ⓘ TL;DR
- Iphethini yethrafikhi iyisekethe eliyindilinga elijwayelekile elenzelwe ukugcina izindiza zibikezelwa futhi zihlukaniswe ezikhumulweni zezindiza ezineziqongo nezingezona iziqongo.
- Imilenze emihlanu, ukuhamba, ukuwela komoya, umoya ophansi, isisekelo, kanye nowokugcina, ngayinye inenhloso ethile yokuma kanye nokulungiselela.
- Ukungena okujwayelekile kwamadigri angu-45 emoyeni kuqinisekisa ukuhlangana okuphephile nesekethe ezindaweni ezingezona ezinde.
- Ukuphakama kwephethini ngokuvamile kuyi-AGL yamamitha angu-1,000 yendiza enenjini eyodwa, okunikeza isikhala esiphephile kanye nokuhlela ukwehla okuzinzile.
- Izingcingo zomsakazo ezicacile nezifika ngesikhathi zibaluleke njengokuphakama kanye ne-geometry. Ukuxhumana kugcina yonke iphethini iphephile.
Okuqukethwe
Lesi sihloko ngeke sikunike umdwebo ohlanziwe wonxande onemicibisholo futhi sikubize ngokuthi yimiyalelo. Iphethini yethrafikhi iyisigaba sokundiza esidinga kakhulu kubashayeli bezindiza abasha ngoba nje sihlanganisa ukunemba kwenqubo, ukuxhumana ngomsakazo, kanye nokuqwashisa ngesimo sesikhashana ngaphansi kwengcindezi yangempela.
Iningi labaqondisi liphatha iphethini njengenkinga yejiyometri. Badweba unxande, babhale amalebula emilenzeni, bese becabanga ukuthi okunye kuzozilungisa. Abakuphuthelwa ukuthi iphethini iyisistimu yokuxhumana kuqala bese kuba yindlela yendiza kulandela. Umshayeli wendiza ondiza ezindaweni eziphakeme kodwa ongakwazi ukwenza ucingo olucacile lomsakazo uyingozi esimisweni.
Lapha uzofunda imilenze emihlanu yesekethe ejwayelekile, ukuthi ungajoyina kanjani iphethini engenamibhoshongo ngokuphephile, kanye nezingcingo zomsakazo eziqondile ezigcina wonke umuntu eqagela. Ekugcineni, iphethini izozizwa ingasi njengesivivinyo kodwa ifane nethuluzi olilawulayo.
Kungani Kukhona Iphethini Yethrafikhi
Iphethini yethrafikhi iyindlela ejwayelekile yokundiza engunxande ehlela izindiza ezisebenza eduze kwesikhumulo sezindiza. Idala ukulandelana okubikezelwayo ukuze izindiza eziningi zikwazi ukusuka futhi zihlale ngesikhathi esisodwa ngaphandle kokuthembela ku-radar noma ukulawulwa kwezimoto ezindiza kuyo yonke insimu. Lesi sakhiwo siwumehluko phakathi kokusebenza okuhlelekile kanye nesiphithiphithi.
Iningi labashayeli bezindiza liqonda iphethini njengendlela yokundiza, kodwa inani langempela lisekubikezelweni elikunikeza wonke umuntu ohlanganyela isikhala somoya. Indlela yokungena ngqo noma ukuphuma ngqo kungasindisa imizuzwana embalwa, kodwa kuletha ukungaqiniseki kubo bonke abanye abashayeli bezindiza abasesiketheni. Le phethini ikhona ngqo ukuze iqede lokho kungaqiniseki, itshela wonke umshayeli wendiza ngqo ukuthi ayibheke kuphi ithrafikhi nokuthi leyo thrafikhi izokwenzani ngokulandelayo.
The iphethini ejwayelekile yethrafikhi yasesikhumulweni sezindiza akuyona isiphakamiso noma ukukhetha. Yinqubo eyisisekelo eyenza ukusebenza kwesikhumulo sezindiza okungeyona imibhoshongo kuphephe. Ukuphambuka kuyo ngaphandle kokuxhumana akusebenzi kahle, kuyingozi.
Ukuphatha iphethini njengokuzikhethela kuphatha ukuphepha kwabanye abashayeli bezindiza njengokuzikhethela. Umshayeli wendiza ondiza iphethini ejwayelekile nguyena umshayeli wendiza wonke omunye umshayeli wendiza osesekethe othemba ukuthi uzobikezelwa. Lokho kuthembana yikona kuphela okuvimbela ukushayisana emoyeni endaweni ematasa engalawulwa.
Imilenze Emihlanu Yesekethe Ejwayelekile
Iphethini yethrafikhi iyisikwele, hhayi indilinga. Iningi labashayeli bezindiza abanenkinga yokuhlukanisa isikhala nesikhathi bayiphatha njenge-oval, bezulazula emajikeni futhi belahlekelwa yi-geometry ebikezelwayo eyenza uhlelo lusebenze. Imilenze ngayinye emihlanu inenhloso ethile, ukuphakama, kanye nesenzo okumele senzeke ngesikhathi esifanele.
Umlenze wokuhamba
Ibizwa nangokuthi i-upwind. Indiza ikhuphuka iqonde phambili eceleni komugqa ophakathi nendawo yendiza ngemva kokusuka. Lo mlenze ugcina indiza iqondane nendlela yokuhamba futhi usungula ukukhuphuka kuya ekuphakameni kwephethini ngaphambi kokuba kwenziwe noma yikuphi ukujika.
Umlenze owela ulwandle
Jika uqonde ngqo endaweni yokugijima endaweni ephakeme ephephile, ngokuvamile ngaphakathi kwamamitha angu-300 ukusuka endaweni ephakeme. Lo mlenze ubeka indiza phansi endaweni yokugijima futhi unikeza ithuba lokuqala lokuskena izimoto ezingena ephethini zisuka kolunye uhlangothi.
Umlenze womoya ophansi
Ndiza uhambisane nendawo yokufika ngakolunye uhlangothi lapho ufika khona. Yilapho umsebenzi wenziwa khona: nciphisa amandla, lungisa ama-flaps, unciphise isivinini sokufika, bese uqedela uhlu lokuhlola ngaphambi kokufika. Umlenze womoya ophansi yilapho umshayeli wendiza ehlola khona isokisi lomoya futhi aqinisekise indlela yokufika.
Umlenze wesisekelo
Jika ama-degree angu-90 ukusuka emoyeni uye endaweni yokugijima. Isenzo esibalulekile lapha ukwahlulela i-engeli yokwehla, ephezulu kakhulu bese indlela iba ukucwila, iphansi kakhulu bese indiza intanta idlule indawo yokuthinta. Umlenze oyisisekelo mufushane futhi udinga ukuphathwa kwamandla okunembile.
Indlela yokugcina
Hlanganisa nomugqa ophakathi nendawo yendiza bese usungula ukwehla okuzinzile kuya endaweni yokuthinta. Lo mlenze udinga ukunakwa okukhulu: ukulawulwa kwesivinini somoya, ukuphathwa kwe-glidepath, kanye nokulungiswa komoya konke kuhlangana ngemizuzu yokugcina ngaphambi kokufika.
Iphethini ingunxande ngoba imilenze eqondile enamajika aqondile idala isikhala esibikezelekayo phakathi kwendiza. Iphethini eyindilinga ingenza iphuzu ngalinye lokuhlanganisa libe yinkimbinkimbi. Incwadi Yemiyalelo Yokundiza Ngendiza ye-FAA kugcizelela ukuthi ukugcina lo mfanekiso oyisikwele yikona okuvumela izindiza eziningi ukuthi zisebenze ngesikhathi esisodwa ngaphandle kokungqubuzana.
Indlela Yokujoyina Iphethini Engenawo Umkhawulo
Ukujoyina iphethini yethrafikhi esikhumulweni sezindiza esingenawo umbhoshongo kuwukuhlolwa kokuqwashisa ngesimo ngaphambi kokuba kube ukuhlolwa kwekhono lokundiza. Ukungena okujwayelekile kwamadigri angu-45 emlenzeni wokwehla komoya kukhona ngesizathu esisodwa: kwenza indawo yakho nezinhloso zakho zibikezelwe kubo bonke abanye abashayeli bezindiza abasesiketheni. Ukundiza lokhu kungena ngendlela efanele kusho ukuthi uhlangana nokugeleza ngaphandle kokuphazamisa isikhala noma ukumangaza noma ubani.
Phezu kwesikhumulo sezindiza ngamafidi angu-500 ngaphezu kokuphakama kwephethini
Lokhu kuphakama kukunikeza umbono ocacile we-windsock, indlela izimoto ezihamba ngayo, nanoma iyiphi indiza esevele isesimweni. Ungehli esekethe uze uqinisekise indlela yokugijima esebenzayo futhi uhlole ukuhamba kwezimoto kusuka phezulu.
Yehla uye ekuphakameni kwephethini bese ujika uye engela engama-degree angu-45 uye emlenzeni womoya ophansi
Ukujika kufanele kukubeke endleleni ehlangana nomoya ophansi endaweni yawo ephakathi. Le engela inikeza abashayeli bezindiza isikhathi esiphezulu kakade sokukubona nokulungisa isikhala sabo uma kudingeka.
Memezela isikhundla sakho kanye nezinhloso zakho ku-CTAF
Yisho indawo okuyo maqondana nesikhumulo sezindiza, ukuphakama kwakho, kanye nendawo ohlose ukungena kuyo. Ucingo olucacile lomsakazo, “Traffic, Cessna 12345, ukungena okungu-45-degree emoyeni ophansi, Runway 27”, lususa ukungaqondakali futhi luvumele abanye abashayeli bezindiza bahlele eduze kwakho.
Hlanganisa kahle emlenzeni womoya ophansi
Lungisa ijubane lakho ukuze lihambisane nokuhamba kwethrafikhi futhi ugcine ukuphakama kwephethini uze ufike emkhawulweni wendlela yokugijima. Umgomo uwukuba enye indiza ngokulandelana, hhayi leyo ephoqa wonke umuntu ukuthi azivumelanise.
Le ndlela yokungena iyona ephephe kakhulu ngoba iyona ebikezelwa kakhulu. Wonke umshayeli wendiza ofunde ukufakwa kwephethini yethrafikhi ejwayelekile ulindele ukuhlangana kwamadigri angu-45 phakathi nendawo. Ngindiza noma yini enye, ukushaya ibhola ngqo, ukukhala kwezinyembezi, ukwehla usuka phezulu, bese uba umuntu oguquguqukayo okungekho muntu owayelindele.
Izingcingo Zomsakazo Ezikugcina Uphephile
Iningi labashayeli bezindiza abaphazamisa indlela abakwenzi lokho ngoba bendiza kabi, kodwa ngoba behlulekile ukuxhumana. Ucingo lomsakazo olufika sekwephuzile noma olungafiki luguqula indiza ebikezelwayo ibe yingozi abanye abashayeli bezindiza okumele bayiqagele.
- Umlenze wokuhamba: memezela uhlobo lwendiza yakho kanye nokuhamba kwayo
- Ukujika komoya ovunguzayo: sho ithuba lakho kanye nendawo yokugijima
- Umlenze womoya ophansi: nikeza indawo, ukuphakama, kanye nezinhloso ezigcwele
- Umlenze wesisekelo: shayela ithuba lakho nebanga lakho ukusuka esikhumulweni sezindiza
- Indlela yokugcina: memezela isikhundla sakho kanye nendlela ozimisele ngayo
Ucingo ngalunye lufeza injongo eyodwa: lutshela wonke omunye umshayeli wendiza ngendlela eqondile ukuthi ukuphi nokuthi uzokwenzani ngokulandelayo. Ucingo lokuhamba luxwayisa ithrafikhi ekugcineni ukuthi ungena kulolo hlobo lwendiza. Ucingo lokwehla komoya luvumela abashayeli bezindiza abasezindaweni ukuthi bahlulele ukuthi banesikhathi sokwandisa noma badinga ukulungisa isikhala.
Buyekeza i-phraseology ejwayelekile evela ku- Umhlahlandlela wephethini yethrafikhi ye-CFI Notebook ngaphambi kohambo lwakho olulandelayo. Prakthiza izingcingo ngokuzwakalayo phansi kuze kube yilapho sezizenzakalela. Umshayeli wendiza okhuluma ngokucacile ungumshayeli wendiza ondiza ngokuphephile.
Amaphutha Avamile Aphazamisa Ukugeleza
Amaphutha afanayo avela kuphethini ngokujwayelekile okubikezelwayo. Ukwehla okukhulu, ukwehla kwangaphambi kwesikhathi, kanye nokuthula komsakazo akuzona amaphutha ahlukene, kuyimodi eyodwa yokwehluleka egeleza ibe yisikhala esiphazamisekile kanye nezindlela ezingazinzile zawo wonke umuntu osesekethe.
Ngaphambi: Umshayeli wendiza uphenduka umoya wehle bese ephuma, ejaha umbono obonakalayo ogcina indlela yokugijima ikude kakhulu. Ukwehla kuqala ngaphambi kokuba umkhawulo ukhanye, okuphoqa ukushelela kwamandla okukhipha amandla ngokungalingani.
Amajika awabikwa ngoba umshayeli wendiza umatasa kakhulu elungisa i-geometry ukuze akhiye imakrofoni. Umphumela uba ukuphela okude, okungajulile okusunduza yonke indiza elandelayo ibanzi futhi yehle ukuze ikwazi ukuvala isikhala.
Ngemuva kwalokho: Indlela efanele igcina ukuphakama kwephethini kuze kube yilapho isihloko sephiko siseduze ngqo nomkhawulo wendlela yokugijima. Umlenze womoya ophansi uhlala uqinile, usondele ngokwanele ukuthi indlela yokugijima igcwalise ingxenye efanayo yefasitela eliseceleni.
Ukujika ngakunye kumenyezelwa ku-CTAF ngaphambi kokuba usebe luqale, futhi ukwehla kuqala kuphela lapho umkhawulo udlula i-wing strut. Umphumela uba isikhala esibikezelwayo esinikeza wonke umshayeli wendiza ophethini indlela efanayo yokundiza.
Umehluko phakathi kwale miphumela emibili awukho amakhono. Uyisiyalo esisetshenziswa ku- izisekelo zephethini yethrafikhi ukuthi wonke umshayeli wendiza uyazi kodwa bambalwa abenza njalo. Umshayeli wendiza ondiza izinombolo esikhundleni somuzwa ungumnikazi wephethini.
Amaphethini Ethrafikhi Afanele Nesikhathi Sokuwasebenzisa
Ukucabanga ukuthi yonke indlela yomgwaqo ijika ngakwesobunxele uhlobo lokucabanga okuzenzakalelayo okufaka abashayeli bezindiza enkingeni ezikhumulweni zezindiza abangazazi. Indawo, izinhlelo zokunciphisa umsindo, kanye nokususwa kwezithiyo konke kudlula umthetho ojwayelekile wesandla sobunxele, kanti umshayeli wendiza ohluleka ukuhlola ngaphambi kokungena undiza engaboni ngendlela engokoqobo.
Iphethini yesandla sokudla itholakala kumdwebo wesikhumulo sezindiza ngombhalo othi “RP” eduze kwesibonakaliso sendlela yokugijima, noma ngesibonakaliso sephethini yethrafikhi yesandla sokudla eshadini lesigaba. I-AIM inikeza isiqondiso esicacile kulokhu: isiqondiso sephethini siyashicilelwa, asicatshangwa. Ukundiza ngendlela engalungile ngephethini efanele kusho ukujika ngqo endleleni yezindiza ezilandela inqubo efanele.
Imiphumela ayiyona inkolelo-mbono. Umshayeli wendiza ongena emoyeni wesokudla ngephethini yesobunxele uzobe endiza ephambene nokuhamba kwezimoto, okudala ingxabano ebhekene ngqo ekuphakameni kwephethini. Ingozi efanayo iyasebenza uma ubuyela emuva, ukujika kwesobunxele ngephethini yesokudla kubeka indiza emzileni wokushayisana nazo zonke ezinye izindiza ezisesekethe.
Ukufunda uku funda imidwebo yesikhumulo sezindiza Ngaphambi kwendiza ngayinye kukhona umkhuba ovimbela leli phutha. Umdwebo ukhombisa indlela yephethini, ubude bendlela yokugijima, kanye nanoma yiziphi izinqubo ezikhethekile. Ukufingqa indlela yokufaka iphethini ngaphambi kokuqala kwenjini kusho ukuthi ukujika ungene emoyeni kuyisinqumo esenziwe ngamabomu, hhayi ukuqagela.
Umshayeli wendiza ophatha isiqondiso sephethini njengokuguquguquka kunokuba kube yinto ezenzakalelayo ususa enye yezingozi ezingagwenywa kakhulu kusekethe. Iphethini efanele ayiyona into engavamile, kumane nje kungolunye ulwazi okumele luqinisekiswe ngaphambi kokuba amasondo asuke phansi.
Ukusuka Ekwehleni Komoya Kuya Ekufikeni: Uchungechunge Lokugcina
Ukuguquka kusuka kokwehla komoya kuya kokugcina yilapho kuvela khona izindlela eziningi ezingazinzile, futhi imbangela eyinhloko cishe ayikaze ibe umoya onamandla. Abashayeli bezindiza bashesha ukulandelana ngoba baphatha ukujika kuya esisekelweni njengokuzivocavoca kwesikhathi kunenkinga yejiyometri. Indawo yendiza maqondana nephiko inquma ukuthi kufanele ijike nini, hhayi ukubala imizuzwana ngengqondo.
I-Abeam umkhawulo yindawo yokuqala yokubhekisela eqondile. Yilapho amandla ebuya khona futhi ukwehla kuqala, hhayi ngaphambi futhi hhayi ngemva komuzwa ongaqondakali wokuba seduze. Indiza kufanele ilungiselelwe ukufika ngaphambi kokuba isisekelo siqale ukujika, ama-flaps abekwe, isivinini sizinzile, ukushisa kwama-carbohydrate kuvuliwe uma kufakwe.
Ukujika kuya esisekelweni kwenzeka lapho umkhawulo wendlela yokugijima umi ekhoneni elingama-degree angu-45 ngemuva kwephiko. Lokhu kwakheka kwesimo kuqinisekisa ubude obufanayo bomlenze wesisekelo futhi kuvimbela amaphethini abanzi, azulazulayo aphoqa ama-final amade. Indlela ezinzile iqala ngaleli phuzu lokujika eliqondile, hhayi ngokulungiswa kokugcina okufushane.
Ukujika kokugcina kudinga ukuhlolwa okuhlelekile kwesivinini somoya, izinga lokwehla, kanye nokuqondana. Indiza esondela kokugcina inelungelo lokudlula yonke eminye ithrafikhi kule ndlela, kodwa lelo lungelo litholakala ngokundiza ngendlela ebikezelwayo. Umshayeli wendiza odlula umugqa ophakathi kokugcina usevele elahlekelwe yindlela ezinzile futhi manje usefuna ukulungiswa.
Lonke uchungechunge kusukela ku-abeam kuya ku-threshold kuya ku-touchdown kufanele luzwakale njengokwehla okuqhubekayo okukodwa, hhayi uchungechunge lwezinguquko ezingaxhunywanga. Ukuqonda iphethini yethrafikhi njengoba ukulandelana kwejometri kunokuba kube uhlu lokuhlola ukujika yikho okuhlukanisa abashayeli bezindiza abandiza ngemijikelezo ebushelelezi kulabo abalwa nayo yonke indlela.
Fly the Pattern Ngokuzethemba
Iphethini yethrafikhi akuyona into oyazi kahle bese uyeka ukuyicabanga. Yisistimu yokuxhumana ebukhoma eshintsha njalo lapho umoya ushintsha, enye indiza ijoyina, noma ukuhleleka kwesikhumulo sezindiza kukumangaza. Okuhlukanisa umshayeli wendiza ophephile nophendulayo yindlela yokuphatha yonke isekethe njengenkinga entsha okufanele uyixazulule, hhayi inqubo okufanele uyibekezelele.
Ukushayela iphethini ngokuzizwa kunokuba ushayele amaphuzu okubhekisela kuyindlela eshesha kakhulu eya endleleni engazinzi kanye nokushaya ucingo lomsakazo okudida wonke umuntu olalele. Umshayeli wendiza ochaza isikhathi ngaphambi kokuqala kwenjini, oprakthiza izingcingo zomsakazo ngesikhathi sokugijima, futhi oshayela umlenze ngamunye aye endaweni ethile ephakeme nendawo ethile akagcini nje ngokundiza amasekethe aphephile. Lowo mshayeli wendiza uba yilowo abanye abamethembayo ukuthi abambe uchungechunge ndawonye.
Funda umdwebo wesikhumulo sezindiza ngaphambi kokuba undize. Kafushane umbhalo wephethini, indlela, kanye nendawo yokusondela engafanele. Yindiza yonke imilenze ngokunemba, yenza yonke i-radio call ngokucacile, bese uphatha iphethini njengekhono layo. Okunye ukuhamba kwezimoto kuncike kuyo.
Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa Mayelana Nezindlela Zokuhamba Kwethrafikhi
Iyini iphethini yethrafikhi?
Iphethini yethrafikhi yindlela yokundiza eyisikwele elandelwa yizindiza lapho zifika noma zisuka esikhumulweni sezindiza. Lokhu kulandelana kwemilenze okubikezelwayo kuvumela izindiza eziningi ukuthi zisebenze ngesikhathi esisodwa endaweni efanayo yomoya ngaphandle kokushayisana.
Yiziphi izinyawo ezi-5 zephethini yethrafikhi?
Imilenze emihlanu iwumlenze wokuhamba, umlenze owela umoya, umlenze ophansi, umlenze ophansi, kanye nomlenze wokugcina wokusondela. Umlenze ngamunye ubeka indiza endaweni ethile maqondana nendawo yokugijima futhi udinga isenzo esihlukile kumshayeli.
Uyifaka kanjani indlela yokuphatha izimoto esikhumulweni sezindiza esingenawo umbhoshongo?
Indlela ejwayelekile iwukundiza ngaphezulu kwesikhumulo sezindiza ngamafidi angu-500 ngaphezu kokuphakama kwephethini, ubuke i-windsock kanye nethrafikhi ekhona, bese wehla bese ungena emlenzeni womoya ophansi nge-engeli engama-degree angu-45. Le ndlela yokungena iqinisekisa ukuthi uhlangana nokugeleza okubikezelwe ngaphandle kokuphazamisa izindiza esezivele zikuphethini.
Kuyini ukuphakama okujwayelekile kwephethini yethrafikhi?
Ukuphakama kwephethini yethrafikhi ejwayelekile kungamamitha angu-1,000 ngaphezu komhlabathi ezindizeni eziningi ezinenjini eyodwa. Lokhu kuphakama kunikeza ukuphakama okwanele kokwehla okuzinzile endaweni yokugijima ngenkathi kugcina indiza ingaphakathi kwesikhala esiqondile sephethini.
