Uninzi lwabaqhubi beenqwelo moya abasokola emhlabeni benza njalo kuba akukho mntu ubafundise indlela yokufunda umzobo wesikhululo seenqwelo moya ngaphambi kokuba baqale bebodwa. Esi sikhokelo silungisa loo nto. Ukusuka kwiinombolo zeenqwelo moya kunye noonobumba bezithuthi zeenqwelo moya ukuya kwiindawo ezishushu, ukubamba imigca emifutshane, kunye neebhokisi zefrikhwensi, yonke into yomzobo wesikhululo seenqwelo moya ichazwe apha ukuze ukwazi ukuhamba nakwesiphi na isikhululo seenqwelo moya ngokuzithemba okufanayo nochwephesha onamava.
Isiqulatho
Utsala umzobo wesikhululo seenqwelo-moya kwindawo ongayaziyo, into yokuqala oyiphawulayo kukuba lungakanani ulwazi olufakwe kwiphepha elinye. Amanani eemoto, oonobumba bezithuthi, iindawo ezinombala, amanani ajikeleziweyo emacaleni, ibukeka njengekhowudi ongazange ufundiswe ukuyiphula.
Uninzi lwabaqhubi beenqwelo moya kunye nabathandi beenqwelo moya banokuyifumana imizobo yesikhululo seenqwelo moya, kodwa abakwazi ukuyifunda ngokuzithemba. Umahluko phakathi kweteksi ekhuselekileyo kunye nokungena kwinqwelo moya udla ngokuxhomekeke ekuqondeni ukuba ezo mpawu kunye neelebhile zithetha ukuthini ngokwenene.
Eli nqaku lifundisa ulwimi olubonakalayo lwemizobo yesikhululo seenqwelo-moya ukuze ukwazi ukuhamba nakwesiphi na isikhululo seenqwelo-moya ngokuqonda okufanayo nomqhubi wenqwelo-moya oqeqeshiweyo.
Apha uza kufunda ukucacisa amanani eenqwelo moya, ulandele indlela ecwangciswe ngayo iteksi, uchonge iindawo ezishushu ngaphambi kokuba zibe yingxaki, kwaye ufunde idatha yomda abantu abaninzi abayitsibayo. Ekugqibeleni, awuyi kujonga nje umzobo wesikhululo seenqwelo moya, uza kuwufunda.
Oko Kuboniswa Yimizobo Yesikhululo Seenqwelo-moya
Uninzi lwabantu lujonga umzobo wesikhululo seenqwelo-moya baze babone imaphu. Abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya babona i-safety brief icinezelwe kwiphepha elinye. Umahluko phakathi kwezo mbono zimbini ngumahluko phakathi kokuqikelela nokwazi ngqo apho ukuyo kwibala leenqwelo-moya elintsonkothileyo.
Imizobo yesikhululo seenqwelo-moya, ngokwenkcazo, yenzelwe ukunceda ukuhambahamba kwezithuthi emhlabeni ujikeleze iindlela ezintsonkothileyo zeenqwelo-moya kunye neendlela zeteksi. Kodwa ukuzibiza ngokuba ziimephu akwenzi mahluko koko bakwenzayo. Imephu ikuxelela apho izinto zikhoyo. Imizobo yesikhululo seenqwelo-moya ikuxelela indlela yokuhamba, apho umele ume khona, ukuba uthetha nabani, kunye nokuba kukho iingozi phi.
Lo mzobo uneefrikhwensi zolawulo lomhlaba, inqaba, kunye nokuhanjiswa kweendawo ezisikiweyo. Uphawula ukuphakama ukuze abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya bakwazi ukuseta uhambo lwabo. iialtimeters ngaphambi kokuba ihambe. Ibonisa iindawo ezishushu, iindawo apho kukhe kwenzeka khona ukuhlaselwa kweendlela zeenqwelo moya ngaphambili. Yonke into ekwiphepha ikhona kuba umntu wayefuna olo lwazi ukuze aphephe ukungqubana okanye unxibelelwano olungafanelekanga.
Lo mzobo awungomfanekiso owujongayo emva kokuba ulahlekile. Yindlela owakha ngayo ngaphambi kokuba uqale ukuhamba. Loo mahluko uyayitshintsha indlela owufunda ngayo.
Ukucacisa iinombolo zeRunway kunye neempawu
Inombolo epeyintwe ekupheleni kwendlela yokubaleka ayilophawu. Yisihloko, kwaye ukuyifunda gwenxa kuthetha ukubhabha ngendlela engahambelaniyo nendlela engaphantsi.
Amanani eendlela zokuhamba aphuma kwi-magnetic azimuth yomgca ophakathi wendlela yokuhamba, owahlulwe ngeshumi, aze ajikelezwe kwinani elipheleleyo elikufutshane. Indlela yokuhamba ehambelana ne-270 degrees magnetic iba yi-Runway 27. Isiphelo esichaseneyo, esikude nge-180 degrees, sifumana indlela efanayo: Indlela yokuhamba ngeenyawo 9. Yingakho yonke indlela yokuhamba ngeenyawo inamanani amabini, elinye kwicala ngalinye, kwaye kutheni le nto isibini sihlala sidibanisa ukuya kuthi ga kwi-36.
Inombolo ixelela umqhubi wenqwelo moya ukuba kufuneka abhabhe njani xa esondela kwelo cala. Indlela yokubaleka 27 ithetha ukuba ibhabhela inqanaba elimalunga nama-270 degrees. Ukuchaneka kubalulekile kuba utshintsho lwemagnethi luyatshintsha ngokuhamba kwexesha, kwaye izikhululo zeenqwelo moya ziyawabala kwakhona la manani xa itshintshi lidlula iidigri ezimbalwa. Indlela yokubaleka eyayiyi-Runway 27 kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini eyadlulayo ngoku isenokuba yi-Runway 26.
Le nkqubo iphendula umbuzo wokuba ithetha ukuthini i-27 kwindlela yeenqwelo moya ngokuthe ngqo. Ayilosantya, umgama, okanye uphawu lohlobo lwendlela yeenqwelo moya. Yintloko yemagnethi, eyahlulwe ngeshumi, ijikelezwe, kwaye ipeyintwe emngxunyeni ukuze umqhubi wenqwelo moya azi kakuhle ukuba indlela yeenqwelo moya ibhekisa kweliphi icala ngaphambi kokuba amavili afike ezantsi.
Ingqiqo intle kakhulu. Isiphumo sokungayinanzi asiyonto intle.
Iilebheli zeTaxiway kunye neLogic Engasemva kwazo
Uninzi lwabaqhubi beenqwelo-moya luyakwazi ukukhumbula amanani eenqwelo-moya ngentloko, kodwa inkqubo yokubhala ilebheli yeteksi iphazamisa nabaqhubi beenqwelo-moya abanamava kwiindawo abangaziqhelanga. iilebhile kunye neempawu zendlela yeteksi Kulula kunokuba kubonakala, oonobumba beendlela eziphambili, amanani ee-spurs, kunye nee-alpha-numeric combos xa isikhululo seenqwelo-moya siphelelwa ngoonobumba.
I-Taxiway A yeyona ndlela iphambili ehambelana nendlela yeenqwelo moya. I-Taxiway B ihleli ecaleni kwayo. Xa isikhululo seenqwelo moya sineendlela zokuthutha abantu ezingaphezu kwamashumi amabini anesithandathu, oonobumba abaphindwe kabini, AA, BB, okanye AB, kwaye amanani avela kwiindlela zokudibanisa eziphuma kwimithambo ephambili. I-Hartsfield-Jackson yase-Atlanta isebenzisa le nkqubo kuyo yonke indlela yayo ebanzi.
Iilebhile ezikumzobo zihambelana neempawu ezibonakalayo kuzo zonke iindlela zokudibana kweenqwelo-moya. Umqhubi wenqwelo-moya uxelelwa ukuba “iteksi ngeBravo ukuya kwirempu” ulandela imiqondiso eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka enoonobumba abamthubi de afike kwindawo aya kuyo. Umzobo sisalathiso; imiqondiso sisiqinisekiso. Enye ngaphandle kwenye idala ukudideka emhlabeni.
Iindlela zokuhamba ezikumzobo zibanzi, zineenombolo, kwaye zijikelezwe yimigca eqinileyo. Iindlela zokuhamba ngeteksi zincinci, zinoonobumba, kwaye ziphawulwe ngemigca ephakathi enemigca emifutshane. Umahluko ubalulekile kuba ukunqumla indlela yokuhamba ngenqwelo moya ngaphandle kwemvume kukungena. Lo mzobo wenza loo mda ubonakale ngaphambi kokuba umqhubi wenqwelo moya ashukumise inqwelo moya.
Iinqwelomoya zeenqwelo moya ezintsonkothileyo zibekwe kwizimaphambili ezibhekisa kwicala, iTaxiway A North ngokuchasene neTaxiway A South, ukuthintela ukungaqondakali xa unobumba omnye ujikeleza imayile yendlela. Umzobo ubonisa la mahluko ngokuqhekeka kwemigca okuncinci kunye nokulungiswa kweelebheli okuvuza uphononongo olucokisekileyo ngaphambi kokuba iinjini ziqale.
Iindawo Ezishushu Nezaziso Zokhuseleko Kumzobo
Eyona ndawo iyingozi kakhulu kwisikhululo seenqwelo-moya ayifane ibe yindlela yokubhabha ngokwayo. Yindawo entsonkothileyo yokuhlangana kweendlela zeeteksi kunye nemigca apho abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya, izithuthi zomhlaba, kunye Imiyalelo ye-ATC ziyadibana, kwaye apho ukudideka kujika kube kukungena kweenqwelo moya.
Ezi ndawo ziphawulwe kwimizobo ye-FAA njengeendawo ezishushu. Indawo nganye eshushu yindawo ethile kumphezulu wesikhululo seenqwelo-moya enembali ebhaliweyo okanye enokubakho kokuhlasela okanye ukudideka kokuhamba ngenqanawa. Azizo izilumkiso zethiyori. Zisekelwe kwiziganeko zokwenyani kunye nezinto eziphantse zaphosakala ezibhalwe phantsi zaza zahlalutywa.
Kumzobo osemthethweni we-FAA, yonke indawo eshushu ibonakala njengenombolo ejikeleziweyo ebekwe ngqo kuyilo lwesikhululo seenqwelo-moya. Elo nani lihambelana nokungena kumda, apho i-FAA inika inkcazo yolwimi olucacileyo yomngcipheko othile. Abanye bachaza i-geometry edidayo: “Ukudibana okuntsonkothileyo kweTaxiways A, B, kunye no-C kunye neRunway 9-27.” Abanye balumkisa ngemiqondiso engaqhelekanga okanye izithintelo zomgca wokubona. Inkcazo ixelela umqhubi wenqwelo moya into ekufuneka ayiqaphele.
Abaqhubi beenqwelo moya abangayifumaniyo intlanganiso yexesha elibalulekileyo ngexesha locwangciso lweteksi bahamba bengaboni kakuhle kwinqanaba elibalulekileyo lokuhamba emhlabeni. I-FAA ipapasha uluhlu olupheleleyo lwabaqhubi beenqwelo moya. iindawo ezishushu zokhuseleko kwinqwelo-moya kuyo yonke imizobo yesikhululo seenqwelo-moya, kwaye idatha yomda ikhona ukuze ifundwe ngaphambi kokuba amavili aqale ukuhamba. Umqhubi wenqwelo-moya oye wafunda loo manani ajikeleziweyo uyazi apho amele anciphise khona isantya, apho amele ajonge khona kabini umgca omfutshane wokubamba, kunye nalapho amele alindele khona okungalindelekanga.
Umda awugcini nje ngokudwelisa iindawo ezishushu. Ukwaqulathe umhla wohlaziyo lwamva nje, umhla wokusebenza kwetshathi, kunye naluphi na utshintsho lwexeshana. Umzobo oneenyanga ezimbalwa ubudala unokuba nendawo eshushu ephinde yahlelwa okanye entsha eyongeziweyo. Idatha yomda yingcaciso yokhuseleko. Ukungayinaki kufana nokungayinaki QAPHELA.
Apho Ungayifumana khona Imizobo Esemthethweni Yesikhululo Seenqwelo-moya
Ukwazi ukufunda umzobo wesikhululo seenqwelo-moya akuncedi nganto ukuba awukwazi ukufumana ochanekileyo. Imithombo esemthethweni ayilingani yonke, nganye inenjongo eyahlukileyo, kwaye ukukhetha ongafanelekanga kuchitha ixesha okanye, okubi ngakumbi, kukunike ulwazi oluphelelwe lixesha.
- Iphepha lokukhangela leMifanekiso yeSikhululo seenqwelo-moya se-FAA
- Itshathi ye-Supplement US (d-CS), uthotho lweencwadi ezinemiqulu esi-7
- I-SkyVector, isicwangcisi senqwelomoya sasimahla kwi-intanethi
- Iiwebhusayithi zesikhululo seenqwelo-moya ezinje ngeChicago Executive Airport
- Iitshathi zikaJeppesen zeenkqubo zezixhobo
- I-oda ye-FAA JO 7110.10 yemizobo yenkonzo yokubhabha
- I-AirNav.com ukuze ufumane ulwazi olusisiseko lwesikhululo seenqwelo-moya
I-FAA's Chart Supplement US ngumthombo onegunya wemizobo yezikhululo zeenqwelo-moya eMelika. Oku kuquka zonke izikhululo zeenqwelo-moya ezisetyenziswa luluntu kwaye kuquka amaza, iindawo ezishushu, kunye namanqaku okusebenza angafakwanga kwimizobo ezimeleyo.
Tsala umzobo wesikhululo seenqwelo-moya oceba ukuya kuso kwiveki ezayo. Landela umkhondo weteksi ukusuka kwirempu ukuya kwindlela yokuhamba. Qaphela iindawo ezishushu. Jonga amaxesha okuqhuba. Yenza oku ngaphambi kokuba uhlale kwi-cockpit, kulapho umzobo uba sisixhobo, kungekhona nje isalathiso.
Ukufunda idatha yeMargin kunye neLegend
Ulwazi olubalulekileyo lokhuseleko kumzobo wesikhululo seenqwelo-moya lungaphandle komzobo ngokwawo. Abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya abadlula idatha yomda bahamba ngesandla esinye bebotshelelwe ngasemva, bengayiboni imitha, imihla yokusebenza, kunye nezilumkiso zengozi eziguqula imephu engashukumiyo ibe sisixhobo sokusebenza.
Yonke idayagramu esemthethweni inomhla wokuhlaziywa kwamva nje kumda ophezulu. Loo mhla ukuxelela ukuba ingaba idayagramu ibonisa ulwakhiwo lwangoku, iindlela zokupaka ezivaliweyo, okanye utshintsho lweefrikhwensi. Idayagramu endala imbi kunokuba ingabi nayo idayagramu, inika ukuzithemba okungekhoyo. Uluhlu lomhla olusebenzayo luqinisekisa ukuba idayagramu isebenza kwifestile yakho yendiza.
Uluhlu lweefrikhwensi ezisemdeni alulocebiso. Luluhlu olupheleleyo lweetshaneli zerediyo ezisebenzayo zokuhambisa ii-clearance, ulawulo lomhlaba, inqaba, kunye ne-ATIS. Abaqhubi beenqwelo moya abafaka ezi frikhwensi kwiirediyo zabo ngaphambi kokuba injini iqale bagcina imizuzwana ebalulekileyo ngexesha leteksi. Umdeni ukwadwelisa ukuphakama kwesikhululo seenqwelo-moya, okuchaphazela useto lwe-altimeter kunye nokubalwa kokusebenza kweenqwelo-moya xa zisuka.
Intsomi ichaza iimpawu ezenza umzobo ufundwe. Imigca yokubamba indlela, iindawo ezibalulekileyo ze-ILS, kunye nemida yendawo engashukumiyo nganye inophawu oluthile. Ukungaluqondi kakuhle uphawu lomgca wokubamba kuthetha ukuwela indlela esebenzayo ngaphandle kokuvula. Intsomi ayihombisi, sisitshixo sayo yonke imiqondiso yokhuseleko kumphezulu.
Phatha umda njengento yokujonga uluhlu ngaphambi kohambo. Tsala umzobo, skena umhla, uqinisekise amaza, kwaye ujonge imiqondiso yentsomi yezikhululo zeenqwelo-moya zakho zokuhamba nokufika. Umzobo ngokwawo awunamsebenzi ngaphandle komxholo obonelelwa yimida.
Indlela Abaqhubi Beenqwelo-moya Abasebenzisa Ngayo Imizobo Ngexesha Leeteksi
Umzobo wesikhululo seenqwelo-moya uba sisixhobo sokuhamba-hamba esiphilayo kwangoko xa inqwelo-moya iphuma esangweni. Iimpazamo ezininzi zomhlaba azenzeki kuba abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya bengenalo itshathi, kodwa kuba bayithatha njengesalathiso sokuyijonga endaweni yesikripthi sokulandela inyathelo ngenyathelo.
Inyathelo 1.
Jonga umzobo ngaphambi kokuba injini iqale ukuze ucwangcise indlela yeteksi ukusuka esangweni ukuya kwindlela eyabelwe yona. Olu lwazi lwangaphambili lwakha imodeli yengqondo yoyilo lwesikhululo seenqwelo-moya ukuze umqhubi wenqwelo-moya akwazi ukulindela ukujika aze abambe amanqaku amafutshane endaweni yokusabela kuwo. Ukutsiba eli nyathelo kuguqula yonke imiyalelo ye-ATC ibe kukungxama ukufumana indlela yeteksi echanekileyo.
Inyathelo 2.
Qaphela iindawo ezishushu kunye neefrikhwensi ezidweliswe kumda ngaphambi kokuba ubize ulawulo lomhlaba. Umqhubi wenqwelo moya osele echonge amanani eendawo ezishushu ezijikeleziweyo kumzobo angaxelela abasebenzi apho kufuneka khona unonophelo olongezelelekileyo. Oku kuguqula inqaku lomda libe yindawo ethile yesenzo ngexesha leteksi.
Inyathelo 3.
Landela imiyalelo ye-ATC ngelixa ubhekisa kumjikelo ngamnye kwaye ubambe inqaku elifutshane ngokuchasene nomzobo. Lo mzobo uqinisekisa ukuba umyalelo womlawuli uhambelana noyilo olubonakalayo, ubamba ukungavisisani ngaphambi kokuba kube kukuhlasela. Umqhubi wenqwelo moya ofunda umzobo ngaphandle kokumamela umsakazo ubhabha engaboni.
Inyathelo 4.
Sebenzisa umzobo ukuqinisekisa ukubamba imigca emifutshane kunye neendawo zokunqumla indlela ngaphambi kokuba uwele nayiphi na indawo esebenzayo. Umzobo ubonisa indawo echanekileyo yophawu ngalunye olufutshane lokubamba xa kuthelekiswa nendlela yeteksi, ukuze umqhubi wenqwelo moya azi kakuhle apho amakame khona. Ukuqikelela apho umgca umi khona yindlela eziqala ngayo ukungena kwendlela.
Inyathelo 5.
Hlaziya umzobo ngee-NOTAM okanye utshintsho lwexeshana ngexesha lokwaziswa ngaphambi kohambo. Indlela yeteksi evaliweyo okanye umda osusiweyo ongaphawulwanga kwitshathi uba yingozi xa inqwelo-moya iqala ukuhamba. Umzobo ulungile kuphela njengohlaziyo lokugqibela olusetyenzisiweyo kuwo.
Ukugqiba le nkqubo kuguqula itshathi engashukumiyo ibe sisixhobo sokhuseleko esitshintshayo esikhokela yonke intshukumo yomhlaba. Umqhubi wenqwelo moya olandela la manyathelo ufika kwindawo yokubaleka elungele ukubhabha, engasaphili kwimpazamo yokuqhuba uhambo.
Imizobo yeSikhululo Seenqwelo-moya Ngaphambi Kohambo Lwakho Olulandelayo
Imizobo yesikhululo seenqwelo-moya ayizozinto zereferensi ezibekwe nge-laminate ukuze zivuleke emva kokufika. Zizixhobo zokhuseleko ezisebenzayo ezithatha indawo yokuqikelela ngokuqiniseka ngexesha ngalinye lokuhamba komhlaba. Umfundi ngoku uyaqonda ukuba inombolo yendlela yokuhamba ngenqwelo moya yi-magnetic heading, ileta yendlela yokuhamba ngenqwelo moya ngumyalelo wokuhamba ngenqanawa, kwaye inombolo yebala elishushu emaphethelweni ngumngcipheko obhaliweyo ofuna inkcazelo.
Ukukhetha ukutsiba uphononongo lwedayagram yangaphambi kweteksi kukukhetha ukuhamba kwindawo engaqhelekanga yesikhululo seenqwelo-moya. Umqhubi wenqwelo-moya ochaza iindawo ezishushu, aqinisekise amaza, aze alandele indlela yeteksi ngaphambi kokuba injini iqale ususa ukudideka okubangela ukungena kweenqwelo-moya. Umqhubi wenqwelo-moya ongenzi njalo uthembele kwinkumbulo nethemba, izinto ezimbini ezingenandawo kwirempu exakekileyo.
Tsala umzobo wesikhululo seenqwelo-moya sakho sasekhaya kwiSkyVector okanye kwisiza se-FAA ngoku. Landela indlela yeteksi ukusuka kwirempu ukuya kwindawo yakho eqhelekileyo yokuhamba. Fumana iindawo ezishushu. Funda idatha yomda. Yenza oku kwisikhululo seenqwelo-moya ngasinye ngaphambi kokuba ubhabhe uye apho. Ukuzithemba kuvela ekulungiseleleni, kungekuko kumava kuphela.
Imibuzo Eqhelekileyo Malunga Nemizobo Yesikhululo Seenqwelo-moya
Zibizwa ngokuba yintoni iidayagram zesikhululo seenqwelo-moya?
Iidayagram zesikhululo seenqwelo-moya zaziwa ngokusesikweni njengeetshathi zesikhululo seenqwelo-moya okanye iitshathi zeenqwelo-moya, kwaye ziimephu eziqhelekileyo ezisetyenziswa ngabaqhubi beenqwelo-moya ukuhamba emhlabeni kwizikhululo zeenqwelo-moya. I-Federal Aviation Administration izipapasha njengenxalenye yeChart Supplement, kwaye zikwabizwa ngokuba ziidayagram zoyilo lwesikhululo seenqwelo-moya okanye iitshathi zokuhamba komphezulu wesikhululo seenqwelo-moya.
Ndingazifumana phi imizobo yesikhululo seenqwelo-moya?
Imizobo esemthethweni yesikhululo seenqwelo-moya ifumaneka ngqo kwiwebhusayithi ye-FAA Diagrams, ekuvumela ukuba ukhangele ngekhowudi yesikhululo seenqwelo-moya kuyo nayiphi na isikhululo seenqwelo-moya saseMelika. Ukuze ufumane ukufikelela kwidijithali, iSkyVector ibonelela ngemizobo yangoku kunye nezinye izixhobo zokucwangcisa inqwelo-moya, kwaye iiwebhusayithi zesikhululo seenqwelo-moya ngasinye zihlala zigcina iinguqulelo zazo ukuze ziqwalaselwe njengovavanyo.
Ithetha ukuthini i-27 kwindlela yokubaleka iinqwelomoya?
Inombolo 27 kwindlela yeenqwelo moya ibonisa intloko yayo yemagnethi engama-270 degrees, oko kuthetha ukuba indlela yeenqwelo moya ijonge ngasentshona. Eli nani lifunyanwa ngokwahlula i-magnetic azimuth ngeshumi, ngoko ke indlela yeenqwelo moya ejonge empuma iya kuba nenombolo 09, hayi 9, ukuze ibonise intloko epheleleyo ye-090 degrees.
Ziziphi iintlobo ezine zeendlela zokubaleka iinqwelomoya?
Iintlobo ezine zeendlela zokubaleka ziindlela ezibonakalayo, iindlela zokubaleka zezixhobo ezingachanekanga, iindlela zokubaleka zezixhobo ezichanekileyo, kunye neendlela zokubaleka ezineenkqubo zokufika kwezixhobo (ILS). Uhlobo ngalunye luneempawu ezithile kunye neemfuno zokukhanyisa ezimisela ubuncinane bokubonakala kunye neemeko zesilingi apho abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya banokufika khona, kwaye olu mahluko luboniswe ngokucacileyo kwimizobo yesikhululo seenqwelo-moya.
