziqala kufutshane nomphetho zize zisebenzele inxalenye yokuqala ye-runway. Ezi zibane zikhona ngesizathu esinye: ukwenza indawo ibonakale xa iimpawu zingabonakali.
Izibane ezisembindini wendlela yokubaleka zikuqondisa embindini. Izibane ze-touchdown zone zikuxelela apho umele ufike khona. Umahluko ubaluleke kakhulu ebusuku, xa kuna imvula, okanye xa inkungu itya isiphelo esikude sendlela yokubaleka. Izibane zikhanya ngombala omhlophe ozinzileyo, zibekwe kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo, zenza indlela ebonakalayo etsala indawo yakho yokujonga phambili kwindawo efanelekileyo.
Ayizizo zonke iindlela zokupaka ezinazo. Ziindlela zokupaka ezichanekileyo kuphela ezifumana izibane zokujonga indawo yokufika. Indlela ebonakalayo yokujonga indlela yokukhwela engachanekanga ithetha ukuthembela kwiimpawu zodwa. Kulapho ukwazi umahluko phakathi kweenkqubo zokukhanyisa kuba sisigqibo sokhuseleko, kungekhona inyani engenamsebenzi.
Izibane azitshintshi indlela yokufika. Ziyayiqinisekisa loo nto. Xa kuvela imivalo emhlophe phantsi kwempumlo, indawo leyo ikwindawo efanele ukuba ifike kuyo. Xa ingenzeki, umbuzo uba kukuba ingaba ifike na kwaphela.
Indlela yokuziqhelanisa nokufika kwindawo
Ukuziqhelanisa nokufika kule ndawo bubuchule obucwangcisiweyo, asikuko umphumo wendalo weeyure zokubhabha. Uninzi lwabaqhubi beenqwelo-moya bayalishiya inyathelo lokubonisana kwaye baxhomekeke ekuziveni, apho kanye le ndawo iphoswa khona.
Inyathelo 1. Chaza indawo yokufikelela kwindawo yomoya xa umoya usiya kwehla usebenzisa umzobo wesikhululo seenqwelo-moya. Oku kunyanzelisa umfanekiso engqondweni ngaphambi kokuba indlela yeenqwelo-moya ibonakale. Abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya abatsiba eli nyathelo badla ngokuyigweba gwenxa le ndawo kumdlalo wokugqibela omfutshane.
Inyathelo 2. Khetha indawo ethile ekujoliswe kuyo ekugqibeleni, iimpawu zendawo ekujoliswe kuyo, hayi umda. Umda sisiqalo sendlela yokubaleka, hayi ithagethi. Ukujolisa kwiimpawu kubeka inqwelo-moya kwindawo ngaphandle kokuqikelela.
Inyathelo 3. Bhabha ngendlela ezinzileyo enesantya somoya, indlela yokutsiba, kunye noqwalaselo olubekwe ziimitha ezingama-500 ze-AGL. Indlela engazinzile iqinisekisa indawo ephosiweyo. Inqwelo-moya kufuneka imiswe ngaphambi kokuba kufike indawo yokugqiba.
Inyathelo 4. Ukutsiba ibhola ngaphakathi kwenxalenye yokuqala yendawo. Umgama ochanekileyo awubalulekanga kangako kunokudlala ibhola ephawulwayo. Ukutsiba ibhola ngaphaya kwendawo ekujoliswe kuyo kudla umda wokuma.
Inyathelo 5. Jikeleza ukuba inqwelo-moya idlula kwindawo ekujoliswe kuyo. Eli lelona nyathelo linzima kuba lifuna ukuvuma ukuba indlela ihambile. Yonke inqwelo-moya edlula kwiindawo eziphawulweyo yindawo yokufika engafanele yenzeke.
Ukugqiba le nkqubo kuguqula indlela ibe yindlela ephindaphindwayo. Indawo iba yindawo ekujoliswe kuyo, hayi ithemba. ukufunda imizobo yesikhululo seenqwelo-moya emhlabeni yakha imodeli yengqondo esindisa ukufika emoyeni.
Yenza Indawo Yokujika Umgama Wendlela Yokuhamba Uhambe Ngendlela Efanelekileyo
Indawo yokufika ayisiyondawo epeyintiweyo. Yindawo ekhuselekileyo eyakhelwe kuyo yonke indlela ofika kuyo.
Ukuyithatha njengengcebiso endaweni yokuyithatha njengethagethi kususa indawo ethintelayo kwaye umgama wokuma oqinisekiswa yindawo leyo. Loo mda uyanyamalala kwangoko xa udlula kwiimpawu zenqaku elijolise kulo okanye udlula kumoya onqamlezileyo.
Oku kutshintsha oko ukwenzayo kuyo yonke indlela. Chaza indawo ohlala kuyo ngaphambi kokuba wehle. Sebenzisa umthetho we-70-50 ukujonga indawo ohlala kuyo. Sebenzisa umthetho we-51% xa umoya utshintsha. Ezi zigqibo zintathu zithatha indawo yokuqikelela ngenkqubo ephinda-phindayo.
Eyona zakhono inzima kukungajolisi kwindawo ethile. Kukwazi ukuba uza kuhamba nini kuba uyiphosile.
Kwindiza elandelayo, chaza indawo ngaphambi kokuba ushiye umoya oza kuphoswa yinqwelo moya. Khetha izikhombisi zeendawo ezijolise kuzo, hayi umda. Bhabha ngendlela ezinzileyo. Ukuba udlula kwiikhombisi, jikeleza. Yenza indawo ibe yinto eqhelekileyo kuwe, hayi ithemba lakho.
Imibuzo Ebuzwa Rhoqo Malunga neRunway Touchdown Zone
Ingakanani indawo yokufika kwindawo yokubaleka iinqwelomoya?
Indawo yokufika kwindawo yokumisa iinqwelomoya yimitha yokuqala eyi-3,000 yendlela yokumisa iinqwelomoya eqala emngxunyeni. Le nkcazo ivela kwi-FAA kwaye isebenza kuzo zonke iindlela zokumisa iinqwelomoya apho kubalwa khona ukusebenza kokufika.
Zithini izibane ze-touchdown zone kwi-runway?
Izibane ze-touchdown zone ziluhlu lwezibane ezimhlophe ezifakwe kumphezulu wendlela yokubaleka eziphawula indawo yokubaleka yabaqhubi beenqwelo moya. Ziqala ngeenyawo ezili-100 ukusuka emngxunyeni zize zolule ngeenyawo ezingama-3,000 ukuya ezantsi kwendlela yokubaleka, zibekwe ngeenyawo ezili-100 ukusuka kwenye.
Uthini umthetho wama-70-50?
Umthetho we-70-50 sisixhobo sokugqiba esijonga ukuba inqwelo-moya ifikelele kwi-70% yesantya sokusondela xa i-50% yendlela yokumisa inqwelo-moya isele. Ukuba inqwelo-moya ayikho kuloo ndawo, umqhubi wenqwelo-moya wenza umjikelo wokujikeleza ukuthintela uhambo lwendlela yokumisa inqwelo-moya.
Yintoni umthetho we-51% kwiinqwelomoya?
Umthetho we-51 ekhulwini uthi ukuba icandelo le-crosswind lidlula i-50 ekhulwini yesakhono senqwelo-moya esibonisiweyo sokuwela umoya, umqhubi wenqwelo-moya akufuneki ahlale. Lo mthetho yindlela yokujikeleza, ayilondlela yokufika, kwaye ukhusela ukuchaneka kwendawo yokufika ngokuthintela ukutsiba ukusuka embindini wenqwelo-moya.
