ⓘ TL;DR
- Ipatheni yendlela esihamba ngayo yisekethe esemgangathweni eyilwe ukugcina iinqwelomoya ziqikelelwa kwaye zahlulwe kwizikhululo zeenqwelo-moya ezineenqaba nezingezizo.
- Imilenze emihlanu, ukuhamba, ukuwela umoya, umoya ophantsi, isiseko, kunye nowokugqibela, nganye isebenza ngenjongo ethile yokuma kunye nokumisela.
- Indlela eqhelekileyo yokungena ezantsi ngamadigri angama-45 iqinisekisa ukudibana ngokukhuselekileyo kwisekethe kwiindawo ezingenazinqaba.
- Ukuphakama kwepateni kudla ngokuba yi-1,000 feet AGL kwinqwelo-moya enenjini enye, nto leyo ebonelela ngesithuba esikhuselekileyo kunye nocwangciso oluzinzileyo lokuhla.
- Iifowuni zerediyo ezicacileyo nezifike ngexesha zibaluleke njengokuphakama kunye nejometri. Unxibelelwano lugcina yonke ipatheni ikhuselekile.
Isiqulatho
Eli nqaku alizukukunika umzobo ococekileyo wexande elineentolo kwaye liwubiza ngokuba yimiyalelo. Ipateni yendlela yokuhamba yeyona nqanaba linzima kakhulu lokubhabha kubaqhubi beenqwelo moya abatsha kuba idibanisa ukuchaneka kwenkqubo, unxibelelwano lwerediyo, kunye nokuqonda imeko ngokuphindaphindiweyo phantsi koxinzelelo lokwenyani.
Uninzi lwezikhokelo zijonga le pateni njengengxaki yejiyometri. Zizoba uxande, zilebhelishe imilenze, zize zicinge ukuba ezinye ziza kuzilungisa. Into eziyiphosayo kukuba le pateni yinkqubo yonxibelelwano kuqala kwaye yindlela yokubhabha emva koko. Umqhubi wenqwelo moya obhabha kwindawo ephakame ngokupheleleyo kodwa engakwaziyo ukwenza umnxeba werediyo ocacileyo uyingozi kwisekethe.
Apha uza kufunda imilenze emihlanu yesekethe eqhelekileyo, indlela yokudibanisa ipateni engenamiqolo ngokukhuselekileyo, kunye neefowuni zerediyo ezichanekileyo ezigcina wonke umntu eqikeleleka. Ekugqibeleni, ipateni ayizukuvakala ngathi luvavanyo kodwa iza kuvakala ngathi sisixhobo osilawulayo.
Kutheni Kukho Ipatheni Yezithuthi
Ipatheni yendlela yokuhamba yindlela yokubhabha esemgangathweni elungelelanisiweyo ehlela iinqwelomoya ezisebenza kufutshane nesikhululo seenqwelo-moya. Idala ulandelelwano oluqikelelweyo ukuze iinqwelomoya ezininzi zikwazi ukusuka kwaye zihlale ngaxeshanye ngaphandle kokuxhomekeka kwi-radar okanye Ukulawulwa kwezithuthi zomoya kuyo yonke intsimi. Olu lwakhiwo luyimbangela yomahluko phakathi kwemisebenzi edibeneyo kunye nesiphithiphithi.
Uninzi lwabaqhubi beenqwelo moya luyiqonda le ndlela njengendlela yokubhabha, kodwa ixabiso lokwenyani likwimeko yokuqikelelwa enikwa wonke umntu owabelana ngesithuba somoya. Indlela yokungena ngqo okanye ukunyuka ngqo kunokonga imizuzwana embalwa, kodwa ingenisa ukungaqiniseki kwabanye abaqhubi beenqwelo moya kwisekethe. Le ndlela ikhona ngokuchanekileyo ukuze kupheliswe loo ngxaki, ixelela wonke umqhubi weenqwelo moya ngqo apho afanele ajonge khona izithuthi kunye nokuba ezo zithuthi ziza kwenza ntoni emva koko.
The ipateni yendlela eqhelekileyo yenqwelomoya ayilocebiso okanye ukhetho. Yinkqubo esisiseko eyenza imisebenzi yesikhululo seenqwelo-moya esingenazo iinqaba ikhuseleke. Ukuphambuka kuyo ngaphandle kokulungelelaniswa akusebenzi kakuhle, kuyingozi.
Ukuphatha le patheni njengokhetho kukuphatha ukhuseleko lwabanye abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya njengokhetho. Umqhubi wenqwelo-moya oqhuba le patheni iqhelekileyo ngumqhubi wenqwelo-moya omnye nomnye umqhubi wenqwelo-moya othembela ukuba uza kuqikelelwa. Loo themba lolona nto ithintela ukungqubana emoyeni kwindawo exakekileyo engalawulekiyo.
Imilenze emihlanu yeSekethe eQhelekileyo
Ipateni yendlela yokuhamba yingxande, hayi isangqa. Uninzi lwabaqhubi beenqwelo moya abanengxaki yokubeka isithuba kunye nexesha bayiphatha njenge-oval, bejika bejika kwaye belahlekelwa yi-geometry eqikelelweyo eyenza inkqubo isebenze. Imilenze nganye emihlanu inenjongo ethile, ukuphakama, kunye nesenzo ekufuneka senzeke ngexesha elifanelekileyo.
Umlenze wokuhamba
Ikwabizwa ngokuba yi-upon. Inqwelo-moya inyuka ngqo phambili kumgca ophakathi wendlela emva kokusuka. Lo mlenze ugcina inqwelo-moya ihambelana nendlela yokuhamba kwaye umisela ukunyuka ukuya kubude ngaphambi kokuba kwenziwe naluphi na ujiko.
Umlenze onqamlezayo
Jika ume nkqo kwindlela yokubaleka kwindawo ekhuselekileyo, ngesiqhelo ngaphakathi kweenyawo ezingama-300 ukusuka kwindawo yokubaleka. Lo mlenze ubeka umoya wenqwelo-moya phantsi kwendlela yokubaleka kwaye unika ithuba lokuqala lokukhangela ithrafikhi engena kwindlela esuka kwelinye icala.
Umlenze womoya ophantsi
Bhabha ngaxeshanye kwindawo yokufikela kwicala elichaseneyo lokufika. Kulapho umsebenzi wenziwa khona: ukunciphisa amandla, ukulungisa iiflaps, ukunciphisa isantya sokufika, kunye nokugqiba uluhlu lokuhlola ngaphambi kokufika. Umlenze womoya ophantsi kulapho umqhubi wenqwelo moya ejonga khona isokisi yomoya aze aqinisekise icala lokufika.
Umlenze osisiseko
Jika iidigri ezingama-90 ukusuka emoyeni uye kwindlela yeenqwelo moya. Into ephambili apha kukujonga i-engile yokuhla, iphezulu kakhulu kwaye indlela isondela iba kukuntywila, isezantsi kakhulu kwaye inqwelo moya idada idlule kwindawo yokufika. Umlenze osezantsi mfutshane kwaye ufuna ulawulo oluchanekileyo lwamandla.
Indlela yokugqibela
Lungelelanisa nomgca ophakathi wendlela yokubaleka uze umise ukuhla okuzinzileyo ukuya kwindawo yokufika. Lo mlenze ufuna ingqwalasela enkulu: ulawulo lwesantya somoya, ulawulo lwe-glidepath, kunye nokulungiswa komoya onqamlezileyo konke kuhlangana kwimizuzu yokugqibela ngaphambi kokuba kufike.
Ipateni ibuxande kuba imilenze ethe tye eneziphendu ezichaziweyo yenza isithuba esiqikelelweyo phakathi kweenqwelo-moya. Ipateni ejikelezayo ingenza yonke indawo yokudibanisa ingaqondakali. Incwadi Yesikhokelo Yokubhabha Ngeenqwelo-moya ze-FAA igxininisa ukuba ukugcina le geometry yoxande yiyo evumela iinqwelomoya ezininzi ukuba zisebenze ngaxeshanye ngaphandle kwengxabano.
Indlela Yokujoyina Iphethini Engeyiyo Enenqaba
Ukujoyina indlela yokuhamba ngeenyawo kwisikhululo seenqwelo-moya esingenamiqolomba luvavanyo lokuqonda imeko ngaphambi kokuba lube luvavanyo lwesakhono sokubhabha. Ukungena okuqhelekileyo kwamadigri angama-45 kwinqanaba lomoya ophantsi kukho ngesizathu esinye: kwenza indawo yakho kunye neenjongo zakho ziqikeleleke kubo bonke abanye abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya kwisekethe. Ukubhabha olu ngeniso ngokuchanekileyo kuthetha ukuba udibana nokuhamba ngaphandle kokuphazamisa isithuba okanye ukumangalisa nabani na.
Phepha isikhululo seenqwelo-moya ngaphezulu kweemitha ezingama-500 ngaphezu kokuphakama kwepateni
Olu kuphakama lukunika umbono ocacileyo we-windsock, icala lezithuthi, kunye nayo nayiphi na inqwelo moya esele ikwipatheni. Musa ukwehla ungene kwisekethe ude uqinisekise indlela yokusebenza kwaye uvavanye ukuhamba kwezithuthi ukusuka phezulu.
Yehla uye kwindawo yokuphakama uze ujike uye kwi-engile ye-45-degree ukuya kumlenze womoya ophantsi
Ukujika kufanele kukubeke kwindlela edibana nomoya oza kwehla embindini wawo. Le engile inika abaqhubi beenqwelo moya ixesha elide lokuba bakubone baze balungise isithuba sabo ukuba kuyimfuneko.
Chaza isikhundla sakho kunye neenjongo zakho kwi-CTAF
Xela indawo okuyo ngokwesikhululo seenqwelo-moya, ukuphakama kwakho, kunye nendawo ofuna ukungena kuyo. Ifowuni ecacileyo kanomathotholo ethi, “Traffic, Cessna 12345, ukungena nge-45-degree ukuya kumoya ophantsi, Runway 27”, isusa ukungacaci kwaye ivumela abanye abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya ukuba bacebe ngeenxa zonke kuwe.
Hlanganisa kakuhle emlenzeni womoya ophantsi
Lungisa isantya sakho ukuze sihambelane nokuhamba kwezithuthi kwaye ugcine ukuphakama kwepatheni ude ufikelele kumda wendlela. Injongo kukuba yinqwelo-moya enye ngokulandelelana kwayo, kungekhona leyo inyanzela wonke umntu ukuba alungelelanise.
Le ndlela yokungena yeyona ikhuselekileyo kuba yeyona iqikelelwayo. Wonke umqhubi wenqwelo moya ofunde indlela yokungena yetrafikhi eqhelekileyo ulindele ukudibana kweedigri ezingama-45 phakathi ebaleni. Bhabha nantoni na enye, ukubetha ngqo, ukuphosa iinyembezi, ukujika okuhlayo ukusuka phezulu, kwaye uba ngumdlalo oguquguqukayo ongakhange ulindelwe mntu.
Iifowuni zeRadio ezikugcina ukhuselekile
Uninzi lwabaqhubi beenqwelo moya abaphazamisa indlela abahambi ngayo ngenxa yokuba bebhabhe kakubi, kodwa ngenxa yokuba behlulekile ukunxibelelana. Ifowuni kanomathotholo efika emva kwexesha okanye engafikiyo iguqula inqwelo moya eqikelelweyo ibe yingozi abanye abaqhubi beenqwelo moya abamele bayiqikelele.
- Isithuba sokuhamba: bhengeza uhlobo lwenqwelo-moya yakho kunye nokuhamba kwayo
- Ukujika komoya ojikelezayo: chaza ithuba lakho kunye nendlela eya ebaleni
- Umlenze womoya ophantsi: nika indawo, ukuphakama, kunye neenjongo ezipheleleyo
- Isiseko somqolo: fowunela ithuba lakho kunye nomgama ukusuka kwisikhululo seenqwelo-moya
- Indlela yokugqibela: bhengeza isikhundla sakho kunye nendlela oza kuqhubeka ngayo
Umnxeba ngamnye usebenzela injongo enye: uxelela wonke umqhubi wenqwelo moya kwipateni ngqo apho ukuyo kunye nento oza kuyenza ngokulandelayo. Umnxeba wokuhamba ulumkisa izithuthi ekugqibeleni ukuba ungena kwipateni. Umnxeba wokwehla komoya uvumela abaqhubi beenqwelo moya abasecaleni ukuba bagwebe ukuba banalo na ixesha lokwandisa okanye badinga ukulungisa isithuba.
Hlaziya ibinzana eliqhelekileyo elivela kwi Isikhokelo sendlela yetrafikhi yeencwadi ze-CFI ngaphambi kokuba uqhube uhambo lwakho olulandelayo. Ziqhelise ukubiza ngokuvakalayo emhlabeni ude kube yinto ezenzekelayo. Umqhubi wenqwelo moya onxibelelana ngokucacileyo ngumqhubi wenqwelo moya obhabha ngokukhuselekileyo.
Iimpazamo Eziqhelekileyo Eziphazamisa Ukuhamba Komsinga
Iimpazamo ezifanayo zivela kwipatheni ngendlela eqhelekileyo eqikelelweyo. Umoya ovuthuzayo, ukwehla kwangoko, kunye nokuthula kwerediyo azizompazamo zahlukeneyo, ziyindlela enye yokusilela eqala kwisithuba esiphazamisekileyo kunye neendlela ezingazinzanga kubo bonke abantu abakwisekethe.
Ngaphambi: Umqhubi wenqwelo-moya ujika umoya uze uphume, esukela isalathiso esibonakalayo esigcina indlela yeenqwelo-moya ikude kakhulu. Ukwehla kuqala ngaphambi kokuba umda ubonakale, nto leyo enyanzela ukuba kutyibilike amandla ngendlela engalinganiyo.
Iinguqu azixelwanga kuba umqhubi wenqwelo moya uxakeke kakhulu elungisa ijiyometri ukuze angakwazi ukufaka imakrofoni. Isiphumo sisiphelo eside, esingenabunzulu esityhala yonke inqwelo moya elandelayo ukuba ibanzi nangakumbi ukuze ikwazi ukuhlawula.
Emva: Indlela echanekileyo igcina ipateni iphakame de incam yephiko ifikelele ngqo kumda wendlela. Umlenze womoya osezantsi uhlala uqinile, usondele ngokwaneleyo ukuba indlela yendlela izalise inxalenye efanayo yefestile esecaleni.
Yonke ijika ibhengezwa kwi-CTAF ngaphambi kokuba unxweme luqale, kwaye ukwehla kuqala kuphela xa umda udlula kwi-wing strut. Isiphumo sisithuba esiqikelelweyo esinika wonke umqhubi wenqwelo moya kwindlela efanayo yokubhabha.
Umahluko phakathi kwezi ziphumo zimbini asikuko ubuchule. Yindlela yokuziphatha esetyenziswa kubasebenzi. iziseko zepateni yethrafikhi ukuba wonke umqhubi wenqwelo moya uyazi kodwa bambalwa abenza njalo. Umqhubi wenqwelo moya oqhuba amanani endaweni yokuziva uphethe ipateni.
Iipateni zeTrafikhi ezifanelekileyo kunye nexesha lokuzisebenzisa
Ingcinga yokuba yonke indlela yezithuthi ijika ngasekhohlo luhlobo lokucinga okungenanjongo olufaka abaqhubi beenqwelo moya engxakini kwiindawo zeenqwelo moya ezingaziwayo. Indawo, iinkqubo zokunciphisa ingxolo, kunye nokususwa kwezithintelo zonke zigqitha indlela eqhelekileyo yokusebenzisa isandla sasekhohlo, kwaye umqhubi wenqwelo moya ongaphumeleliyo ukujonga ngaphambi kokuba angene ubhabha engaboni ngokoqobo.
Ipateni yesandla sasekunene ichongwa kumzobo wesikhululo seenqwelo-moya ngophawu oluthi “RP” ecaleni kwesibonakaliso sendlela yokuhamba ngeenqwelo-moya, okanye ngesalathisi sepateni yesithuthi sasekunene kwitshathi yecandelo. I-AIM inika isikhokelo esicacileyo Kule nto: indlela yepateni ipapashwe, ayicingelwanga. Ukubhabha kwicala elingalunganga ngendlela echanekileyo kuthetha ukujika ngqo kwindlela yeenqwelo-moya ezilandela inkqubo echanekileyo.
Iziphumo aziyonto ithethwayo. Umqhubi wenqwelo moya ohamba ngasekunene esiya ngasekhohlo uza kubhabha ngokuchasene nokuhamba kwezithuthi, nto leyo edala ingxabano phakathi kwezithuthi xa zisiya phezulu. Umngcipheko ofanayo uyasebenza xa ujika ngasekhohlo esiya ngasekunene, ujika ngasekhohlo esiya ngasekunene ubeka inqwelo moya kwindawo yokungqubana nezinye iinqwelomoya ezikwisekethe.
Ukufunda uku funda imizobo yesikhululo seenqwelo-moya Ngaphambi kokuba kuqhutywe yonke inqwelo moya, kukho umkhwa othintela le mpazamo. Umzobo ubonisa icala lepateni, ubude bendlela yeenqwelo moya, kunye nazo naziphi na iinkqubo ezikhethekileyo. Ukwazisa indlela yokungena kwepateni ngaphambi kokuba injini iqale kuthetha ukuba ukujika uye kwi-crosswind lukhetho olucwangcisiweyo, kungekhona ukuqikelela.
Umqhubi wenqwelo moya ophatha indlela yepateni njengenguqu endaweni yokuba yinto ezenzekelayo ususa enye yezona ngozi zinokuthintelwa kwisekethe. Ipateni elungileyo ayiqhelekanga, lolunye ulwazi olumele luqinisekiswe ngaphambi kokuba amavili asuke emhlabeni.
Ukusuka Ezantsi Komoya Ukuya Ekutshoneni: Ulandelelwano Lokugqibela
Utshintsho ukusuka ezantsi komoya ukuya ekugqibeleni kulapho iindlela ezininzi ezingazinzanga ziqala khona, kwaye unobangela oyintloko phantse awungomoya ovuthuzayo. Abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya bakhawuleza ulandelelwano kuba bajonga ukujika ukuya kwisiseko njengomsebenzi wexesha kunokuba yingxaki yejometri. Indawo yendlela yokubaleka ehambelana nephiko imisela ukuba kufuneka ijike nini, kungekhona ukubala ngengqondo imizuzwana.
I-Abeam umda yindawo yokuqala emiselweyo. Kulapho amandla abuya khona aze aqale ukwehla, hayi ngaphambi kwaye kungekhona emva kokuba uzive ngathi ukufutshane. Inqwelo-moya kufuneka ilungiselelwe ukufika ngaphambi kokuba isiseko siqale ukujika, iiflephu zibekwe, isantya sizinziswe, ubushushu beekhabhohayidreyithi buvuliwe ukuba buxhotyiswe.
Ukujika ukuya kwisiseko kwenzeka xa umda wendlela umi kwi-engile ye-45-degree emva kwephiko. Le geometry iqinisekisa ubude obuhambelanayo bomlenze wesiseko kwaye ithintela iipateni ezibanzi, ezijikelezayo ezinyanzela ukugqibela okude. Indlela ezinzileyo iqala ngolu tshintsho oluchanekileyo, kungekhona ngokulungiswa kokugqibela okufutshane.
Ukujika kokugqibela kufuna ujongo oluhambelanayo lwesantya somoya, izinga lokuhla, kunye nokulungelelaniswa. Inqwelo-moya esondela kokugqibela inelungelo lokuhamba phezu kwazo zonke ezinye iitrafikhi kule patheni, kodwa elo lungelo lifunyanwa ngokubhabha ngendlela eqikelelweyo. Umqhubi wenqwelo-moya odlula umgca ophakathi kumgca wokugqibela sele elahlekelwe yindlela ezinzileyo kwaye ngoku ulandela izilungiso.
Lonke ulandelelwano ukusuka kwi-abeam ukuya kumda ukuya kwi-touchdown kufuneka luvakale ngathi kukwehla okuqhubekayo, kungekhona uthotho lohlengahlengiso oluqhagamshelweyo. Ukuqonda indlela ithrafikhi eqhuba ngayo njengoko ulandelelwano lwejometri endaweni yoluhlu lokujika yiloo nto yahlula abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya ababhabha imijikelezo egudileyo kwabo balwa nayo yonke indlela.
Bhibhisa iPateni ngokuzithemba
Indlela yokuhamba ngemoto ayisiyonto oza kuyenza kube kanye uze uyeke ukucinga ngayo. Yinkqubo yonxibelelwano ephilayo etshintsha rhoqo xa umoya utshintsha, enye inqwelo moya ingena, okanye imeko yesikhululo seenqwelo moya ikumangalisa. Okwahlukanisa umqhubi wenqwelo moya okhuselekileyo nophendulayo yindlela yokuphatha yonke isekethe njengengxaki entsha yokusombulula, kungekhona inkqubo yokuyinyamezela.
Ukubhabha ipatheni ngokuziva endaweni yokubhekisa kwiindawo zokubhekisa yeyona ndlela ikhawulezayo eya kwindlela engazinziyo kunye nomnxeba werediyo odida wonke umntu omameleyo. Umqhubi wenqwelo moya ochaza ixesha lokungena ngaphambi kokuba injini iqale, oqhelisela ukukhala kwerediyo ngexesha lokuqalisa, nobhabha umlenze ngamnye uye kwindawo ethile ephakamileyo akabhabhisi nje kuphela imijikelezo ekhuselekileyo. Loo mqhubi wenqwelo moya uba ngulowo abanye abamthembayo ukubamba ulandelelwano kunye.
Funda umzobo wesikhululo seenqwelo-moya ngaphambi kokuba ubhabhe. Chaza kancinci ipatheni engenisiweyo, indlela eya kuyo, kunye nendawo ephosiweyo yokusondela kuyo. Bhabha umlenze ngamnye ngokuchanekileyo, yenza umnxeba werediyo ngamnye ngokucacileyo, kwaye uphathe ipatheni njengobuchule bayo. Ezinye iimoto zixhomekeke kuyo.
Imibuzo Ebuzwa Rhoqo Malunga Neepateni Zendlela
Yintoni indlela abantu abaqhuba ngayo iimoto?
Ipatheni yendlela yokuhamba yindlela yokubhabha emile okwexande elandelwa ziintaka xa zifika okanye zisuka kwisikhululo seenqwelo-moya. Olu landelelwano lwemilenze oluqikelelweyo luvumela iinqwelo-moya ezininzi ukuba zisebenze ngaxeshanye kwindawo enye yomoya ngaphandle kokungqubana.
Zithini imilenze emi-5 yendlela yokuhamba?
Imilenze emihlanu yi-departure leg, i-crosswind leg, i-downwind leg, i-base leg, kunye ne-final approach leg. Umlenze ngamnye ubeka inqwelo-moya kwindawo ethile xa kuthelekiswa nendlela eya kuyo kwaye ufuna isenzo esahlukileyo kumqhubi wenqwelo-moya.
Ungena njani kwindlela yokuhamba kwezithuthi kwisikhululo seenqwelo-moya esingenazo iintsika?
Indlela eqhelekileyo kukudlula isikhululo seenqwelo-moya kwiimitha ezingama-500 ngaphezu kokuphakama kwepateni, ukujonga i-windsock kunye nethrafikhi ekhoyo, uze wehle uze ungene kumlenze womoya osezantsi kwi-engile ye-45-degree. Le ndlela yokungena iqinisekisa ukuba udibana nokuhamba okuqikelelweyo ngaphandle kokuphazamisa iinqwelo-moya esele zikwipateni.
Ingakanani inqanaba lokuphakama eliqhelekileyo lendlela ehanjwa ngayo?
Ukuphakama okuqhelekileyo kwendlela yokuhamba ngemoto kumalunga neenyawo ezili-1,000 ukusuka emhlabeni kwiinqwelo-moya ezininzi ezineenjini enye. Olu kuphakama lubonelela ngokuphakama okwaneleyo ukuze inqwelo-moya ikwazi ukuhla ngendlela ezinzileyo kwindlela yokubaleka ngelixa igcina inqwelo-moya ikwindawo ethe nkqo eqikelelweyo yendlela.
