ⓘ TL;DR
- Izimpawu esikhumulweni sezindiza zilandela uhlelo oluqinile lombala lwe-FAA: Obomvu ngemiyalelo ephoqelekile, Omnyama/Ophuzi ngendawo, kanye Ophuzi/Omnyama ngesiqondiso.
- Izimpawu zemiyalelo eziphoqelekile (ingemuva elibomvu, umbhalo omhlophe) ziphawula izindawo lapho kuphambana khona imigwaqo kanye nezindawo ezivinjelwe lapho kudingeka khona imvume ye-ATC.
- Izimpawu zendawo zitshela abashayeli bezindiza ukuthi bakuphi enkundleni yezindiza. “Okuphuzi kumnyama yilapho ukhona” kuyithuluzi eliyisihluthulelo lokukhumbula.
- Izimpawu zokuqondisa kanye nezindawo oya kuzo ziqondisa izindiza ngokuphephile phakathi kwemigwaqo yamatekisi, imigwaqo yezindiza, kanye nezindawo zokuma phakathi nokuhamba komhlaba.
- Ukuqonda izimpawu ezindaweni zezindiza kuvimbela ukungena kwemigwaqo futhi kuthuthukisa ukuphepha kwamatekisi ezimweni ezingabonakali kahle noma ezimweni lapho izimoto zigcwele khona.
Okuqukethwe
Umgibeli ogijima ngesivinini esikhulu uphuthelwa yindiza yakhe exhumanisayo ngoba ujike kabi ephasejini elalingenalo uphawu olucacile. Umshayeli wendiza oshayela itekisi eya endaweni yokugijima esebenzayo uphuthelwa yimiyalelo yokuma kancane bese ewela indlela yendiza efikayo. Zombili lezi zinkinga zibuyela emuva emnyombweni ofanayo: izimpawu esikhumulweni sezindiza izindawo ezikhonza izilaleli ezimbili ezihluke ngokuphelele, kanye nemiphumela yokudida uhlelo olulodwa kolunye.
Iningi labantu libona uhlangothi lwabagibeli kuphela, amabhodi amakhulu aphezulu, izinombolo zesango, imicibisholo yokulanda imithwalo. Bacabanga ukuthi yilokho kuphela izimpawu zesikhumulo sezindiza. Uhlangothi lomshayeli lusebenza ngolimi oluhlukile olubonakalayo, lusebenzisa izimpawu ezinemibala kanye nezifinyezo ezijwayelekile ezibukeka njengekhodi emehlweni angaqeqeshwanga. Lezi zinhlelo ezimbili zihlala ndawonye ethafeni elifanayo nasesiphethini esifanayo, kodwa azihlangani ngalutho olufanayo.
Lesi sihloko sihlanganisa womabili amazwe. Uzofunda izinhlobo eziyisithupha zezibonakaliso ezigunyazwe yi-FAA okumele wonke umshayeli wendiza aziqaphele, ukuthi izimpawu zokuthola abagibeli zihluke kanjani ezimpawini zokuzulazula zomshayeli wendiza, nokuthi kungani ukuqonda uhlelo oluphelele kunikeza abashayeli bezindiza abafisayo ithuba eliwusizo ngesikhathi sokuqeqeshwa. Umgomo akukhona nje ukukhumbula ngekhanda, uhlobo lokuqaphela okuzenzakalelayo okukugcina uphephile phansi.
Kungani Izimpawu Esikhumulweni Sezindiza Zisiza Izilaleli Ezimbili Ngesikhathi Esifanayo
Isibonakaliso esifanayo esitshela umgibeli ukuthi athole kuphi imithwalo asisizi ngalutho kumshayeli wendiza ohamba ngetekisi eya endaweni yokugijima. Lokho kungezwani kuyinselele enkulu yezimpawu ezindaweni zezindiza, futhi abantu abaningi abakuboni ngoba babona uhlangothi olulodwa kuphela lwesistimu.
Izimpawu zokuthola indlela zabagibeli zibeka phambili ukucaca kwabangazijwayele. Zisebenzisa umbhalo omkhulu, izithonjana ezijwayelekile, nezilimi eziningi ngoba umuntu ozifundayo ucindezelekile, uphazamisekile, futhi cishe ubheka ifoni ngenkathi ehamba. Lezi zimpawu zilenga ezingeni lamehlo ezindongeni zesiteshi futhi ziyashintsha njalo ngokuvuselelwa.
Izimpawu zomshayeli zisebenza ngaphansi kwemingcele ehlukene ngokuphelele. I-FAA iyalela imibala ethile, izifinyezo, kanye nezindawo ukuze umshayeli akwazi ukubuka uphawu oluhamba ngesivinini setekisi futhi azi kahle ukuthi lukuphi. Ubomvu busho ukuma. Ophuzi busho indlela. Omnyama onombhalo ophuzi busho ukuthi lena indawo yakho yamanje. Akukho ndawo yokuhumusha ngoba izindleko zokungacaci zilinganiswa ezimpilweni.
Zombili lezi zinhlelo zisebenza ndawonye ethafeni elifanayo nangaphakathi kwesakhiwo sesiteshi esifanayo. Imiklamo yezimpawu zesikhumulo sezindiza engcono kakhulu ithinta izilaleli zombili ngaphandle kokubeka engcupheni noma yikuphi, okuyinto enzima kakhulu kunalokho okuzwakalayo. Uphawu olusebenza kumshayeli wendiza onamafindo angamashumi amathathu alubonakali kumgibeli odlula kulo.
Izinhlelo zokuqeqesha izindiza ezinganaki leli qiniso lezilaleli ezimbili zishiya abafundi bengakulungele ukusebenza kwamatekisi emhlabeni wangempela. I-Florida Flyers Flight Academy yakha zombili izinhlelo ohlelweni lwezifundo kusukela ngosuku lokuqala, ifundisa abafundi ukufunda izimpawu zomshayeli ngenkathi beqonda umongo wezimpawu zabagibeli abazohlangana nazo ngesikhathi sokusebenza kwesikhumulo sezindiza. Umgomo uwukuqashelwa ngokuzenzakalela kwe isibonakaliso sesikhumulo sezindiza esikhonzayo amakhosi amabili ngesikhathi esisodwa.
Izimpawu Eziyisithupha Zesikhumulo Sezindiza Okufanele Ziqashelwe Yiwo Wonke Umshayeli Wezindiza
Iningi labashayeli bezindiza lingaziqamba izinhlobo eziyisithupha zezimpawu esivivinyweni esibhaliwe, kodwa ikhono langempela liwukuzifunda ngesivinini esingama-20 knots ngesikhathi setekisi eyinkimbinkimbi. I-FAA ichaza izigaba eziyisithupha zezimpawu. izimpawu nezimpawu zesikhumulo sezindiza, ngayinye inenhlanganisela yemibala ehlukile edlulisa umyalo noma indawo ethile. Ukukhumbula imibala yikona okuqalwa kukho. Ukuyibona ngaphansi kwengcindezi kuyisilingo.
- Izimpawu zemiyalelo eziphoqelekile, isizinda esibomvu, umbhalo omhlophe
- Izimpawu zendawo, ingemuva elimnyama, umbhalo ophuzi
- Izimpawu zokuqondisa, ingemuva eliphuzi, umbhalo omnyama
- Izimpawu zendawo oya kuyo, ingemuva eliphuzi, umbhalo omnyama
- Izimpawu zolwazi, isizinda esiphuzi, umbhalo omnyama
- Izimpawu ezisele zebanga lomgwaqo, isizinda esimnyama, izinombolo ezimhlophe
Uhlelo lombala aluhlobisi. Izimpawu zemiyalelo eziphoqelekile ezinesinqe esibomvu ziphawula izindawo umshayeli wendiza angeke angene kuzo ngaphandle kokungena okucacile, indawo yokubamba indiza, umngcele obalulekile. Izimpawu ezinesinqe esiphuzi zinikeza isiqondiso kodwa azikaze zibe negunya. Umehluko phakathi kophawu olubomvu nophawu oluphuzi umehluko phakathi kokuma nokuqhubeka.
Ukuqeqeshwa kwabashayeli bezindiza abazimele kanye nabashayeli bezindiza bezentengiselwano kuhlola lolu lwazi ngqo. Ukuhlolwa okubhaliwe kwe-FAA kuhlanganisa imibuzo mayelana nokuqashelwa kwezimpawu, kanye nokuhlolwa okusebenzayo kuhlola ukuthi umfundi angafunda yini izimpawu ngesikhathi setekisi ngaphandle kokungabaza. Abashayeli bezindiza abadlula njalo yibo abasebenzisa uhlelo lombala kwaze kwaba yilapho seluzenzakalelayo, hhayi labo abakhumbula izincazelo ngobusuku obandulele.
Indlela Izimpawu Zomgwaqo Ezivimbela Ngayo Ukuqubuka Okuyinhlekelele
Isikhathi esiyingozi kakhulu endizeni sivame ukwenzeka ngaphambi kokuba amasondo asuke phansi. Ukuhlasela kwendiza, lapho indiza, imoto, noma umuntu engena endaweni yendiza evikelwe ngaphandle kwemvume, kuhlala kungenye yezinsongo zokuphepha eziqhubekayo zezindiza, futhi izimpawu enkundleni yezindiza ziyindlela yokuqala nesheshayo yokuzivikela kuzo.
Izimpawu zemiyalelo eziphoqelekile zisebenzisa umbhalo omhlophe ngemuva obomvu, umbala ofanayo nowomuntu uphawu lokuma olujwayelekile emgwaqweniLezi zimpawu zibonisa izindawo zokubamba, iminyango yendiza, kanye nezindawo ezibalulekile lapho umshayeli wendiza kufanele ame khona ngaphandle kwemvume ecacile ukuze aqhubeke. Ukungayinaki akuyona iphutha elincane, kuyindlela eqondile eya ekushayweni kwezimoto ezifikayo noma eziphumayo.
Izimpawu zendawo zisebenza ngendlela ehlukile. Ingemuva elimnyama, umbhalo ophuzi. Zitshela umshayeli wendiza ukuthi ukuphi umgwaqo noma umgwaqo wetekisi. Umehluko ungowokuhloswa: izimpawu eziphoqelekile zidinga isenzo, izimpawu zendawo zinikeza isiqinisekiso. Umshayeli wendiza ofunda umbala ngaphambi kombhalo ususa umthombo ovame kakhulu wokudideka ngesikhathi setekisi esheshayo.
Lokhu akulona ulwazi oluyimfihlo. E-Florida Flyers Flight Academy, abafundi baqhuba izinqubo zamatekisi ngaphansi kwezimo ezingokoqobo ezibaphoqa ukuthi bafunde zombili izinhlobo zezimpawu ngokulandelana. Umgomo uwukuqaphela okuzenzakalelayo, uhlobo lokwenza izinqumo zesikhashana esisheshayo okuvimbela ukungena ngaphambi kokuba kuqale. Umshayeli wendiza onqikaza uphawu lomyalelo oluyimpoqo usevele ulahlekelwe umkhawulo wokuphepha.
Izinkinga azinakucaci kahle. Zonke izimpawu enkundleni yezindiza zikhona ukuze kwakheke ukuqondana okuhlanganyelwe phakathi komshayeli wendiza nomlawuli. Ukuqonda okungalungile kuyaphula.
Izimpawu Zokuthola Indlela Yabagibeli vs. Izimpawu Zokuzulazula Zabashayeli Bezindiza
Umehluko phakathi kwezimpawu zomgibeli nomshayeli wendiza awukona nje ukuthi ubani ozifundayo, kodwa umayelana nokuthi kwenzekani uma othile ezifunda kabi. Umgibeli ophuthelwa uphawu lwesango uhamba imizuzu emihlanu eyengeziwe. Umshayeli wendiza ongalufundi kahle uphawu lwendlela yetekisi angabangela ukungena kwendiza okuzomisa isikhumulo sezindiza sonke. Lezi zinhlelo ezimbili zabelana ngesikhala esifanayo kodwa zisebenza ngaphansi kwezindlela zokuklama ezihluke ngokuphelele.
Izinhlelo Zezimpawu Zesikhumulo Sezindiza Ziqhathaniswa
Ukuhlaziywa okuhlangene kokuthi izimpawu zokuthola indlela yesiphelo kanye nezimpawu zokuzulazula enkundleni yezindiza zihluka kanjani ngenhloso, umklamo, kanye nezilaleli.
| izimfanelo | Izimpawu Zokuthola Indlela Yabagibeli | Izimpawu Zokuzulazula Zomshayeli Wezindiza |
|---|---|---|
| Injongo | Qondisa ithrafikhi yabahamba ngezinyawo ukuya emasangweni, ekuthathweni kwemithwalo, ezindlini zangasese, kanye nezinsizakalo | Ukuhamba kwezindiza ngqo emigwaqweni yamatekisi nasezindaweni zokubaleka; phawula izindawo zokubamba |
| Isikimu Sombala | Okuguquguqukayo, uphawu lwenkampani, umbhalo ohluke kakhulu, izithonjana, izilimi eziningi | Igunya le-FAA: obomvu/omhlophe ngokuphoqelekile, omnyama/ophuzi ngokuqondene nendawo, ophuzi/omnyama ngokuqondene nendawo |
| Ukubekwa | Izinga lamehlo ezindongeni, ezilenga ophahleni, eduze kwamakhawunta okubhalisa kanye neminyango yokungena | Izinga eliphansi ezinkundleni zezindiza, izinsika eziphakeme eziphansi eceleni kwemigwaqo yamatekisi, zidwetshwe emgwaqweni |
| Ubani Owafundayo | Abahambi, izivakashi, abasebenzi besikhumulo sezindiza, noma ubani ohamba ngesiteshi | Abashayeli bezindiza, abasebenzi basemhlabeni, abalawula ithrafikhi yezindiza, ochwepheshe abaqeqeshwe abafunda umbala kuqala |
Izimpawu zabagibeli zibeka phambili ukucaca kweso elingakaqeqeshwa. Zisebenzisa izithonjana ezinkulu kanye izimpawu zolwazi ezichaza izinqubomgomo njengokutholakala kwe-TSA PreCheck. Izimpawu zomshayeli zibeka phambili isivinini sokuqaphela ngaphansi kokucindezeleka, umbala ukutshela ukuthi wenzeni ngaphambi kokuba ubuchopho bakho bucubungule umbhalo. Uhlelo lomgibeli lwenzelwe ukuba lula. Uhlelo lomshayeli lwenzelwe ukusinda.
Ukufunda Izimpawu Zendlela Yokugijima Eceleni Kwezimpawu
Izimpawu zitshela umshayeli wendiza ukuthi ame kuphi nokuthi ajike kuphi. Izimpawu zendlela yokugijima ziqinisekisa indawo ngesikhathi sezigaba ezibalulekile zokusuka nokufika. Umshayeli wendiza ofunda uhlelo olulodwa kuphela undiza engaboni ngaso sonke isikhathi.
Izimpawu ezisebusweni bendlela yokugijima azihlobisi. Ziwulimi olubonakalayo olujwayelekile olusebenza ngokuvumelana nezimpawu ezinemibala kuzo zonke izimpambano zomgwaqo kanye nomugqa wokubamba. Ndawonye, zakha iluphu yokuqinisekisa eqhubekayo egcina indiza isendaweni efanele kuzo zonke izigaba zokuhamba.
Izimpawu Zomgoqo kanye Nomgoqo Osusiwe
Umkhawulo yilapho indlela yokugijima esebenzisekayo iqala khona. ibha yomngcele omhlophe obanzi ngamafidi ayishumi kuphawula leli phuzu ngaphesheya kobubanzi obugcwele bendlela yokugijima. Uma umkhawulo ususiwe, imicibisholo emhlophe igijima phakathi nendawo kusukela ekuqaleni kwendlela eya emngceleni, futhi amakhanda emicibisholo emhlophe avela ngaphambi nje kwebha uqobo.
Lezi zimpawu zitshela umshayeli wendiza ukuthi indawo engaphambi komngcele ayitholakali ukuze ifike, yize ingase isetshenziselwe itekisi nokusuka. Ukungawuqondi kahle lo mehluko kubangele ukweqiwa kokufika okungekho sibonakaliso ebesingakuvimbela.
I-Centerline kanye ne-Aim Point
Umugqa ophakathi nendawo umugqa omhlophe onamachashazi ohamba ubude obuphelele bendlela yokugijima. Uyinkomba eyinhloko yomshayeli wendiza ngesikhathi sokugingqika nokufika komoya. Izimpawu zephuzu lokukhomba ziyizingqimba ezimbili ezinkulu ezimhlophe eziyisikwele ezitholakala cishe ngamamitha ayi-1,000 ukusuka emkhawulweni.
Lezi zimpawu zisebenza imisebenzi emibili ehlukene. Umugqa ophakathi nendawo ugcina indiza iqondane nesiqondiso sendiza. Indawo yokukhomba inikeza umshayeli wendiza umgomo obonakalayo ngesikhathi esondela, inkomba eqinile evimbela iphutha elivamile lokufika isikhathi eside noma esifushane.
Izimpawu Zendawo Yokuthinta
Izimpawu zendawo yokuthinta ziyizibha ezimhlophe eziyisikwele ezibekwe ngokulinganayo kuzo zombili izinhlangothi zomugqa ophakathi. Ziqala endaweni yokukhomba bese ziphinda ngezikhawu ezingamamitha angu-500, ngokuvamile zinwebeka ngamamitha angu-3,000 phansi kwendlela yokugijima.
Lezi zimpawu zitshela umshayeli wendiza ngqo ukuthi amasondo kufanele ahlangane kuphi nomgwaqo. Ngesikhathi sokuqeqeshwa, abafundi bafunda ukusebenzisa izimpawu zendawo yokuthinta njengesibonakaliso sokuqhathaniswa nesikhathi sabo sokuvutha kanye nesivinini sokuhla, hhayi nje njengesibonakaliso esibonakalayo.
Izimpawu Esikhumulweni Sezindiza Lokho Okufundiswa Ukuqeqeshwa Kwezindiza
Iningi labafundi bezindiza licabanga ukuthi ukubamba ngekhanda imibala yezimpawu eziyisithupha yingxenye enzima. Inselele yangempela ukuqeqesha amehlo akho ukuba afunde ngesivinini setekisi ngenkathi uphatha imisakazo, uhlola umdwebo wesikhumulo sezindiza, futhi ubheke ithrafikhi yomhlaba. Lelo gebe phakathi kokwazi nokwenza yilapho ukuqeqeshwa kwendiza okuhlelekile kuzuza khona inani lakho.
Isikole samabanga aphansi sihlanganisa uhlelo lombala lwe-FAA ngokuningiliziwe. Abafundi bafunda ukuthi obomvu usho ukuthi yeka, omnyama ophuzi usho ukuthi ulapha, kanti ophuzi omnyama usho ukuthi uhamba ngale ndlela. Izikhathi ezinikezelwe zisebenzisa okungokoqobo imidwebo yesikhumulo sezindiza futhi izimo zamatekisi ezilingisiwe ukwakha indlela yokufunda umbala ngaphambi kombhalo.
Ukufundiswa okubili kuthatha lolo lwazi lwekilasi enkundleni yezindiza yangempela. Umfundisi ukhomba uphawu ngalunye ngesikhathi setekisi, ephoqa umfundi ukuba asho ukuthi lusho ukuthini ngaphambi kokuthuthukisa i-throttle. Lokhu kuvezwa okuphindaphindiwe ngaphansi kwezimo zangempela yikho okuguqula amaqiniso agcinwe ngekhanda abe ukuziphatha okuzenzakalelayo. Abafundi abangaphinda izinhlobo eziyisithupha zezibonakaliso ezivela encwadini basamangele lapho kuvela uphawu lokufundisa oluyimpoqo ngesikhathi setekisi ematasa.
I-Self Examining Authority eFlorida Flyers Flight Academy isho ukuthi abafundi bathatha izifundo zabo. Ukuhlolwa kwe-FAA endaweni. Umhloli ulindele ukuqashelwa kwezimpawu ngokushesha ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa okusebenzayo, futhi umzila wokuqeqesha wakhela kuleyo nqubo kusukela esifundweni sokuqala. Akukho ithuba lesibili lokungaluqondi kahle uphawu lwesikhundla sokubamba.
Amaphutha Okufunda Izimpawu Ezivamile Nokuthi Ungawagwema Kanjani
Ngisho nabashayeli bezindiza abanolwazi abazifundanga kahle izimpawu zesikhumulo sezindiza lapho umfutho wetekisi ukhuphuka. Iphutha cishe alikho mayelana nokungazi ukuthi uphawu lukhona, kodwa mayelana nokufunda inkomba engalungile kuqala ngaphansi kwemingcele yesikhathi.
Ngaphambi: Umshayeli wetekisi ohamba ngesivinini ubona uphawu olumnyama olunombhalo ophuzi bese ecabanga ukuthi luwuphawu olukhomba indlela olukhomba indlela elandelayo. Ubuchopho bubamba umehluko wombala bese bugijima nawo. Umshayeli wetekisi uphendukela kulokho okuvele kube yindlela evaliwe ngoba empeleni uphawu lwaluwuphawu lwendawo oluqinisekisa indawo yamanje, hhayi uphawu olukhomba indlela.
Ngemuva kwalokho: Funda umbala kuqala, bese kuba umbhalo, bese kuba umdwebo wesikhumulo sezindiza. Ingemuva eliphuzi elinombhalo omnyama lisho isiqondiso noma indawo oya kuyo. Ingemuva elimnyama elinombhalo ophuzi lisho indawo, ulapha, hhayi lapho uya khona. Ukuhlola ngokuphambene nomdwebo wesikhumulo sezindiza ngaphambi kokwenza okuthile kuguqula ukungena okungenzeka kube ukulungiswa kwesimo okuqinisekisiwe.
Lo mkhuba wokufunda imibala kuqala ufundiswa abafundi ngesikhathi sokuqeqeshwa kwabashayeli bezindiza bezentengiselwano eFlorida Flyers Flight Academy kuze kube yilapho kuba okuzenzakalelayo. Umehluko phakathi kwetekisi ephephile kanye nokungena kwendiza evulekile uvame ukuba nje ukulandelana okucubungula imibala emibili.
Izimpawu Zesikhumulo Sezindiza Ezinkulu Ngaphambi Kokuba Wedwa
Izimpawu ezindaweni zezindiza akuyona into ongakwazi ukuyifunda ngokushesha. Umehluko phakathi kwetekisi eliqinisekile kanye nokuma okudidekile emgqeni wokulinda uncike ekutheni uyawufunda yini umbala ngaphambi kombhalo, futhi lokho kusabela kumele kube okuzenzakalelayo ngaphambi kokuthi uthathe izilawuli zodwa.
Ihora ngalinye elichithwa esikoleni samabanga aphansi likhumbula izinhlobo eziyisithupha zezimpawu libuyisela umthwalo wokuqonda onciphile ngesikhathi sokundiza okunzima kakhulu. Umfundi onqikaza uphawu lokufundisa oluyimpoqo ungumfundi ongakalufundi uhlelo. Inkundla yezindiza ayinciphisi ijubane ngenxa yokungabaza, futhi imiphumela yezibonakaliso ezingafundwanga kahle ikhula ngokushesha kunokuba ukulungiswa kungakulungisa.
Khetha uhlelo lokundiza oluphatha izimpawu zasesikhumulweni sezindiza njengekhono eliyinhloko kunokuba kube yinto yohlu lokuhlola. Abashayeli bezindiza abahamba ngemigwaqo eyinkimbinkimbi ngaphandle kokwephula ukuskena kwabo yibo abafunde uhlelo lombala kuqala, okwesibili kube yizifinyezo, kanye nomkhuba wokuhlola umdwebo wesikhumulo sezindiza ekugcineni. Lokho kulandelana yikho okukhiqiza umshayeli wezindiza ongagxila ekundizeni indiza esikhundleni sokuthola ikhodi emhlabathini.
Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa Mayelana Nezimpawu Esikhumulweni Sezindiza
Yiziphi izimpawu zesikhumulo sezindiza eziyisithupha?
Izimpawu eziyisithupha zesikhumulo sezindiza ezichazwe yi-FAA ziyizimpawu zokufundisa eziphoqelekile, izimpawu zendawo, izimpawu zokuqondisa, izimpawu zokuya endaweni, izimpawu zolwazi, kanye nezimpawu ezisele zebanga lendlela yokuhamba. Uhlobo ngalunye lusebenzisa inhlanganisela yombala ehlukile, obomvu nomhlophe ukuze kumiswe okuphoqelekile, omnyama nophuzi ukuze kubekwe indawo, kanye nophuzi nomnyama ukuze kuqondiswe, ukuze abashayeli bezindiza bakwazi ukubona injongo yophawu ngaphambi kokufunda umbhalo.
Yiziphi izinhlobo ezine zemigwaqo yezindiza?
Izinhlobo ezine zemigwaqo yezindiza yimigwaqo ebonakalayo, imigwaqo yezinsimbi ezingezona ezinembile, imigwaqo yezinsimbi ezinembile, kanye nemigwaqo eyisisekelo, ngayinye echazwa yizinsiza zokuzulazula ezitholakalayo zokusondela. Imigwaqo ebonakalayo ayinayo inqubo yokusondela kwemishini futhi ithembele ngokuphelele kumshayeli wendiza obona imigwaqo yezindiza, kuyilapho imigwaqo yezinsimbi ezinembile isekela ukufika endaweni engabonakali kahle ngezinhlelo zokuqondisa ze-elekthronikhi.
Yiziphi izinhlobo zezimpawu?
Izimpawu zesikhumulo sezindiza zihlukaniswe ngezigaba ezimbili ezibanzi: izimpawu zokuthola indlela yabagibeli kanye nezimpawu zokuzulazula zezindiza, ngayinye eyenzelwe umsebenzisi ohlukile nendawo ezungezile. Izimpawu zezindiza zisebenzisa izithonjana ezinkulu nezilimi eziningi ezingeni lamehlo ezikhumulweni, kuyilapho izimpawu zezindiza zisebenzisa imibala ejwayelekile ye-FAA kanye nezifinyezo ezibekwe enkundleni yezindiza ukuze zibonwe ngokushesha ngesikhathi setekisi.
