ⓘ TL;DR
- Umugqa wokubamba imigwaqo uyisiphawulo sokuma esiyimpoqo esenziwe ngemigqa emine ephuzi. Yima ngaphambi kwemigqa eqinile ngaphandle kokuthi i-ATC ikuvumele ukuthi uwele.
- Imigqa eqinile ibheke indlela yokugijima. Imigqa egqagqene ibheke indlela yokugijima. Ukuwela imigqa eqinile ngaphandle kokuvula kuyindlela yokugibela.
- Umugqa wokubamba we-VFR unemigqa emibili ephuzi kuphela futhi udinga ukucaciswa okubonakalayo kwendlela yokugijima kunokulinda imvume ye-ATC.
- Umthetho we-70/50 usiza abashayeli bezindiza ukuthi babeke indiza ngendlela efanele ngaphambi komugqa wokubamba, ukuqinisekisa ukubonakala okugcwele kwendiza ngaphandle kokuphazamisa.
- Phatha yonke imigqa yokubamba njengomngcele oqinile. Faka uphawu olufushane, funda uphawu, yima kahle, bese uqinisekisa ukuthi indawo ivulekile ngaphambi kokuwela.
Okuqukethwe
Umshayeli wendiza ongawuqondi kahle umugqa wokubamba indiza usevele enze iphutha elibaluleke kakhulu. Izimpawu ezidwetshwe ebusweni bendlela yetekisi azizona iziphakamiso noma iziqondiso, ziyizindawo zokuma eziphoqelekile ezihlukanisa indawo yendlela yetekisi nendawo esebenzayo yendlela yesitimela. Ukuziwela ngaphandle kwemvume ecacile kuyindlela yokungena emzileni wendiza, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kukhona enye indiza eseduze.
Iningi labashayeli bezindiza lifunda umthetho oyisisekelo ngesikhathi sokuqeqeshwa bese likhohlwa umqondo obagcina bethobela imithetho. Umehluko phakathi komugqa ojwayelekile wokubamba kanye nomugqa wokubamba we-VFR, izidingo ezithile zokuma, kanye nemiphumela yesondo lempumulo eliwela imigqa eqinile, le mininingwane ayitholi ukunakwa okufanele kuze kube yilapho kwenzeka isigameko.
Lesi sihloko sivala leso sikhala. Ekugcineni, uzokwazi kahle ukuthi kusho ukuthini ukumakwa komugqa ngamunye wokubamba, ukuthi kudingeka ume nini, nokuthi ungayichaza kanjani yonke indlela eya endaweni yokugijima ukuze ukuwela umugqa wokubamba kungalokothi kube ukuqagela.
Lokho Okushiwo Yimigqa Emine Ephuzi Empeleni
Umugqa wokubamba indiza uyindawo yokuma ephoqelekile edwetshwe ngaphesheya komgwaqo wetekisi, equkethe imigqa emine ephuzi: emibili eqinile nemibili enemigqa emide. Imigqa eqinile ihlezi ohlangothini lomgwaqo, imigqa enemigqa emide ohlangothini lomgwaqo wetekisi. Lokhu kuhlelwa akuhlobisi, kukutshela ngqo ukuthi indawo yomgwaqo iqala kuphi nokuthi indiza yakho kumele ime kuphi.
Iningi labashayeli bezindiza liyakwazi ukubona uphawu, kodwa abaningi balubheka njengesiphakamiso kunokuba kube umngcele onzima. Ukudideka kuvela eqinisweni lokuthi lubukeka lufana nezinye izimpawu zendlela ezisetshenziselwa izikhundla ezingezona ezibucayi. Akukho ukungaqondakali lapha. Ukucushwa kwemigqa emine kugcinelwe kuphela izimpawu zesikhundla sokubamba indiza, futhi inesisindo esifanayo esisemthethweni njengophawu lokuma emgwaqweni.
Imigqa eqinile ibheke umgwaqo. Imigqa eqinile ibheke umgwaqo omkhulu. Lokhu kusho ukuthi usondela emigqeni eqinile kuqala, futhi isondo lakho lempumulo kumele lime ngaphambi kwemigqa eqinile. Ukuwela noma iyiphi isethi ngaphandle kwemvume ye-ATC kuyindlela yokungena komgwaqo omkhulu, akukho okuhlukile, akukho ndawo engwevu.
Ukuqonda lokhu kumaka kushintsha ngqo indlela osondela ngayo kuzo zonke izimpambano zemigwaqo ukusuka etekisini ukuya emzileni. Uyayeka ukufuna isibonakaliso bese uqala ukufunda indlela egandaywe ngayo. Uyayeka ukuqagela bese uqala ukwazi kahle ukuthi umngcele ukuphi.
Lapho Kufanele Ume, Nalapho Ungase Uwele Khona
Umthetho ulula kakhulu: uyama emgqeni wokubamba ngaphandle kokuthi i-ATC ikutshele ngenye indlela. Akukho okuhlukile uma uphuthuma, akukho okuhlukile uma uvame ukuthula, akukho okuhlukile ngoba ungabona ukuthi i-runway ayinalutho. Lapho nje i-nosewheel yakho ithinta noma idlula leyo migqa ephuzi eqinile ngaphandle kokuphuma, usungene endaweni yokungena. I-FAA ibheka lokhu njengokwephulwa okukhulu, hhayi ukushelela okuncane kwenqubo.
Izindiza ezifikayo zithola umehluko owodwa othize, futhi zincane kunalokho abashayeli bezindiza abaningi abakucabangayo. Ngemva kokufika phansi, indiza kumele idlule ngokuphelele emigqeni eqinile ngaphambi kokuma noma ukuvala. Akuyona kakhulu idlule. Akuyona isondo lempumulo elivundlile. Kudlule ngokuphelele. I bamba futhi ubuze umthetho kusebenza kuzo zonke ezinye izimo, ukuphuma ngesivinini, ukumisa kabusha, ukuwela umgwaqo osebenzayo ukuze ufike endaweni yokuma. Uyabamba. Uyabuza. Ulinde indawo ecacile.
Yilapho umehluko phakathi I-VFR kanye ne-IFR Okubaluleke kakhulu. Ngaphansi kwe-IFR, usuvele uxhumana ne-ATC futhi ulinde umyalelo othize. Ngaphansi kwe-VFR ensimini engenamibhoshongo, akukho mlawuli onikeza imvume. Uyama, uhlanze indlela yendiza ngezindlela zombili, bese uwela kuphela uma kuphephile. Umugqa wokubamba usaphawula umngcele. Ukungabikho kocingo lomsakazo akususi umugqa.
Ukuwela ngaphandle kwemvume akuyona into yokwahlulela. Kuyisenzakalo esiphindwe kabili. Umugqa ungemuva kwesondo lakho noma awukho. Indlela okwenzeka ngayo ukungena kwemigwaqo yezindiza ukuxoxa ngakho.
Umugqa Wokubamba we-VFR, Ukuthi Ubukeka Kanjani nokuthi Kungani Ukhona
Iningi labashayeli bezindiza liphatha yonke imigqa ephuzi ngendlela efanayo, futhi yilapho inkinga iqala khona. Ukumaka okujwayelekile kwemigqa emine kubonisa indawo yokugijima elawulwayo lapho ukuvunyelwa kwe-ATC kukuphela kwethikithi lokuwela. Kodwa kukhona ukumaka okuhlukile ezikhumulweni zezindiza ezingezona izinqaba kanye nezindawo zokuhlangana ze-VFR kuphela, futhi ukudideka kokubili kuyindlela esheshayo eya ekuhlaselweni.
Ngaphambi:
Umshayeli wetekisi ushayela ebheke endaweni yokugijima ebaleni elingalawuleki futhi ubona umugqa owodwa ophuzi oqinile ohambisana nomugqa owodwa onamachashazi. Inkumbulo yemisipha iyaqala ukusebenza. Bayama, babize phansi, balinde indawo engeke ize. Umsakazo uhlala uthule. Ukukhungatheka kuyakhula. Ekugcineni, baqhubekela phambili kancane kancane, bengaqiniseki ukuthi banayo yini imvume yokuhamba. Lokho kungabaza nokudideka kudala isithiyo esiyingozi emgwaqweni wetekisi.
Ngemuva kwalokho:
Umshayeli wendiza uyayibona ngokushesha intambo yokubamba i-VFR. Umugqa owodwa oqinile ohlangothini lwendlela yokugijima kanye nomugqa owodwa onedeshi ohlangothini lwendlela yetekisi. Akukho mvume ye-ATC edingekayo. Inqubo ilula: yima ngaphambi komugqa oqinile, susa intambo yokugijima kuzo zombili izinhlangothi, bese uwela uma kuphephile. Indiza ihamba kahle, umshayeli wendiza uhlala elawula, futhi ingozi yokuhlasela yehla ifinyelele cishe ku-zero.
Umugqa wokubamba we-VFR ukhona ngoba akuwona wonke umzila wendiza odinga isilawuli ukuze uphephe. Amehlo omshayeli wendiza enza umsebenzi ongenziwa ucingo lomsakazo ensimini ende. Ukuqaphela umehluko phakathi kwemigqa emine nemigqa emibili akuyona imininingwane eyimfihlo, umehluko phakathi kokulinda imvume engeke ifike nokwenza ukuwela okusemthethweni okuqinisekile.
Umthetho we-70/50, Imodeli Yengqondo Yokubeka Indawo Ephephile
Isikhathi esiyingozi kakhulu eduze kwendawo yokugijima akuyona indawo yokuwela, yindlela yokusondela. Abashayeli bezindiza bagxila emgqeni wokubamba uqobo bese bekhohlwa ukuthi lapho bema khona kunquma ukuthi banolwazi olwanele yini lokubona ukuze benze isinqumo esiphephile. Umthetho we-70/50 uxazulula lokhu ngokunikeza amehlo umgomo othize ngaphambi kokuba isondo lempumulo lifinyelele upende ophuzi.
Yima endaweni lapho ububanzi bendlela yokugijima bugcwalisa cishe amaphesenti angamashumi ayisikhombisa okubuka phambili futhi ubude bendlela yokugijima budlulela cishe ingxenye yomkhathi obonakalayo. Lokhu akulona isilinganiso esiqondile. Kuyisinqumo esisetshenziswayo esiphoqa umshayeli wendiza ukuthi ahlole indawo yonke yendlela yokugijima ngaphambi kokuzibophezela endaweni yokuma. Lo mthetho uyasebenza ngoba ususa ukunaka kusuka ekuphawuleni kwendlela kuya endaweni yomoya kanye nobuso obungale kwayo.
Umshayeli wendiza oma kakhulu emuva ubona okungaphansi kwengxenye yendlela yokugijima futhi akakwazi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi indlela yokusondela icacile. Umshayeli wendiza ohamba phambili usengozini yokuwela imigqa eqinile ngaphambi kokuba kuqedwe ukuskena. Indawo engu-70/50 isendaweni efanelekile, eduze ngokwanele ukubona isithombe esigcwele, kude ngokwanele ukuba ihlale isemthethweni.
Fushanisa lo mthetho ngesikhathi sokuhlela itekisi. Khetha ireferensi ebonakalayo onqenqemeni lwendlela yokugijima olufana nophawu lobubanzi obungamaphesenti angamashumi ayisikhombisa. Sebenzisa ukuphela okude kwendlela yokugijima njengereferensi yobude obungamaphesenti angamashumi amahlanu. Uma lokhu kokubili kuqondana, indawo yokuma ilungile. Imodeli yengqondo ithatha indawo yokuqagela ngokuhlola okuphindaphindwayo okusebenza kunoma yisiphi isikhumulo sezindiza, kunoma yisiphi isimo sokubonakala.
Lo mthetho awuthathi indawo yomugqa wokubamba. Uvikela umshayeli wendiza ekufikeni emgqeni ngaphandle kokuqaphela isimo okudingekayo ukuze awuwele ngokuphepha.
Indlela Yokufunda Izimpawu Ezihambisana Nazo
Izimpawu eziphuzi emgwaqweni ziyingxenye nje yesithombe. Izimpawu ezibekwe eceleni kwazo ziphethe imiyalelo ethile, futhi ukufunda kabi uphawu kuyingozi njengokungazinaki imigqa edwetshwe ngopende. Umugqa ngamunye wokubamba unophawu oluhambisanayo olukutshela ngqo ukuthi usondela kuphi nokuthi yisiphi isinyathelo esidingekayo.
- Uphawu lokubamba indawo yendlela yokugijima, ingemuva elibomvu, umbhalo omhlophe
- Uphawu lwendawo ebalulekile ye-ILS, ingemuva elibomvu, umbhalo omhlophe
- Uphawu lwendawo yokuphepha yendlela yokugijima, ingemuva eliphuzi, umbhalo omnyama
- Akukho sibonakaliso sokungena, indilinga ebomvu, ibha emhlophe evundlile
- Uphawu lwendawo yetekisi, ingemuva elimnyama, umbhalo ophuzi
- Uphawu lwesiqondiso, ingemuva eliphuzi, umbhalo omnyama
- Uphawu lwendawo oya kuyo, ingemuva elimnyama, umbhalo ophuzi
Uphawu lwesikhundla sokubamba indiza yilona olubaluleke kakhulu. Luhlala lubomvu ngamagama amhlophe, futhi luphawula indawo lapho indiza kufanele ime khona. Izindinganiso ze-FAA zezimpawu zemigwaqo yezindiza cacisa ukuthi lezi zimpawu zivela kuzo zonke izinkundla zokuxhumana ukusuka emzileni wetekisi ukuya emzileni wesitimela, futhi azikaze zibe yinto yokuzikhethela.
Bhala kafushane izimpawu ngaphambi kokuba uthuthe. Thola uphawu olubomvu kuqala, bese uqinisekisa uhlobo lokuphawula ophahleni. Uma uphawu luthi “ILS” noma “RSA,” umugqa wokubamba uvikela okungaphezu nje kobuso bendlela yokugijima, uvikela indlela yokusondela noma indawo yokuphepha engale. Phatha lezo zimpawu ngesidingo esifanayo sokuma njengophawu lwendlela yokugijima uqobo.
Kwenzekani Uma Uwela Ngaphandle Kwemvume
Lapho nje i-nosewheel ithinta uhlangothi olude lwaleyo migqa ephuzi eqinile, umcimbi usuvele uhlukaniswe. I-FAA ayihlukanisi phakathi kokudlula ngamabomu kwe-taxi-through kanye nokulahlekelwa ukunaka okwesikhashana. Zombili ziyafana. ama-runway incursions, futhi kokubili kuqalisa imishini efanayo yokuphoqelela.
Ukuwela umugqa wokubanjwa ngaphandle kwemvume ye-ATC akuyona iphutha lamaphepha. Kuwukwephulwa okuqondile kwe-FAR 91.129, elawula ukusebenza e- I-airspace yekilasi D, kanye ne-FAR 91.127 yeSigaba C. I-FAA iyiphatha njengokuphambuka ekuvunyelweni kwe-ATC, okuthwala isisindo esifanayo nokungazinaki isabelo sokuhamba noma sokuphakama. Impendulo yokuphoqelela ingabikezelwa: incwadi yophenyo, ukumiswa okungenzeka kwe izitifiketi zokushayela, kanye nokuhlolwa kabusha okuphoqelekile.
Ingozi yangempela akuyona isenzo se-FAA. Yindiza ongayibonanga ngoba wawusuvele uzibophezele endaweni yendiza. Indiza yokufika esivinini samafindo angu-70 imboza amamitha angu-120 ngomzuzwana. Umugqa wokubamba uyisithiyo sokugcina esibonakalayo phakathi komgwaqo wetekisi kanye nalelo jubane lokuvala. Uma usuweqile, umkhawulo wephutha uyawa kusukela kumasekhondi kuya kuma-fractions omzuzwana.
Abashayeli bezindiza abacabanga ukuthi isondo lempumulo lidlula umugqa “liseduze ngokwanele” abawuqondi nhlobo umqondo. Umugqa awusho ukuthi kufanele ume kuphi. Ungumngcele wendawo evikelwe lapho ukuhlukaniswa kuphathwa khona umuntu ongakwazi ukubona amasondo akho. I-intshi ngayinye edlula imigqa eqinile iyi-intshi ngaphakathi kwaleso sikhala ngaphandle kwemvume.
Indlela Yokufinyeza Umugqa Wokubamba Ngaphambi Kwendiza Yonke
Uhlu lokuhlola olunezinyathelo ezinhlanu luguqula itekisi evamile ibe uchungechunge lokuphepha oluhlosiwe. Abashayeli bezindiza abaningi bayawugwema umhlangano ngoba bacabanga ukuthi yonke imigqa yokubamba iyafana. Lokho kucabanga yilokho kanye okuholela ekuhlaselweni okuqeda umsebenzi.
Thola uhlobo lophawu ngaphambi kokuba usondele ngokwanele ukuze ume
Imigqa ejwayelekile yokubamba inemigqa emine ephuzi. Imigqa yokubamba ye-VFR inemibili. Ukuphambanisa umugqa wokubamba we-VFR nowojwayelekile kusho ukuthi ungase ume lapho kungadingeki imvume, noma okubi nakakhulu, weqe umugqa ojwayelekile ngaphandle kwemvume edingekayo.
Funda uphawu oluhambisana nalo ngenkathi usagingqa
Uphawu olubomvu lokubamba indawo yendiza luqinisekisa ukuthi usondela endaweni yendiza. Uphawu lwendawo ebalulekile ye-ILS luxwayisa ngemishini yokuqondisa ebucayi. Umshayeli wendiza ofunda uphawu ngemva kokuma usevele elahlekelwe umongo odingekayo ukuze enze isinqumo esifanele.
Yima nge-nosewheel ngaphambi kwemigqa ephuzi eqinile
Imigqa eqinile iseceleni kwendlela yokungena. Isondo lempumulo eliwela kuzo, ngisho nangamamitha ambalwa, liyimbangela yokungena kwendlela yokungena. Indiza akudingeki ukuthi idlule ngokuphelele umugqa ukuze iqalise isenzo sokuphoqelela umthetho.
Sula ngokubonakalayo indlela yokugijima kuzo zombili izinhlangothi
Lesi sinyathelo asiyona into ongayikhetha ngaphansi kwe-VFR futhi sihlala siyindlela enhle ngaphansi kwe-IFR. Umshayeli wendiza ozibamba emzileni wokumakisha uphuthelwa yindiza ekugcineni okufushane okukhona ukuze kuvikelwe uphawu.
Vuma imvume ye-ATC ngaphambi kokuwela
Phinda ubuyele emuva. Ukuwela ngokunqekuzisa ikhanda noma ngesignali yesandla akusikho ukuphumula. Umshayeli wendiza owela ngaphandle kokuqinisekiswa ngomlomo akanalo ukuzivikela lapho itheyiphu ibukezwa.
Ukugijima lolu chungechunge lwezinyathelo ezinhlanu kuyo yonke indlela, njalo, kwakha umkhuba osinda ekukhathaleni, ekuphazamisekeni, nasekucindezelekeni. Umugqa wokubamba uba yimbangela yempendulo yokuphepha esetshenziswayo kunokuba kube yinto emangazayo edinga isinqumo sesikhashana.
Yenza Umugqa Obambekile Ube Umkhuba, Hhayi Isimanga
Umugqa wokubamba awuyona uphawu oluyinkimbinkimbi. Ungumngcele we-binary odinga impendulo ye-binary: ukuma noma ukuwela nge-clearance. Umehluko phakathi komugqa ojwayelekile wokubamba we-IFR kanye nomugqa wokubamba we-VFR umehluko phakathi kokulandela inqubo nokwenza isinqumo, futhi leso sinqumo yilapho abashayeli bezindiza bengena enkingeni.
Ukuphatha umugqa wokubamba njengengxenye evamile yochungechunge ngalunye lwetekisi kushintsha umphumela. Umshayeli wendiza ochaza indlela eya kuyo yonke imigwaqo, ekhomba uhlobo lophawu, efunda uphawu, ema nge-nosewheel ngaphambi kwemigqa eqinile, ususa ukumangala okuholela ekuhlaselweni. Okunye okungaba khona umzuzu wokungaqiniseki ngesikhathi esibi kakhulu, lapho indiza isondela ekugcineni futhi kungekho ndawo yokwenza iphutha.
Yakha umugqa wokubamba kuyo yonke imihlangano yangaphambi kohambo. Prakthiza ukuwubona ngesikhathi setekisi. Yenza indawo yokuma ibe ngokuzenzakalelayo. Ukumaka kulula. Umkhuba yiwona okugcina kuhlale kunjalo.
Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa Mayelana Nemigqa Yokubamba Imigwaqo Yesitimela
Iyini intambo yokubamba imigwaqo?
Umugqa wokubamba indiza uyindawo yokuma ephoqelekile edwetshwe ebusweni bendlela yetekisi, equkethe imigqa emine ephuzi, emibili eqinile kanye nemibili enemigqa emide, ekhombisa lapho indiza kufanele ime khona ngaphambi kokungena endleleni yesitimela. Imigqa eqinile ihlala iseceleni kwendlela yesitimela, kanti imigqa enemigqa emide iseceleni kwendlela yesitimela, okudala umngcele ocacile obonakalayo okufanele abashayeli bezindiza bawuhloniphe ngaphandle kokukhetha.
Uyini umthetho 70 50?
Umthetho we-70/50 uyimodeli yengqondo yokubeka indiza ngaphambi komugqa wokubamba ukuze umshayeli abone u-70% wobubanzi bendlela yokugijima kanye no-50% wobude bayo ngaphandle kokungena endaweni evikelekile yendlela yokugijima. Le ndlela ivimbela iphutha elivamile lokuma emuva kakhulu noma eduze kakhulu nophawu, okuqinisekisa ukuqwashisa okwanele ngesimo ngaphambi kokuwela.
Kusho ukuthini ukuthi i-VFR hold line isho ukuthini?
Umugqa wokubamba we-VFR uwuhlobo lophawu olujwayelekile lomugqa wokubamba, oluqukethe umugqa owodwa ophuzi oqinile kanye nomugqa owodwa ophuzi onemigqa, osetshenziswa ezikhumulweni zezindiza ezingezona izinqaba noma ezimpambanweni ezithile ze-VFR kuphela. Ubonisa ukuthi abashayeli bezindiza kumele bame futhi basuse ngokubonakalayo indlela yokugijima ngaphambi kokuba baqhubeke, kunokulinda imvume ye-ATC engeke ifike.
Ubukeka kanjani umugqa we-VFR hold?
Umugqa wokubamba we-VFR uvela njengomugqa owodwa ophuzi oqinile kanye nomugqa owodwa ophuzi onemigqa edwetshwe ngaphesheya komgwaqo wetekisi, kanye nomugqa oqinile ohlangothini lwendlela yokugijima kanye nomugqa onemigqa emide ohlangothini lwendlela. Lokhu kumaka okulula kuyawuhlukanisa nomugqa wokubamba we-IFR ojwayelekile onemigqa emine futhi kusebenza njengesibonakaliso esibonakalayo sokuthi inqubo yokuwela ihlukile.
