ⓘ TL;DR
- Inkundla yezindiza kanye nomgwaqo wetekisi kufeza izinjongo ezihluke ngokuphelele. Imigwaqo yezindiza iphatha amandla okusuka ngesivinini esikhulu kanye namandla okufika. Imigwaqo yetekisi iphatha ukuhamba komhlaba okuhamba kancane phakathi kwezindawo.
- Izimpawu ezimhlophe zingezasezindleleni zezindiza. Izimpawu eziphuzi zingezasezindleleni zetekisi. Le khodi yombala iyinto evamile futhi ayixoxiswani kuzo zonke izikhumulo zezindiza emhlabeni.
- Izibani eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka zibekwe eceleni kwemiphetho yendlela. Izibani eziluhlaza ziphawula imigqa ephakathi yendlela yendlela. Izibani ezimhlophe zichaza imiphetho yendlela yokugijima. Umbala utshela abashayeli bezindiza ukuthi bakuphi ngaphambi kokuba bafunde uphawu olulodwa.
- Umthetho we-70/50 unikeza abashayeli bezindiza isikhathi esinzima sokwenza izinqumo ngesikhathi sokusuka. Uma ijubane lokusuka lingama-70%, akufanele kusetshenziswe amaphesenti angaphezu kwama-50 ebanga lomgwaqo. Phutha lelo phuzu bese uvala ngokushesha.
- Izilungiselelo ezine zemigwaqo yesitimela, eyodwa, ehambisanayo, evulekile-V, kanye nehlanganayo, ngayinye ixazulula inkinga ethile ehlobene nomthamo wethrafikhi, amaphethini omoya, kanye nomhlaba otholakalayo.
Okuqukethwe
Ngesikhathi sokuqala umgibeli ebuka ngefasitela futhi ebona umgwaqo ohlangene, umbuzo usobala: iyiphi ingxenye yokufika nokuthi iyiphi eyokufika lapho? Impendulo ibaluleke kakhulu ngale kwelukuluku. Ukudideka kwendlela yokugijima kanye nomgwaqo wetekisi akuyona inkinga yamagama, kungukwehluleka kokuphepha okuye kwaba nomthelela ezigamekweni zangempela phansi.
Izincazelo eziningi ziphelela entweni esobala: imigwaqo yezindiza ngeyokusuka nokufika, imigwaqo yamatekisi ngeyokuhamba phakathi kwayo. Lowo mehluko uyiqiniso kodwa awusizi ngalutho ngokwawo. Ulwazi lwangempela luhlala emininingwaneni, umbala wezimpawu, iphethini yezibani, nomqondo ongemuva komthetho we-70/50 osetshenziswa abashayeli bezindiza ukunquma ukuthi bayeke yini ukuhamba.
Lesi sihloko sihamba ngemicabango yokusebenza kanye nokuphepha ngemuva kwayo yonke indawo, ukumaka, kanye nokukhanya. Ekugcineni, uzokwazi kahle ukuthi leyo migqa emhlophe nephuzi isho ukuthini, ukuthi kungani izibani eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka zigudla umgwaqo wetekisi, nokuthi umthetho owodwa uvimbela kanjani ukugqagqana kwemigwaqo. Ngesikhathi esizayo uma usesikhumulweni sezindiza, usegumbini lokugibela indiza noma esihlalweni sefasitela, uzofunda indlela eyayenzelwe ukufundwa ngayo.
Kungani Imigwaqo Yezindiza Nemigwaqo Yamatekisi Ingafani
Iningi labantu licabanga ukuthi umehluko phakathi kwenkundla yezindiza kanye netekisi umane nje uyindaba yobubanzi bendlela. Lokho kucabanga kuyingozi.
The indiza lapho indiza igijima khona ukusuka nokuma. Umgwaqo wetekisi uyindlela yendiza yokuhamba phakathi kwemigwaqo yezindiza nezinye izindawo zesikhumulo sezindiza. Lezi akuzona izindawo ezishintshaniswayo ezinemisebenzi ehlukene yokupenda. Zifeza izinjongo zokusebenza ezihluke ngokuphelele, futhi ukuzidida kudala ingozi yokuphepha eqondile.
Indawo yokugijima yakhelwe ukusheshisa ngesivinini esikhulu kanye nokwehlisa ijubane. Ubuso bayo kumele bumelane namandla aphelele egiya lokufika lapho ifika phansi kanye nokushisa kwenjini ngesikhathi sokusuka. I-taxiway, ngokuphambene, iphatha ukuhamba komhlaba ngesivinini esiphansi. Izidingo zesakhiwo zihlukile. Izidingo zokuphuma zihlukile. Umkhawulo wephutha uhlukile.
Abashayeli bezindiza baziqeqesha kakhulu ngalo mehluko ngoba imiphumela yokuphambanisa omunye nomunye inzima kakhulu. Umgwaqo wetekisi awukwazi ukusekela ukucindezeleka kokugingqika kokuhamba. Indawo yokugijima ayiklanyelwe ukujika okuqinile kanye nesivinini esisheshayo sokuhamba komhlaba. Ukuhlelwa kwesikhumulo sezindiza kukhona ukugcina le misebenzi ihlukile, futhi izimpawu nezibani ziqinisa lokho kuhlukana kukho konke ukujika.
Ukuqonda indlela yokusebenza enengqondo ngemuva kobuso ngabunye kuyisisekelo sazo zonke ezinye izinto, amakhodi ombala, izinhlelo zokukhanyisa, imithetho elawula yonke intshukumo enkundleni yezindiza.
Okumhlophe vs Okuphuzi: Ikhodi Yombala Egcina Izindiza Ziphephile
Isifundo sokuphepha esibaluleke kakhulu kunoma iyiphi inkundla yezindiza silula kakhulu: okumhlophe kusho indlela yokugijima, okuphuzi kusho indlela yetekisi. Le khodi yombala ayihlobisi. Lulimi olubonakalayo olungaxoxiswana ngalo okumele wonke umshayeli wendiza alufunde ngokushesha, ikakhulukazi ezimweni ezingabonakali kahle noma ezimweni ezicindezelayo kakhulu.
Izimpawu zemigwaqo zimhlophe njalo. inombolo yendiza, umugqa ophakathi nendawo, imivimbo yomngcele, yonke imhlophe. Lezi zimpawu zitshela umshayeli wendiza ngqo ukuthi kufanele ahlele kuphi ukuze asuke futhi afike. Izimpawu eziphuzi, ngokuphambene, zingezamatekisi nezindawo zokubamba. Ziqondisa ukuhamba komhlaba futhi ziphawula imingcele umshayeli wendiza okungafanele ayiwele ngaphandle kwemvume.
Umehluko ubaluleke kakhulu endaweni yokubamba. Umshayeli wendiza ohamba ngetekisi eya endaweni yokubamba ubona isethi yezimpawu zokuma kwendiza eziphuzi, ngokuvamile imigqa emine ephuzi, emibili eqinile kanye nemibili eshayisanayo. Ukuwela leyo migqa ngaphandle kwemvume kuwukungena endaweni yokubamba, esinye sezenzakalo eziyingozi kakhulu ezindizeni. uhlelo lokubhala ikhodi yombala kuqeda ukungaqondakali. Okumhlophe kukutshela ukuthi undize kuphi. Okuphuzi kukutshela ukuthi ume kuphi.
Lolu hlelo lusebenza ngoba lusebenza emhlabeni wonke. Umshayeli wendiza oya esikhumulweni sezindiza angasijwayele akudingeki aqagele ukuthi yiziphi izimpawu ezisebenza kuluphi uhlangothi. Imibala iyafana eTokyo, eLondon, nase-Atlanta. Lokho kuhambisana yikho okwenza umehluko phakathi kwetekisi evamile kanye netekisi elicishe liphuthe.
Umbuzo wangempela awusiwo ukuthi abashayeli bezindiza bayayazi yini imibala. Ukuthi bayayethemba yini isistimu ngokwanele ukuba bathathe isinyathelo ngayo ngaphandle kokungabaza lapho umkhawulo wephutha ulinganiswa ngezinyawo.
Indlela Izimpawu Zemigwaqo Eqondiswa Ngayo Yonke Indawo Yokufika
Ukunemba kokufika kuncike ngokuphelele ekutheni umshayeli wendiza ufunda kahle kangakanani indawo edwetshwe ngaphambili. Izimpawu zendlela yokugijima azihlobisi, ziwulimi olujwayelekile oluveza ibanga, ukuhambisana, kanye nendawo eqondile lapho indiza kufanele ifike khona. Yonke imivimbo nenombolo ikhona ukuze kuqedwe ukuqagela ngesikhathi lapho imingcele imincane kakhulu.
Lolu hlelo lusebenza ngoba luhlala luhambisana kahle kuzo zonke izikhumulo zezindiza emhlabeni jikelele. Umshayeli wendiza ondiza ensimini angayazi ebusuku angathemba ukuthi izimpawu zizoxoxa indaba efanayo neyesikhungo sasekhaya.
I-Centerline: Inkomba Eyinhloko Yomshayeli Wendiza
Umugqa omhlophe ophakathi nendawo ugijima ubude bonke bendlela yokugijima futhi yinto yokuqala umshayeli wendiza ayibophayo ngesikhathi sokusondela kokugcina. Uhlinzeka ngesiqondiso esiqhubekayo, ugcine indiza ihambisana ne-axis yendlela yokugijima ngisho noma imimoya ivunguza noma ingabonakali kahle. Ngaphandle kwayo, ukufika ngakunye bekuzodinga ukulungiswa okuqhubekayo eceleni.
Amaphuzu Okuhlosiwe kanye Nezindawo Zokuthinta
Amasethi amabili ezimpawu ezimhlophe eziyisikwele ahlala ngale komngcele. Izimpawu zokukhomba, imivimbo emibili emhlophe ebanzi, zitshela umshayeli ukuthi aqondise kuphi indlela yokusondela kwendiza. Izimpawu zendawo yokuthinta, uchungechunge lwezingodo ezincane ezimhlophe, zibonisa indawo eqondile lapho amasondo kufanele ahlangane khona nomgwaqo.
Lezi zimpawu zibekwe ngezikhala ezijwayelekile ukuze umshayeli wendiza akwazi ukubona ibanga elisele lendlela yokundiza ngokubuka nje. Ziwumehluko phakathi kokufika okubushelelezi nokushesha.
Imigqa Yomphetho: Lapho Umzila Uqala Khona
Umngcele uphawulwe ngomugqa wemigqa emhlophe eqondile emgqeni ophakathi nendawo. Inani lemigqa libonisa ububanzi bendawo yokugijima, imivimbo emine yobubanzi obujwayelekile, imivimbo eyisithupha ezindaweni ezibanzi.
Lokhu kutshela umshayeli wendiza ngqo ukuthi indlela esetshenziswayo iqala kuphi nokuthi umkhawulo osusiwe uphela kuphi. Ukungawuqondi kahle lo mbhalo kungasho ukuthi ufike eduze kwendlela yokugijima noma endaweni engaklanyelwe ukuthwala isisindo sendiza.
Lezi zimpawu zakha uhlelo oluphelele lokubona oluqondisa yonke ukusuka kanye nokufikaUmshayeli wendiza oqondayo ufunda indlela yendiza njengemephu, hhayi umdlalo wokuqagela.
Izimpawu Zetekisi Ezivimbela Ukuqubuka Kwemigwaqo Yesitimela
Isikhathi esiyingozi kakhulu ekusebenzeni komhlaba senzeka lapho umshayeli wendiza ewela umugqa ophuzi oqinile futhi ecabanga ukuthi kusho into efanayo nowedeshi. Ukuhlasela kwezindiza, izindiza, izimoto, noma abantu abangena emgwaqweni ngaphandle kwemvume, cishe njalo kungavinjelwa lapho abashayeli bezindiza befunda izimpawu zemigwaqo yetekisi njengohlelo lokuthola usongo kunokuba kube uhlelo lokuhlola usongo. usizo lokuzulazulaIzimpawu eziphuzi azikho ukuze ziqondise ukunyakaza kodwa ukuze kuphoqelelwe imingcele.
Imigqa ephakathi yetekisi iwumugqa owodwa ophuzi oqhubekayo. Yilandele bese uhlala endleleni. Kodwa ukwakheka kokuphepha kwangempela kuhlala ezimpawini zesikhundla sokubamba.
Uphawu lokubamba indawo yesitimela luqukethe imigqa emine ephuzi, emibili eqinile nemibili enemigqa eqondile, eqonde ngqo emgwaqweni wesitimela. Imigqa eqinile ihlezi ohlangothini lwesitimela, imigqa enemigqa eqondile ohlangothini lwesitimela. Leyo phathini isho ukuthi yima ngaphambi kwemigqa eqinile, qhubeka kuphela uma usuqedile ukudlula emigqeni enemigqa eqondile. Abashayeli bezindiza abakhumbula le phathini basusa ukungaqondakali okubangela ukungenela.
Ukumaka indawo ebalulekile ye-ILS kwengeza olunye ungqimba. Kusebenzisa iphethini yeladi eliphuzi, uchungechunge lwemigoqo ephuzi evundlile phakathi kwemigqa emibili ehambisanayo, ukuphawula lapho indiza noma imoto ingaphambukisa khona isignali yesistimu yokufika kwensimbi.
Ukuyeka lokhu kuphawula kuvikela indlela yokusondela kwezindiza ekugcineni. Ukuhlasela okuningi ezindaweni ezibalulekile ze-ILS kwenzeka ngoba abashayeli bezindiza bakuthatha njengesiphakamiso kunokuba bakubheke njengesiphakamiso. isikhundla sokubamba esiyimpoqo.
Izimpawu zomphetho wetekisi ziza ngezindlela ezimbili. Imigqa ephindwe kabili ephuzi eqhubekayo iphawula umphetho ogandayiwe, hlala phakathi kwawo. Imigqa ephuzi eyodwa iphawula umphetho ongewona umphetho lapho umphezulu uphela khona. Zombili ziyizixwayiso, hhayi iziqondiso. Umshayeli wendiza ophatha zonke izimpawu eziphuzi njengomngcele kunokuba abe ngumqondisi usevele ewine ingxenye yempi yokulwa nokuhlasela.
Izibani Zemigwaqo Nezetekisi: Okushiwo Umbala Ngamunye
Izimpawu zilahlekelwa usizo lwazo lapho zingabonakali kahle, okuyilapho kanye izibani zithatha khona njengesistimu yokuphepha eyinhloko. Ingqondo yombala yezibani ifana nesistimu yokumaka kodwa inezela ungqimba olubalulekile: okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nokuluhlaza kutholakala kuphela ezindleleni zokupaka, kuyilapho okumhlophe kubusa imigwaqo yezindiza. Ukwazi le mibala ngokushesha yikho okugcina ukuhamba komhlaba kuphephile lapho inkungu, imvula, noma ubumnyama bususa amaphuzu okubhekisela kuwo.
| Uhlobo Lokukhanya | Color | Indawo | Injongo |
|---|---|---|---|
| Izibani zomphetho wendlela yokugijima | White | Ezinhlangothini zombili zendlela yokugijima | Chaza imingcele eseceleni yokusuka nokufika |
| Izibani zomugqa ophakathi nendawo wendlela yokugijima | Mhlophe / Olubomvu | Kufakwe emgqeni wesitimela | Nikeza isiqondiso sokuqondanisa ngesikhathi sezindlela zokubona okungabonakali kahle |
| Izibani ezisemaphethelweni e-Taxiway | Blue | Emaphethelweni emigwaqo yamatekisi | Maka umngcele wendlela yetekisi ongasetshenziswa ukuze uhambisane nomhlabathi |
| Izibani eziphakathi nendawo ze-Taxiway | Green | Kufakwe emgqeni wesitimela | Qondisa izindiza endleleni efanele eya futhi ibuya emzileni wendiza |
Izibani eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ezisemaphethelweni e-taxiway ziyisibonakaliso esibaluleke kakhulu somshayeli wendiza oshintsha esuka e-runway aye e-taxiway ngemva kokufika. Ukubona lokho kukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kusho ukuthi indiza isiphumile e-runway esebenzayo futhi isibuyele endaweni eyenzelwe ukuhamba kancane, okungeyona ingozi enkulu.
The uhlelo lombala wokukhanyisa izindiza Kulula ngamabomu ngoba isikhathi esibaluleke kakhulu yisona sikhathi umshayeli wendiza angenaso isikhathi sokucabanga.
Umthetho we-70/50: I-Margin Yokuphepha Esetshenziswa Yiwo Wonke Umshayeli Wezindiza
Iningi labashayeli bezindiza alicabangi ngomthetho we-70/50 kuze kube yilapho bewudinga, futhi ngaleso sikhathi sekuvele sekwephuze kakhulu ukufunda. Lolu hlaka lokwenza izinqumo lukhona ngesizathu esisodwa: ukusuka kuyisigaba esibaluleke kakhulu sokundiza, futhi ukuqagela ukuthi unendlela eyanele yokugijima akuwona umdlalo ofanele ukuwudlala.
Umthetho ulula ngendlela ekhohlisayo. Ngesikhathi indiza ifinyelela isivinini sayo sokusuka esibalwe, umshayeli uhlola ukuthi indiza isidlulile yini ubude bendlela yokugijima etholakalayo. Uma ingadlulanga, ukusuka kuyamiswa ngokushesha. Akukho ukungabaza. Akukho ukuqagela okwesibili.
Okwenza lo mthetho usebenze ukuthi ubamba izinkinga kusenesikhathi ukuze ume ngokuphepha. Ukusuka okwenqatshiwe ngesivinini esikhulu kudla isivinini esikhulu sendiza. Indawo yokuhlola engu-70/50 isendaweni lapho indiza isenebanga elanele lokwehla nokuyeka ngaphambi kokuba umgwaqo uphele. Yeka lelo fasitela, bese izinketho zincipha zibe yizinhlekelele.
Ukweqa imigwaqo ngesikhathi sokusuka akuvamile ukwenzeka ngoba indiza ayikwazanga ukundiza. Kwenzeka ngoba umshayeli wendiza uzibophezele ekusukeni okwakungasebenzi futhi waphelelwa yindawo yokuma. Umthetho we-70/50 ususa ukuqagela kuleso sinqumo. Uthatha indawo yethemba nge-checkpoint eqinile.
Wonke umshayeli wendiza uyawukhumbula lo mthetho lapho eqeqeshwa. Labo abasinda emsebenzini wabo yibo abawusebenzisa ngempela.
Ukulungiselelwa Kwemigwaqo Emine Yonke Esetshenziswa Yisikhumulo Sezindiza
Ukuhleleka kwesikhumulo sezindiza okukhethayo kwembula okuningi mayelana nezidingo zethrafikhi kanye namaphethini omoya endawo kunanoma yisiphi esinye isinqumo sokuklama. Lezi zakhiwo azinawo umkhawulo, ngayinye ixazulula inkinga ethile yokusebenza okungaba yimbi kakhulu ukuhleleka okuhlukile.
- I-runway eyodwa: umugqa owodwa ophatha konke ukufika nokuhamba
- Imigwaqo yezindiza ehambisanayo: imichilo emibili noma ngaphezulu egijima ohlangothini olufanayo
- Imigwaqo ye-Open-V: imichilo emibili ehlangana kolunye uhlangothi kodwa ihlukane kolunye
- Imigwaqo yezindiza ehlanganayo: imicu emibili ephambanayo nge-engela ethile
Lokho uhlu olungakubonisi ukuguquguquka ngemuva kokukhetha ngakunye. Imigwaqo eyodwa yezindiza ilula futhi ishibhile, kodwa ivala umkhawulo wokuhamba, indawo eyodwa yokufika ivimba ukuhamba okulandelayo. Imigwaqo yezindiza ehambisanayo ixazulula lokho ngokuvumela ukusebenza ngasikhathi sinye, kodwa idinga indawo eyanele kanye nendawo yomoya ukugcina imichilo ihlukene ngokuphephile.
Izakhiwo ze-Open-V zisingatha kangcono imimoya ewelayo kunezicucu ezihambisanayo ngoba abashayeli bezindiza bangakhetha indlela yokugijima ehambisana eduze nesiqondiso somoya. Imigwaqo yokugijima ehlanganayo iyisivumelwano sezikhumulo zezindiza ezinezindawo zokuhlala ezimbalwa, kodwa ziletha inkinga yokuxhumana: enye indlela yokugijima kumele ibanjwe ngenkathi enye isebenza.
Ngesikhathi esizayo uma ubona isikhumulo sezindiza usuka phezulu, bheka ukwakheka bese ubuza ukuthi iyiphi inkinga esixazululayo. Umugqa owodwa esikhumulweni sezindiza sesifunda ukutshela ukuthi ithrafikhi iphansi futhi iyabikezelwa. Imigwaqo yezindiza ehambisanayo esikhungweni esikhulu ikutshela ukuthi ivolumu yiyona nto eza kuqala. Ukucushwa kuyisu lesikhumulo sezindiza elibhalwe nge-asphalt.
Ukuqwashisa Ngomphezulu Wesikhumulo Sezindiza
Ukuqonda indlela yokusebenza ngemuva komugqa omhlophe nokukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kushintsha indlela obona ngayo inkundla yezindiza. Okwakubonakala sengathi umgwaqo ongahleliwe manje kufundwa njengohlelo lokuphepha oluhlosiwe olwenzelwe ukuvimbela imbangela evame kakhulu yezehlakalo zezindiza: ukudideka phakathi kwezindawo zomgwaqo kanye nezindawo zomgwaqo.
Kubashayeli bezindiza, lolu lwazi luthatha indawo yokuskena okuphendulayo ngokulindela ngokuzethemba. Kubagibeli kanye nabathandi, luguqula ukuhamba ngaphesheya kwe-tarmac noma ukubuka isihlalo sefasitela kube isifundo sesikhathi sangempela sokunemba kokusebenza. Ngesikhathi esilandelayo lapho ugibela indiza, bukela indiza isuka esangweni iye endaweni yokugijima. Ukujika ngakunye, ukubamba ngakunye, ushintsho ngalunye lokukhanya lulandela umthetho osuwuqonda manje.
Bheka imigqa ephuzi ngesikhathi esizayo uma usesikhumulweni sezindiza. Ayiyona imihlobiso. Ingumngcele phakathi kokuhamba nokundiza. Lowo mehluko umehluko phakathi kokuhamba okuvamile kanye nokungena kwendiza.
Imibuzo Evamile Mayelana Nemisebenzi Yemigwaqo Yesitimela Neyetekisi
Uyini umehluko phakathi kwendlela yokugijima kanye nendlela yokugibela itekisi?
Inkundla yezindiza iyindawo enikezelwe lapho izindiza zisuka khona futhi zihlale khona, kanti inkundla yezindiza iyindlela exhumanisa imigwaqo yezindiza nezindawo zokugcina izindiza, ama-hangar, nezinye izindawo zesikhumulo sezindiza ukuze kuhambe umhlaba. Isibonakaliso esibonakalayo esisheshayo umbala: izimpawu zemigwaqo yezindiza zimhlophe, kanti izimpawu zemigwaqo yezindiza ziphuzi, uhlelo oluklanyelwe ukuqeda noma yikuphi ukungaqondakali ngesikhathi sokushintsha okubalulekile.
Yiziphi izinhlobo ezine zemigwaqo yezindiza?
Izindlela ezine eziyinhloko zokulungiselela imigwaqo yesitimela yi-single, parallel, open-V, kanye ne-intersecting, ngayinye ikhethwa ngokusekelwe kumthamo wethrafikhi kanye namaphethini omoya avamile. I-runway eyodwa iphatha umthamo ophansi wethrafikhi, kuyilapho i-runway efanayo ivumela ukusuka kanye nokufika ngasikhathi sinye ezindaweni ezimatasa njenge-Atlanta noma i-Chicago O'Hare.
Uyini umthetho 70 50?
Umthetho we-70/50 uyindawo yokuhlola isinqumo sokusuka: lapho indiza ifinyelela ku-70% wejubane layo lokusuka, umshayeli wendiza akufanele asebenzise okungaphezu kuka-50% wobude bendlela yokugijima etholakalayo. Uma leso simo singahlangatshezwanga, umshayeli wendiza uyayeka ukuhamba ngokushesha ukuze avimbele ukugqwala kwendlela yokugijima.
