Izidingo Zokuqeqeshwa Kokundiza Ebusuku Ngaphansi Kwemithetho Ye-FAA

Izidingo zokuqeqeshwa kokundiza ebusuku zehlela kuzinombolo ezine kanye nokuqinisekiswa okukodwa. Umfakisicelo wendiza yangasese endizeni enenjini eyodwa udinga ukuqeqeshwa ebusuku amahora ama-3, okuhlanganisa ukuhamba ngezinyawo unqamula izwe ngamamayela angaphezu kuka-100 olwandle kanye nokusuka nokufika endaweni eyodwa izikhathi eziyi-10. Umfakisicelo wezohwebo udinga amahora ama-5 e-VFR ebusuku kanye nokusuka nokufika okungu-10 esikhumulweni sezindiza esinde, kanye nokusuka ngezinyawo unqamula izwe amahora ama-2 ebusuku. Umfundi udinga ukuvunyelwa ngumfundisi wakamuva ngaphambi kokuba ahambe yedwa ebusuku. Akukho "isilinganiso sasebusuku" esihlukile esikhona. Lo mhlahlandlela udlula yonke imfuneko ngokulandelana ozohlangabezana nayo.

TL; DR

• Akukho silinganiso sobusuku esizimele e-United States. Amalungelo obusuku afika nesitifiketi sakho uma ukuqeqeshwa kwasebusuku okudingekayo sekubhalisiwe futhi kwavunyelwa.
• Umshayeli wendiza ozimele (indiza, enenjini eyodwa): amahora ama-3 okuqeqeshwa ebusuku, okuhlanganisa nebanga elilodwa lokuhamba ezweni elingamamayela angaphezu kwe-100 olwandle kanye nokusuka kanye nokufika okuyishumi okunezindiza ezihambisana nethrafikhi.
• Umshayeli wendiza wezohwebo (one-injini): Amahora ama-5 e-VFR ebusuku kanye nokusuka kanye nokufika okungu-10 esikhumulweni sezindiza esinde, kanye nohambo oluhamba ngezinyawo oluthatha amahora ama-2 ebusuku olungaphezu kwamamayela ayi-100 emikhumbi.
• Izincazelo ezimbili ezahlukene zegama elithi “ubusuku” ziyasebenza: enye yokubeka imithi kanye nokukhanyisa, enye yokuthwala abagibeli kanye nemali. Yazi ukuthi indiza yakho ingaphansi kwayiphi.

Okuqukethwe

• Okubalwa njengobusuku be-FAA
• Ingabe udinga isilinganiso sasebusuku noma ukuvunyelwa?
• Ukuqeqeshwa ebusuku ngaphambi kokuba wedwa ebusuku
• Izidingo zobusuku bomshayeli wendiza yangasese
• Izidingo zobusuku bomshayeli wendiza wezentengiselwano
• Imali yasebusuku ngemuva kokuqinisekisa
• Ukurekhoda kahle ebusuku
• Imithetho yokusebenza ye-VFR yasebusuku ozoqeqesha ngayo
• Uhlelo lwesinyathelo ngesinyathelo lokuqeqeshwa kwakho ebusuku
• Umbono wethu ngokuqeqeshwa ebusuku
• Ukuqeqeshwa eFlorida Flyers Flight Academy
• Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa
• Imithombo

Okubalwa njengobusuku be-FAA

Umthombo wokuqala wokudideka ukuthi imithetho isebenzisa izincazelo ezingaphezu kweyodwa. Ngaphansi kwe-14 CFR § 1.1, ubusuku yisikhathi esiphakathi kokuphela kokuhlwa kwemini kanye nokuqala kokuhlwa kwemini, njengoba kushicilelwe ku-Air Almanac futhi kwaguqulwa kwaba yisikhathi sendawo. Incwadi Yemiyalelo Yokundiza Ngendiza ye-FAA ichaza ukuthi lokhu kuhlukile efasiteleni elisetshenziselwa imali yokufika ebusuku ku-§ 61.57(b), eliqala kusukela ehoreni eli-1 ngemva kokushona kwelanga kuya ehoreni eli-1 ngaphambi kokuphuma kwelanga.

Empeleni, lokhu kukhiqiza amawashi amathathu:

Ukufika kwendiza okwenziwe ngemva kwemizuzu engama-40 ngemva kokushona kwelanga edolobheni lapho ukuhwalala komphakathi sekuphelile kungase kubhalwe njengobusuku, kodwa ngeke kubalwe emalini yakho ethwala abagibeli. Hlela izindiza zakho zokuqeqesha, kanye nezindiza zakho zemali kamuva, ngefasitela eliqinile ukuze kungabikho ukufika okuchithekayo. umhlahlandlela wemali yasebusuku ihlanganisa lolo hlangothi ngokujulile.

Ingabe udinga isilinganiso sasebusuku noma ukuvunyelwa?

Cha. Umshayeli wendiza e-United States akadingi isilinganiso esihlukile ukuze andize i-VFR ebusuku; amalungelo asebusuku akhelwe ezidingweni zesitifiketi ezijwayelekile. Ukuqeqeshwa okuhlanganisa ukundiza ebusuku kumane kuyingxenye yokuthola isitifiketi.

Kukhona okuhlukile okukodwa okuncane. Ngaphansi I-14 CFR § 61.110, umuntu oqeqesha futhi ohlala e-Alaska angathola isitifiketi esinqunyelwe ku-"Ukuvinjelwa kokundiza ebusuku." Lowo mkhawulo ungasuswa ngemuva kokuqeqeshwa ebusuku okudingekayo kanye nokuvunyelwa komqeqeshi.

Ezinye izikole zezindiza zithengisa inkambo "yokulinganisa ebusuku", futhi ibhulokhi yasebusuku ehlelekile iyindlela enhle yokwakha ubungcweti. Yiphathe njengokuqeqeshwa, hhayi njengemfuneko esemthethweni okufanele uyithenge ngaphambi kokundiza sekuhlwile.

Ukuqeqeshwa ebusuku ngaphambi kokuba wedwa ebusuku

Abafundi abashayeli bezindiza babhekene nomthetho wokuqala othize ebusuku kudala ngaphambi kohambo lokuhlola. Ingxenye 61 Ingxenye C, umfundi ofuna ukundiza yedwa ebusuku kumele abe nalokhu:

1. Ukuqeqeshwa kwasebusuku kokuhamba, ukusondela, ukufika, kanye nokuzungeza esikhumulweni sezindiza lapho kuzokwenzeka khona indiza yodwa.
2. Ukuqeqeshwa kokuzulazula ebusuku endaweni yakini.
3. Incwadi yokuqinisekisa evela kumfundisi mayelana nohlobo oluthile lwendiza kanye nomodeli, ebhalwe ezinsukwini ezingu-90 ezedlule.

Iwindi lezinsuku ezingama-90 libalulekile. Uma izinhlelo zakho zobusuku bodwa zingaphumeleli, ukuvunyelwa kuyaphela futhi udinga okusha kumfundisi wakho. uhlu lokuhlola lokuqinisekisa umuntu eyedwa ubala isethi ephelele yezincomo umfundi aziqoqayo nokuthi zidingeka nini.

Izidingo zobusuku bomshayeli wendiza yangasese

Ukuze uthole isitifiketi somshayeli wendiza ozimele onesigaba sendiza kanye nesilinganiso senjini eyodwa, I-14 CFR § 61.109 kudinga amahora amathathu okuqeqeshwa ngendiza ebusuku okuhlanganisa:

• Uhambo olulodwa olunqamula izwe olungaphezu kwamamayela ayi-100 elwandle oluyibanga eliphelele.
• Uhambo oluyishumi lokusuka nokufika endaweni eyodwa, ukwehla ngakunye kuhilela indiza esendleleni yethrafikhi.

Amarekhodi akho kumele abonise ukuthi konke ukuqeqeshwa kwasebusuku okudingekayo kwamukelwe, futhi ukuvunyelwa komfundisi ngaphansi kwe-§ 61.109 kuyakuqinisekisa lokho, njengoba kuchaziwe ku- Isiqondiso somhloli we-FAA sesitifiketi somshayeli wangasese.

Imininingwane emibili ikhubaza abafundi. Okokuqala, “ibanga eliphelele” lisho isamba semilenze, ngakho-ke ukundiza okunendawo yokujika kufanelekela uma imilenze idlula amamayela ayi-100 olwandle. Okwesibili, ukufika okungu-10 kumele kube yizindawo zokuma ezinephethini yethrafikhi isikhathi ngasinye, ngakho-ke ukuthinta nokuhamba akubalwa kulelo nani. Uma uhlela ingxenye yokunqamula izwe, iziqondiso zethu ziya ku I-PPL minimum-country minimum futhi izidingo zendiza ezinqamula izwe khombisa indlela yokuhlela umzila.

Ibhlokhi lasebusuku ngokuvamile yilapho abafundi beqala khona ukuhlangana nezinkolelo-mbono ezingajwayelekile, ukuqonda okuphansi kokujula endaweni emnyama, kanye nesidingo sokuhleleka kwe-cockpit eqinile. indawo yokundiza ebusuku ihlanganisa lezo zingozi. Ukuze uthole isithombe esiphelele sesitifiketi, bheka izimfuneko zelayisensi yokushayela yangasese.

Izidingo zobusuku bomshayeli wendiza wezentengiselwano

Izinga lezentengiselwano linzima kakhulu. Ngokwesilinganiso sendiza esinenjini eyodwa, I-14 CFR § 61.129 kudinga, phakathi kwezinye izinto:

• Amahora ama-5 ebusuku izimo ze-VFR kanye nokusuka okungu-10 kanye nokufika okungu-10, ngakunye kokufika okubandakanya indiza esendleleni yethrafikhi, esikhumulweni sezindiza esinombhoshongo wokulawula osebenzayo.
• Uhambo olulodwa oluthatha amahora amabili olunqamula izwe endizeni enenjini eyodwa ebusuku, olunebanga eliqondile elingaphezu kwamamayela ayi-100 ukusuka endaweni yokuqala yokuhamba.

Ngokwesilinganiso sezinjini eziningi, isigaba esifanayo siphethe i-VFR yamahora ama-5 ebusuku efanayo kanye nokusuka kanye nokufika okungu-10, kanye nendiza ehamba ngezinyawo yamahora ama-2 ebusuku endizeni enezinjini eziningi.

Imfuneko yesikhumulo sezindiza esineziqongo yiyona ngxenye eshintsha ukuhlela. Umsebenzi wephethini yasebusuku ensimini ematasa eneziqongo usho ukuxhumanisa nethrafikhi kanye nabalawuli abavule amahora athile kuphela, okuyisizathu esenza kube ngcono ukuhlela amabhlogo asebusuku kusenesikhathi ohlelweni lwezentengiselwano kunokuba kushiywe kuze kube sekupheleni. Umhlahlandlela wethu ku ukuqeqeshwa umshayeli commercial ikhombisa ukuthi isikhathi sasebusuku sifanelana kuphi nokulandelana okugcwele.

Ukuqhathanisa okusheshayo

Imali yasebusuku ngemuva kokuqinisekisa

Ukuphothula ukuqeqeshwa akuqedi imithetho yasebusuku. 14 CFR § 61.57(b), awukwazi ukusebenza njengomshayeli wendiza ophethe indiza ethwala abantu kusukela ehoreni eli-1 ngemva kokushona kwelanga kuya ehoreni eli-1 ngaphambi kokuphuma kwelanga ngaphandle kokuthi, ezinsukwini ezingama-90 ezedlule, wenze okungenani izindiza ezintathu kanye nokufika kathathu endaweni efanayo, njengomlawuli wezokulawula kuphela.

Umkhuba owusizo: hlela indiza yakho yemali yasebusuku ngokushesha nje lapho izinsuku zifinyela, bese uyibhala phansi ngokushesha. Lokho kugcina izindiza zabagibeli zivulekile ebusika futhi kukunikeza irekhodi elibhaliwe uma kukhona obuzayo.

Ukurekhoda kahle ebusuku

Amahora asebusuku awusizo kuphela uma incwadi yakho yokubhalisa iqinisekisa lokho. I-14 CFR § 61.51 idinga ukuthi urekhode ukuqeqeshwa kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho kwezindiza okusetshenziswe ukuhlangabezana nezimfuneko zesitifiketi, isilinganiso, ukubuyekezwa kwendiza kanye nesipiliyoni sakamuva, futhi indiza ngayinye ebhalisiwe kumele isho izimo zendiza, okuhlanganisa imini nobusuku.

Amaphutha avamile esiwabonayo:

• Ukubhala phansi ukufika kwelanga njengobusuku bemali yabagibeli lapho kufika phakathi nehora lokuqala ngemva kokushona kwelanga.
• Ukubhala inani elilodwa "lobusuku" ngaphandle kokuhlukanisa ukufika kwesikhathi.
• Ngikhohlwa ukuqopha imvume yomqeqeshi wokuhamba ibanga elide ebusuku.
• Ukubala ukufika kokuthintana nokuhamba kuya ngezidingo zokuma ngokuphelele.

Gcina isikhathi sasebusuku, ukufika ebusuku kanye nesikhathi sasebusuku sokunqamula izwe kumakholomu ahlukene noma okufakiwe okubhalwe ngokucacile. I-DPE noma umhloli ufunda incwadi yokubhalisa ngaphambi kokuba undize.

Imithetho yokusebenza ye-VFR yasebusuku ozoqeqesha ngayo

Ukuqeqeshwa kwasebusuku yilapho futhi izinga eliphansi lesimo sezulu liba ngokoqobo. I-14 CFR § 91.155, endaweni yomoya ye-Class G engaphansi kwamamitha angu-1,200 noma ngaphansi kobuso, ukubonakala kwendiza okungenani yimayela elilodwa lomthetho emini kanye namamayela amathathu omthetho ebusuku. Izibalo ezifanayo zasemini nasebusuku ziyasebenza endaweni yomoya ye-Class G engaphezu kwamamitha angu-1,200 ngaphezu kobuso kodwa ngaphansi kwamamitha angu-10,000 e-MSL.

Amamayela amathathu ebusuku akuwona omningi uma ukukhanya komhlaba kuncane. Umfundisi wakho uzokufundisa ukuphatha lelo nani njengesitezi, hhayi njengesithako, nokuhlola izindawo ezimnyama, indawo ekhuphukayo kanye nezendlalelo zamafu ongaziboni. Izibani zezindawo zezindiza ziyadingeka kusukela ekushoneni kwelanga kuze kube sekuphumeni kwelanga, okuyiwashi elihlukile kulelo elilawula incwadi yakho yokubhalisa.

Uhlelo lwesinyathelo ngesinyathelo lokuqeqeshwa kwakho ebusuku

1. Qedela izinto eziyisisekelo zosuku lwakho kuqala. Ukuhlala kahle, umsebenzi womsakazo kanye nokulawula ukundiza kancane kuza ngaphambi kokuba kube mnyama.
2. Qala ngomsebenzi wendawo wephethini yasebusuku esikhumulweni sezindiza sasekhaya lakho, lapho kuzosebenza khona imvume yokuba wedwa.
3. Engeza indiza yokuzulazula yasebusuku endaweni yakini, njengoba kudingeka ukuvunyelwa komuntu ngamunye.
4. Hlela umgwaqo onqamula izwe ongamakhilomitha ayi-100 olwandle ngobusuku obucacile obunokubonakala okuhle kwesibikezelo, kanye nokushintshana okufushane.
5. Ngena ngemvume njalo lapho kufika ngesimo sokuma okuphelele kanye nefasitela lasebusuku elifanele eliphawuliwe.
6. Thola ukugunyazwa ngumfundisi lokho kuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuqeqeshwa kwakho kwasebusuku sekuqediwe.

Umbono wethu ngokuqeqeshwa ebusuku

Siphatha ukundiza ebusuku njengomsebenzi, hhayi ibhokisi lokulinganisa. Abafundi abasheshiswa ukufika kwabo ebusuku obuyishumi ngobusuku obubodwa bavame ukufika endaweni yokuhlola ngenombolo kodwa hhayi imikhuba: ukuskena indawo engenakukhanya, ukuphatha iphethini emnyama, nokubiza umjikelezo kusenesikhathi. Umthetho ubeka phansi, futhi uhlelo oluqhutshwa kahle lusebenzisa phansi njengomugqa wokuqala.

I-lever esebenzayo ihlela. Kuhlelo olusheshisiwe, amabhlogo asebusuku kufanele asatshalaliswe ekuqeqeshweni ukuze ikhono lakheke phakathi kwezikhathi kunokuba acindezelwe emavikini okugcina. Izinhlelo zethu zeNgxenye 141 zakhiwe ngaleyo ndlela, futhi ukuba nokuhlolwa kwangaphakathi ngeGunya lethu Lokuzihlola kusho ukuthi ukulandelana okuqeqeshayo akuphulwa ukulinda isikhathi eside komhloli wangaphandle. Singathanda ukuthi uthathe indiza eyengeziwe yakusihlwa kunokuphatha ikhono elingakaqeqeshwanga endaweni yezindiza, lapho imisebenzi yasebusuku ijwayelekile.

— uRainer

Ukuqeqeshwa eFlorida Flyers Flight Academy

Uma wakhela emsebenzini wezindiza, ukuqeqeshwa ebusuku kungenye yezingxenye zendlela enkulu. I-Florida Flyers Flight Academy inikeza Ingxenye 141 izifundo zokuqeqesha abashayeli bezindiza kusukela ku-private through instrument, multi-engine kanye ne-CFI, kanye ne-a uhlelo lwesikole sendiza esinentengo eqondile kubhalwe ku-$85,900 ukuze izikhathi ezengeziwe zasebusuku zingabi yizinto ezimangazayo. Abafundi bamazwe ngamazwe bangabhalisa ngosizo lwe-visa ye-M1. Sebenzisa eyethu ukuhlukaniswa kwezindleko zokuqeqeshwa kwendiza ukuqhathanisa lokho okufanele kufakwe uhlelo ngaphambi kokuthi uzibophezele.

Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa

Ingabe umfundi angandiza yedwa ebusuku?

Yebo, ngokuqeqeshwa kanye nokuqinisekiswa okudingekayo. Umfundi kumele abhalise ukuqeqeshwa kwasebusuku ekusukeni, ezindleleni zokusondela, ekufikeni kanye nasezindaweni ezizungezile esikhumulweni sezindiza eyedwa, kanye nokuqeqeshwa kokuzulazula ebusuku, futhi aphathe isiqinisekiso somfundisi sohlobo lwendiza kanye nomodeli onezinsuku ezingu-90 ezedlule.

Mangaki amahora obusuku engiwadingayo ukuze ngithole isitifiketi sokushayela indiza yangasese?

Ukuze uthole isilinganiso sendiza esinenjini eyodwa, udinga amahora ama-3 okuqeqeshwa kokundiza ebusuku. Kufanele kufake phakathi indiza eyodwa enqamula izwe engamakhilomitha angaphezu kuka-100 ebanga lonke kanye nokusuka nokufika okungu-10 okuma konke, ngayinye inendiza efana nethrafikhi.

Ingabe isikhathi sasebusuku sibalwa ngendlela efanayo yokuloba kanye nemali?

Cha. Ukugawula imithi nokuqeqeshwa kusebenzisa isikhathi esiphakathi kokuphela kokuhlwa kwemini kanye nokuqala kokuhlwa kwemini. Imali ethwala abagibeli isebenzisa ihora eli-1 ngemva kokushona kwelanga kuya ehoreni eli-1 ngaphambi kokuphuma kwelanga, ngakho-ke okunye ukufika okungena ebusuku ngeke kubalwe emalini.

Ingabe ngidinga ukuvunyelwa okukhethekile ukuze ngindize i-VFR ebusuku ngemva kokuthola isitifiketi?

Cha. Uma usuphethe isitifiketi futhi usuqedile ukuqeqeshwa kwasebusuku okudingekayo, amalungelo e-VFR yasebusuku ayingxenye yaso. Udinga nje ukuhlala usesikhathini ngokuhamba nokwehla kathathu ebusuku ezinsukwini ezingu-90 ezedlule ukuze uthwale abagibeli.

Imithombo

• Incwadi Yokundiza Yezindiza ye-FAA, Isahluko 11
• 14 CFR § 61.110, Okuhlukile kokundiza ebusuku
• 14 CFR Ingxenye 61 Ingxenye Engaphansi C, Abafundi Abashayeli Bezindiza
• 14 CFR § 61.109, Okuhlangenwe nakho kwezindiza
• I-FAA Order 8710.3E, Isahluko 9, isitifiketi somshayeli wendiza ozimele
• 14 CFR § 61.129, Ulwazi lwezindiza lwezentengiselwano
• 14 CFR § 61.57, Okuhlangenwe nakho kwakamuva kwendiza
• 14 CFR § 61.51, Izincwadi zokubhalisa zama-pilot
• 14 CFR § 91.155, Izinga eliphansi lesimo sezulu se-VFR eliyisisekelo

Kunconywe

• Izidingo Zokundiza Ebusuku: I-#1 Umhlahlandlela Ongcono Kakhulu Wabanikazi Bamalayisensi Omshayeli Ozimele
• Usuku VFR vs Night VFR: Ultimate FAA Rules Guide for Student Pilots
• Ukundiza Kwasebusuku: #1 Umhlahlandlela Ophelele Wokuzula Esibhakabhakeni Ngemva Kokushona Kwelanga