ⓘ TL;DR
- Itshathi ye-IFR sisixhobo sokuhamba ngesantya sexesha langempela, asilophepha lesalathiso. Ibonisa iindlela zomoya, iindlela zomoya, ukulungiswa, kunye nokuphakama okuncinci phantsi kweMithetho yokubhabha kwezixhobo.
- Iitshati zendlela ezisezantsi zibeka phambili iindlela zomoya kunye nokuphakama okuncinci kuneempawu zomhlaba. Funda amaxabiso e-MEA kunye ne-MOCA ngononophelo ngaphambi kokuba ubhabhe.
- Iindlela zeVictor zixhomekeke kwizikhululo zeVOR. Iindlela ze-T kunye neendlela ze-Q zifuna izixhobo zeGPS/RNAV. Khetha uhlobo lwendlela ngokusekelwe kwiphaneli yakho.
- Umthetho we-6-6-6 ugcina abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya ze-IFR besebenza ngokusemthethweni: iindlela ezintandathu, iiyure ezintandathu, iinyanga ezintandathu.
- Iitshathi ze-IFR ziphelelwa lixesha rhoqo emva kweentsuku ezingama-56. Ukubhabha ngetshathi endala kuthetha ukuhamba ngedatha yesithuba somoya esingasetyenziswayo kunye nedatha yefrikhwensi.
Isiqulatho
Eli nqaku aliyi kuyiphatha itshathi ye-IFR njengencwadi yesalathiso osijongayo ngaphambi kokuba usuke. Itshathi ye-IFR sisixhobo sokuhamba esisebenzayo ekufuneka usitolike ngexesha langempela, kwaye umahluko phakathi kokufunda ngokungasebenzisiyo kunye notoliko olusebenzayo umisela ukuba uhlala ukhuselekile okanye uyalahleka.
Uninzi lwabaqhubi beenqwelo moya bafunda iisimboli zetshathi kwigumbi lokufundela baze bangaphindi bazijonge. Loo msantsa phakathi koqeqesho nokuziqhelanisa kulapho kwenzeka khona iimpazamo. Ukulungiswa okubonakala kuqhelekile kwicandelo kuthetha into eyahlukileyo kwitshathi ephantsi yokuhamba, kwaye imida yendawo yomoya itshintsha ngeendlela ezibamba nabaqhubi bezixhobo abanamava bengalindelanga.
Apha uza kufunda oko kuboniswa yitshathi ye-IFR, indlela yokufunda iimpawu zayo kunye neendlela, umthetho we-6-6-6 wokuhlala ukho, ukuba iitshathi zihlala zisebenza ixesha elingakanani, kunye nokuba ungazifumana phi. Ekugqibeleni, uza kuphatha yonke itshathi ye-IFR njengoxwebhu oluphilayo olufuna ingqalelo yakho epheleleyo.
Oko Kuboniswa Yitshati Ye-IFR Ngokwenene
Itshathi ye-IFR yitshathi yeenqwelo moya eyenzelwe ukuhambahamba phantsi Imigaqo yeeNqwelo moya. Isusa iimpawu ezibonakalayo ezixhomekeke kwicandelo le-VFR kwaye izithathela indawo ngeziseko zokubhabha kwezixhobo: iindlela zomoya, ii-navaids, ukulungiswa, imida yendawo yomoya, kunye nokuphakama okuncinci. Itshathi ayibonisi umhlaba ngendlela iqela lendlela eliwubonisa ngayo. Ibonisa ulwakhiwo lwendlela olulandelwa yipilot xa amafu evala umhlaba.
Uninzi lwabaqhubi beenqwelo moya lufunda olu mahluko ngexesha loqeqesho kodwa bajonga itshathi njengesalathiso esingasebenziyo emva koko. Yiyo loo mpazamo. Icandelo le-VFR likuxelela apho ukhoyo ngoko ukubonayo ngaphandle. Itshathi ye-IFR ikuxelela apho ukhoyo ngoko kuthethwa zizixhobo kunye ne-ATC. Ezi zimbini ziindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuhamba, kwaye ukuzibhidanisa kubangela iimpazamo ekukhetheni ukuphakama kunye nokucwangciswa kwendlela.
I-FAA ivelisa ezi tshathi kwifomathi yedijithali yePDF ngokusebenzisa umgca wayo wemveliso ye-Aeronav. Uthotho lweetshathi ze-IFR Enroute Aeronautical Chart iyafumaneka ukuze ikhutshelwe simahla, ihlaziywa rhoqo emva kweentsuku ezingama-56. Umqhubi wenqwelo moya obhabha ngetshathi ephelelwe lixesha akapheleli nje ekubhaleni amaphepha. Bahamba ngedatha endala malunga nemeko yolwandle, utshintsho lwendawo yomoya, kunye nokuphakama okuncinci.
Ukufunda ngokuchanekileyo kuqala ngokuqonda ukuba itshathi ibeka phambili ntoni. Iinqwelomoya zingumqolo. IiNavaids ziinki. Ubuncinane bokuphakama bumgangatho. Yonke enye into, iilebheli, iimpawu, imibala, ikhona ukuxhasa ezo zinto zintathu. Funda itshathi ngaloo ndlela, kwaye uxinano luphelela kwisicwangciso sokuhamba.
Iimpawu eziphambili ezahlukileyo kwiitshathi ze-VFR
Umgca oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ohlukaniswe ngokwezigaba othetha iClass Delta kwicandelo le-VFR uthetha into eyahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo kwitshathi ye-IFR ephantsi yokuhamba. Iba yiClass Charlie. Loo tshintsho lubamba abaqhubi abaninzi abaguqukayo kunalo naluphi na olunye uphawu.
Abaqhubi beenqwelo moya abafunda indlela yokufunda itshati ye-IFR low enroute badla ngokufumanisa ukuba iimpawu eziqhelekileyo ezivela kumacandelo e-VFR zithatha intsingiselo entsha ngokupheleleyo. Isikhokelo seMzeroA kwiitshathi ze-IFR ubhala ngqo olu kudideka.
- Isithuba somoya seKlasi B: sigcwele okwesibhakabhaka kuzo zombini iitshathi
- Isithuba somoya seKlasi C: umgca oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ohlukaniswe kwiitshathi ze-IFR
- Isithuba somoya seKlasi D: ibhokisi eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka enemibala kwiitshathi ze-IFR
- I-VOR navaid: ikhampasi iphakanyisiwe kunye nebhokisi yefrikhwensi
- I-NDB navaid: isangqa esinee-dash kunye nesazisi
- Ukulungiswa kwesiphambuka: unxantathu oneenkwenkwezi ezinamanqaku amahlanu
- Indawo yokunika ingxelo: unxantathu oqinileyo
- Umgca osembindini wendlela yomoya: umgca omnyama oneentolo zokuthwala
Ipateni ayicwangciswanga ngokungacwangciswanga. Iitshathi ze-IFR zenza lula indawo yomoya kwiintlobo zemigca kuba i-pilot sele ingaphakathi kwenkqubo. Ii-VFR sectionals zifuna ubunzima obubonakalayo ukuze i-pilot ingangeni emoyeni. Iitshathi ze-IFR zicinga ukuba ungenile kuzo.
Phrinta itshathi ye-IFR yangoku esezantsi kunye necandelo le-VFR kwindawo enye. Zibeke ecaleni kwenye. Landela uphawu olunye ngexesha ude uguqulelo lube yinto ezenzekelayo. Loo msebenzi usindisa impazamo yokufunda iClass Delta njengeClass Charlie ngexesha elingafanelekanga.
I-Victor Routes kunye nezinye ii-IFR Airways
Ulwakhiwo lwendlela kwitshati ye-IFR luyinxalenye yenkqubo yonke yokubhabha kwezixhobo. Ukuqonda iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeendlela zomoya akuyonto ibalulekileyo, kugqiba ukuba zeziphi izixhobo zomoya ozifunayo, zeziphi izixhobo ekufuneka zithwalwe yinqwelo-moya yakho, kunye indlela i-ATC eza kukuhlambulula ngayo.
I-Victor Airways: Umqolo we-VOR
Iindlela zaseVictor zezona ndlela zomoya zindala nezixhaphakileyo ze-IFR. Zisekelwe kwii-navaids ze-VOR okanye ze-VORTAC, eziboniswe ngombala omnyama kwiitshathi ezisezantsi ze-enroute, kwaye zichongwe ngesimaphambili se-V esilandelwa yinombolo efana ne-V12. Ezi ndlela zomoya zifuna ukuba inqwelo moya ibe nezixhobo zokwamkela i-VOR ezisebenzayo kwaye ilandele indlela echaziweyo phakathi kwee-navaids kwiindawo ezithile eziphakamileyo.
Iindlela ze-T: Ukuchaneka okusekwe kwi-GPS
Ii-T-Routes zezona zithatha indawo yeendlela zomoya zaseVictor kwiindawo ezinomda we-VOR. Zenzelwe ukuhamba nge-GPS kwaye zibonakala njengemigca emincinci eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kwitshathi. Ukubhabha kwi-T-Route kufuna i-GPS navigator evunyiweyo kwimisebenzi ye-IFR, akukho VOR ifunekayo.
Iindlela ze-Q: Iindlela eziphakamileyo
Ii-Q-Routes zisebenza ngaphezu kwe-18,000 feet MSL kwaye zifumaneka kwiitshathi ze-enroute eziphakamileyo. Zisekelwe kwi-RNAV, oko kuthetha ukuba zixhomekeke kwi-GPS okanye kwezinye iinkqubo zokuhamba ngenqanawa. Ezi ndlela zidibanisa iindawo ezinkulu kwiindawo eziphakamileyo apho i-Victor airways ingekho khona.
Ezinye Iintlobo Zeendlela Ezifanele Ukuzazi
I-FAA ipapasha ubuncinci iintlobo ezilishumi ezahlukeneyo zeendlela kwiitshathi zendlela yokuhamba. Ezi ziquka iindlela zomoya ezinemibala (ezibomvu, eziluhlaza, ezibomvu) ezisetyenziswa eAlaska, iindlela zehelikopta, kunye neendlela zoqeqesho lomkhosi. Nganye inemithetho yayo yokubonisa kunye neemfuno zokusebenza.
Ukuphatha zonke iindlela ze-IFR njengezitshintshiselanayo yimpazamo. Imfuneko yezixhobo zodwa ingenza isicwangciso sokuhamba sisebenze.
Umthetho we-6-6-6 weMali ye-IFR
Uninzi lwabaqhubi beenqwelo-moya baphatha imali ye-IFR njengebhokisi yokujonga ukuthobela imithetho. Leyo yindlela engafanelekanga yokucinga ngayo. Umthetho we-6-6-6 ukho ukugcina iseti ethile yezakhono ibukhali ngokwaneleyo ukusindisa ubomi ngaphandle kokubonakala.
Lo mthetho wahlulwe waba ngamacandelo amathathu. Iindlela ezintandathu zezixhobo kwiinyanga ezintandathu ezidlulileyo. Ixesha lokubhabha kwezixhobo, nokuba zezokwenyani okanye ezilinganisiweyo. Kunye nokuhlolwa kobuchule nomqeqeshi rhoqo emva kweenyanga ezintandathu. Ukuba awukho kwezi, ilungelo elisemthethweni lokufaka isicelo se-IFR liyanyamalala.
Apha kulapho umsantsa uvula khona. Abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya abaninzi babhala phantsi iindlela kunye neeyure kodwa bajonga ubuchule njengento eqhelekileyo. Loo mvavanyo kuphela kwenxalenye yomthetho ebandakanya uvavanyo lwangaphandle lobuchule. Umqhubi weenqwelo-moya owutsibayo okanye owuphuthumayo ubhabha evavanya yedwa. Uvavanyo lobuqu aluthembekanga kwiimeko zezixhobo.
Uvavanyo lokwenyani lomthetho we-6-6-6 alukokuba incwadi yeziganeko ibonisa ukuthobela na. Kukukuba ingaba izandla zisenokukwazi na ukubhabha ngendlela engaphelelanga ngaphandle kokuba ingqondo iqine. Imithetho yemali ilinganisa ukwenzeka kwezinto, hayi ubuchule. Kodwa ukwenzeka kwezinto kuphela, kwaye kusebenza ngcono kunayo nayiphi na enye indlela.
Phatha ixesha leenyanga ezintandathu njengomhla wokugqibela onzima, kungekhona icebiso. Emva kosuku oluphelileyo, amalungelo asemthethweni ayanyamalala. Ubuchule abupheli ngokukhawuleza, kodwa umda weempazamo uyancipha.
Ixesha Elingakanani Iitshati ze-IFR Ezihlala Zisebenza?
Itshati ye-IFR inomhla wokuphelelwa obaluleke ngaphezu kokuba uninzi lwabaqhubi beenqwelo-moya lucinga. Ukubhabha ngetshati ephelelwe lixesha akuyongxaki yamaphepha, kukhuseleko kunye nokusilela okusemthethweni okuhambelana nemayile nganye ehanjiswayo.
I-FAA ihlaziya iitshathi ze-IFR zomjikelo omiselweyo. Itshathi nganye inomhla wokusebenza kunye nomhla wokuphelelwa oprintiweyo ngokucacileyo kwiphepha elingaphandle nakwiphaneli yetshathi. Umjikelo uqikeleleka kwaye awuxoleli. Itshathi ebikho izolo isenokuba ayisebenzi namhlanje.
Utshintsho phakathi kwemijikelo alunamsebenzi. Iinqwelomoya ziyatshintshwa indlela. IiNavaids ziyayekiswa ukusebenza. Iifrequencies ziyatshintsha. Ubuncinane bokuphakama buyatshintsha. Umqhubi wenqwelomoya obhabha ngetshathi yomjikelo wokugqibela uhamba ngemephu engasafani nendawo yomoya akuyo. Elo thuba kulapho iimpazamo zokusebenza ziqala khona.
Umhla wokuqalisa ukusebenza uprintwa kwitshathi ngokwayo. Ukuyijonga kuthatha imizuzwana embalwa. Umhla uvela kwiphepha elingaphambili letshathi yephepha nakwintloko yePDF yedijithali. Ukujonga ngokukhawuleza ngaphambi kokuba itshathi ihambe kuqinisekisa ukuba itshathi isasebenza na kwindiza ezayo.
Ukuphatha imali yetshathi njengokhetho kukudlala ngemali engenanzuzo. I-FAA ayizilungisi iitshathi eziphelelwe lixesha. I-ATC ayilungisi iimvumelwano ukuze ihambelane nedatha endala. Umjikelo wetshathi ukho kuba imeko yokukhangela iyatshintsha, kwaye umqhubi owutyeshelayo loo mjikelo ubhabha engaboni ngokoqobo.
Apho ungazifumana khona iitshathi ze-IFR kwi-Intanethi
I-FAA inika iitshathi ezifanayo ezithengiswa ngababoneleli bezorhwebo. Umahluko kukulula, hayi ukuchaneka. Ukwazi apho unokufumana khona umthombo ngamnye kusindisa ixesha nemali.
- Iwebhusayithi ye-FAA Aeronav, ukhuphelo lwePDF lwasimahla
- I-SkyVector, isimahla kwi-intanethi kunye nee-overlay zemozulu ezibukhoma
- Iitshathi zeSporty's eziprintiweyo zithunyelwa emnyango wakho
- IJeppesen, isekelwe kubhaliso olunefomathi eyimfihlo
- I-ForeFlight, iitshathi zedijithali ezihlanganiswe nocwangciso lokubhabha
- I-Garmin Pilot, ubhaliso lwetshathi oludibeneyo
Imithombo yasimahla igubungela yonke imfuneko esemthethweni. Ii-FAA PDFs zidatha efanayo esetyenziswa ziinkampani zeenqwelo-moya. Iitshathi ze-IFR ze-SkyVector zasimahla yongeza idatha yemozulu yangoku engenazo iifayile ze-FAA ezingavuthwanga, nto leyo eluncedo ekucwangciseni ngaphambi kokuba ubhabhe.
Khuphela itshathi enye ye-FAA kunye netshathi enye ye-SkyVector yendlela efanayo. Thelekisa imihla yokusebenza. Jonga imeko ye-navaid. Oko kujonga kwemizuzu elishumi kubonisa ukuba umsebenzi wakho usebenzisa idatha yangoku okanye ucinga ukuba uyayisebenzisa.
Ukufunda Ubuncinane beeNkalo kunye neNdawo yoMoya
Amanani okuphakama kwitshathi ye-IFR awangombono. Angumgangatho osemthethweni wokususwa komhlaba kunye nokwahlulwa kwe-ATC. Ukuphatha abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya njengesikhokelo esingenzima kunokuba kube ngumqobo onzima yindlela abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya abafikelela ngayo kwilifu elinentaba phambi kwabo.
Ubude obuncinci bokuhamba kwindlela, okanye ii-MEA, bubonakala njengeqhezu elingaphezulu komgca womoya. Inani eliphezulu yi-MEA kwiimitha ezingamakhulu. Inani elisezantsi yi-ubude obuncinci bokuhamba kwindawo ethintelweyo, okanye i-MOCA. I-MEA iqinisekisa ukuvunyelwa komhlaba kunye nokwamkelwa okuthembekileyo kwe-navaid. I-MOCA iqinisekisa ukuvunyelwa komhlaba kuphela. Loo mahluko ubalulekile xa ubhabha kwiindawo ezineentaba apho imiqondiso ye-navaid inokuphuma ngaphambi kokuba umhlaba uphakame ukuze udibane nawe.
Imida yesithuba somoya kwitshati ye-IFR ilandela ingqiqo eyahlukileyo kuneye-VFR sectionals. Isithuba somoya seKlasi B sibonakala njengomgca oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka oqinileyo onemigangatho yokuphakama kunye neesilingi ezidweliswe ebhokisini. Amanani afundeka njengeqhezu: inani eliphezulu sisilingi, ezantsi sisilingi. Umqhubi wenqwelo moya owela kwiKlasi B ngaphandle kokufunda omabini la manani ungcakaza ukuba i-ATC iza kukhupha imvume okanye ukwaphulwa komthetho.
I-FAA ipapasha isikhokelo esibanzi seempawu zetshathi esigubungela yonke imifanekiso yokuphakama kunye nemida yesithuba somoya. Isikhokelo seempawu zetshathi ye-IFR ibonisa ngqo indlela uhlobo ngalunye lokuphakama olucwangciswe ngayo kunye nendawo olufumaneka kuyo. Umqhubi wenqwelo moya ongakhange ahlole olu xwebhu ufunda imephu ngolwimi lwasemzini.
Iimpazamo zokuphakama kwisicwangciso sokubhabha se-IFR azivelisi silumkiso. Zivelisa ukuphambuka okuthe cwaka okubonakala kuphela xa i-ATC ibiza umahluko okanye umhlaba ugcwalisa i-windscreen. Ukufunda itshathi ngokuchanekileyo ngaphambi kokuba isuke yeyona ndlela yokuthintela.
Inyathelo Lakho Elilandelayo Ngeetshati ze-IFR
Umahluko phakathi komqhubi wenqwelo moya ophatha itshathi ye-IFR njengesalathiso kunye nomntu ophatha njengesixhobo esiphilayo ngumahluko phakathi kokusabela nokulindela. Ngoku uyazi iimpawu, iindlela, imida yokufaneleka, kunye nemithetho yokuphakama eyahlula ukubhabha okusemthethweni nokubhabha okukhuselekileyo.
Olo lwazi alwenzi nto igoqwe kwingxowa yokubhabha. Umqhubi wenqwelo moya ohlola itshathi yangoku ngaphambi kokuba inqwelo moya nganye ibone utshintsho lwendawo yomoya, ukuphazamiseka komoya, umda wokuphakama ophoswa ngomnye umqhubi wenqwelo moya emoyeni. Lowo ngumsantsa phakathi komthetho kunye nochwephesha.
Vula iwebhusayithi ye-FAA okanye iSkyVector ngoku. Khuphela itshathi ye-enroute ephantsi yangoku yendawo yakho yomoya. Fumana i-Victor airway enye kunye ne-T-route enye. Zilandelele ukusuka kwi-fix ukuya kwi-fix. Funda ii-MEA. Jonga umhla wokuqalisa. Yenza ngaphambi kwendiza elandelayo, hayi ngexesha layo.
Imibuzo Ebuzwa Rhoqo Malunga neeTshathi ze-IFR
Yintoni itshathi ye-IFR?
Itshathi ye-IFR yimephu yokuhambahamba kweenqwelo moya eyenzelwe ngokukodwa iinqwelomoya ezisebenza phantsi kweMithetho yokuHamba ngeNqwelomoya, ebonisa iindlela zomoya, iindlela zokuhamba ngenqwelomoya, iindlela zokulungisa izinto, kunye nokuphakama okuncinci. Ngokungafaniyo nezigaba ze-VFR, ezi tshathi zisebenzisa iseti yeempawu ezahlukeneyo kwaye zihlaziywa kumjikelo ongqongqo weentsuku ezingama-56 ukuze zihambelane nendawo yangoku yomoya kunye notshintsho lwenkqubo.
Yintoni umthetho we-6 6 6 we-IFR?
Umthetho we-6-6-6 ngumthetho we-FAA oyimfuneko yokugcina imali ye-IFR: iindlela zokusebenzisa izixhobo ezintandathu, iiyure ezintandathu zexesha lezixhobo, kunye nokuhlolwa kobuchule kwiinyanga ezintandathu ezidlulileyo. Lo mthetho ngumgangatho ophantsi wokubhabha ngokusemthethweni, awungomlinganiselo wobuchule bokwenyani, abaqhubi beenqwelo moya abangawufezekisi kakuhle babhabha ngokungaphaya kwezakhono zabo zezixhobo.
Zilungele ixesha elingakanani iitshathi ze-IFR?
Iitshathi ze-IFR enroute zisebenza iintsuku ezingama-56 ukususela kumhla wokupapashwa kwazo, emva koko i-FAA ikhuphe uhlobo oluhlaziyiweyo. Ukusebenzisa itshathi ephelelwe lixesha akukokwaphulwa kwamaphepha nje kuphela, kuthetha ukuhamba kwindawo yomoya esenokuba itshintshile ngeendlela ezichaphazela ukucaciswa komhlaba, ukwabiwa kwamaza, okanye ulwakhiwo lwendlela.
Ndingazifumana phi iitshathi zeenqwelo-moya?
I-FAA inikezela ngeenguqulelo zedijithali zePDF zasimahla zeetshathi ze-IFR enroute kwiwebhusayithi yayo ye-Aeronav, kwaye i-SkyVector inikezela ngeetshathi ze-intanethi ezisebenzisanayo zasimahla ezinee-overlay zemozulu ephilayo. Ababoneleli bezorhwebo abafana neSporty bathengisa iinguqulelo eziprintiweyo, kodwa idatha iyafana noko i-FAA ikushicilela simahla.
