ⓘ TL;DR
- Indawo yokungena emgwaqweni ingamafidi angu-3,000 okuqala ngaphezu komngcele futhi iyindawo kuphela eyenzelwe ukuthintana kokuqala okuphephile kanye nomkhawulo wokuma ngokuphelele.
- Hlosa izimpawu zephuzu lokukhomba, hhayi umkhawulo. Ukuthinta phansi ngale kwazo kunciphisa ukuvuleka kwezithiyo kanye nebanga lokuma.
- Umthetho we-70-50 uwukuhlola ubude bendlela yokugijima: uma ufinyelela ku-70% wesivinini sokufika, kufanele ube no-50% wendlela yokugijima esele noma wenze umjikelezo.
- Umthetho we-51% uwukuqhumisa okuzungeza umoya. Uma umoya ozungezayo udlula u-51% wekhono elibonisiwe, ungazami ukufika.
- Izibani ze-touchdown zone ziqinisekisa indawo ye-zone ebusuku futhi azibonakali kahle, ziqinisa lapho indiza kufanele ifike khona.
Okuqukethwe
Indlela ibukeka kahle kusukela ekhabetheni. Isivinini somoya izinzile. Indawo yokugijima iqonde phambili. I-flare iyaqala. Amasondo abe esethinta phansi adlule izimpawu zephoyinti lokukhomba, bese indawo yokugijima esele incipha ngokushesha kunokulindelekile. Lena akuyona inkinga yobuchwepheshe. Iyinkinga yendawo yokugijima.
Iningi labashayeli bezindiza liyazi ukuthi kufanele lifike endaweni yokuthinta. Bambalwa abangayibona ngaphandle kokubheka ithuluzi. Bambalwa abasaziyo imithetho yesinqumo ehlukanisa ukufika okuphephile nokuzungeza. Iseluleko esijwayelekile, esihloselwe izimpawu, asiphelele. Sishiya ngaphandle imithetho emibili esetshenziswa abashayeli bezindiza abanolwazi ukunquma ukuthi bazokwenza noma bayeke.
Lesi sihloko sihlanganisa ukuthi iyini ngempela indawo yokungena, indlela yokufunda izimpawu zayo emgwaqweni, kanye nemithetho emibili ebalulekile yezinqumo iningi leziqondisi elingayinaki: umthetho wama-70-50 wobude bendlela yokungena kanye nomthetho wama-51% wokufika komoya ovunguzayo. Ekugcineni, uzokwazi kahle ukuthi kufanele ufike kuphi nokuthi kufanele uzungeze nini esikhundleni salokho.
Lokho Okushiwo Yindawo Yokugudlana Kwemigwaqo Eyase-Runway Empeleni
Indawo yokungena iyingxenye yendlela yokungena, ngale komkhawulo, lapho izindiza ezifikayo zihloselwe ukuthinta khona indlela yokungena kuqala. Isichazamazwi Somshayeli Wendiza/Umlawuli we-FAA ichaza njengendawo yokuqala engamamitha angu-3,000 yendlela yokugijima eqala embundwini. Incazelo ye-ICAO ibanzi, ichaza indawo, hhayi ibanga elinqunyiwe.
Iningi labashayeli bezindiza licabanga ukuthi indawo iyindawo eyodwa. Ayinjalo. Yindawo ebekelwe ukumunca ukushaya kokuqala futhi ikunike indawo yokuma. Indawo ikhona ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izithiyo zisuswa emaphethelweni okusondela kanye nokusebenza kokufika. Uma ungaphansi kwayo, ubeka izibani zokusondela engcupheni. Uma ufika isikhathi eside bese udla ibanga lakho lokuma.
Umehluko phakathi kwezincazelo ze-FAA ne-ICAO ubalulekile ekundizeni kwamanye amazwe. I-FAA ithi amamitha angu-3,000. I-ICAO ithi indawo yilapho umenzi ethi ikhona. Enye ingumthetho. Enye iyisiqondiso. Yazi ukuthi yikuphi okusebenzayo endaweni oya kuyo.
Ukuqonda lo mehluko kushintsha indlela ofingqa ngayo indlela. Uyeka ukufuna iphuzu elilodwa lomgomo. Uqala ukufuna indawo. Lokho kushintsha kukodwa kuvimbela amaphutha okufika avame kakhulu.
Ukufunda Izimpawu Ezisesigabeni Somgwaqo
Indawo yokungena akuyona imfihlakalo. Idwetshwe ngqo endaweni yokugijima ngolimi noma yimuphi umshayeli wendiza angalufunda. I-AIM ichaza indawo njengoba amamitha okuqala angu-3,000, futhi izimpawu zikutshela ngqo ukuthi kukuphi.
- Izimpawu zomngcele. Lezi yimigqa emhlophe ebanzi kakhulu. Ziphawula ukuqala kwendawo yokufika engasetshenziswa. Imigqa eyisishiyagalombili ezinkundleni zokubaleka ezibanzi ngaphezu kwamamitha ayi-100, emine kwezincane.
- Amamaki okukhomba. Ama-rectangle amabili amhlophe aqinile, elilodwa ohlangothini ngalunye lomugqa ophakathi nendawo. Aqhele ngamamitha angu-1,020 ukusuka emkhawulweni. Yilapho uqondisa khona indiza, hhayi umkhawulo ngokwawo.
- Izimpawu zendawo yokuthinta. Amabhangqa ama-rectangle amhlophe ahlukaniswe ngamamitha angu-500. Aqala endaweni okuqondiswe kuyo bese eqhubeka phansi kwendlela. Amabhangqa ngalinye likutshela ukuthi ukude kangakanani endaweni okuyo.
- Izimpawu zomugqa ophakathi nendawo. Imivimbo emhlophe egqamile egijima ubude obuphelele bendlela yokugijima. Ikugcina uqondene ne-axis yendlela yokugijima. Endaweni yokuthinta, ikusiza ukuthi ulungise ukukhukhuleka ngaphambi kokuba amasondo athinte.
- Izimpawu zomphetho wendlela yokugijima. Imigqa emhlophe eqinile echaza imikhawulo eseceleni. Ukuhlala phakathi kwazo endaweni kusho ukuthi usebusweni obugandayiwe. Ziphonse ngaphandle kwazo bese uzifaka engozini yokuhamba ebaleni lokugijima.
Lezi zimpawu zakha uhlelo lokubona. Zifundeni ndawonye futhi ningaqinisekisa indawo yenu ngaphandle kokubheka ithuluzi. Ngesikhathi esizayo lapho nindiza, chaza indawo usebenzisa umdwebo wesikhumulo sezindiza bese uyiqinisekisa ngamehlo enu endleleni. izimpawu zendlela yokugijima kanye nezibani iguqula indawo ependiwe ibe ithuluzi lokunquma.
Kungani Ukufika Kafushane Kwendawo Kuyingozi
Ukufika eduze nendawo yokungena emgwaqweni kuyiphutha elivamile, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zokungena emgwaqweni ezimfushane lapho umkhawulo wephutha usuvele umncane. Iphutha lizwakala liphephile, lisusa amasondo kusenesikhathi, kodwa empeleni lisusa isivikelo sokuphepha indawo eyenzelwe ukuyihlinzeka.
Ngaphambi: Indlela endala ihlose umkhawulo ngokwawo. Umshayeli wendiza ugxila ekudluliseni indiza ngaphezu kwezinombolo, bese entanta phansi kwendlela yokugijima, ephuma ngesivinini. Ukufika phansi kwenzeka kakhulu ngale kwendawo yokukhomba, kudla ibanga elibalulekile lendlela yokugijima futhi kushiya isikhala esincane sokwenza iphutha ekuqaliseni.
Ngemuva kwalokho: Indlela efanele ihlose izimpawu zokukhomba, lawo ma-rectangle amabili amhlophe aqinile. Umshayeli wendiza undiza ngendlela ezinzile eya kulezo zimpawu, athinte ingxenye yokuqala yendawo, futhi unendlela yonke esele okufanele ime ngayo. Lona umehluko phakathi kokufika okulawulwayo kanye nokuphoqa amabhuleki ukuthi enze wonke umsebenzi.
Ukuma eduze kwendawo yokungena komgwaqo kunciphisa ukuvuleka kwezithiyo lapho usondela futhi kwandisa ingozi yokuhamba komgwaqo. Le ndawo ikhona ngesizathu: yiyona kuphela ingxenye yomgwaqo lapho ukuvuleka kwezithiyo kanye nemingcele yokusebenza komgwaqo kuqinisekiswa khona. Isiqondiso se-AOPA mayelana nezindawo zokuthinta kugcizelela leli phuzu. Ukuphuthelwa yindawo kusho ukundiza udlule kulezo zindawo.
Umthetho we-70-50 wezinqumo zokufika
Umthetho we-70-50 uwukuqhumisa okuzungezayo, hhayi indlela yokufika. Uphendula umbuzo owodwa: ingabe unendlela eyanele yokuma ngokuphephile? Iningi labashayeli bezindiza likufunda kumfundisi, hhayi encwadini yemiyalelo. Yilapho ukubaluleka kwalo kuhlala khona, ekwahluleleni okuphoqayo.
Hlola indawo yakho ngesivinini sakho sokufika
Umthetho udinga indawo yokuhlola ethile. Uma inkomba yesivinini somoya ikhombisa ukuthi wehlise ijubane lakho lokugcina lokufika, bheka i-runway esele. Lesi yisikhathi seqiniso. Inombolo ekugeji ayikutsheli lutho ngaphandle kokuqinisekiswa okubonakalayo kokuthi ukuphi ngaphezu kwendlela.
Qinisekisa ukuthi unayo indawo yokugijima esele
Ingxenye yesibili yomthetho ukuhlola indawo. Uma ushesha kakhulu kodwa ungaphansi kwengxenye yendlela yokugijima isengaphambili, izibalo azisebenzi. Amandla adingekayo ukuze ume adlula ibanga elitholakalayo. Leso sikhala yilapho kuqala khona uhambo lwendlela yokugijima.
Yenza isheke uma isheke lihluleka
Lena yingxenye enzima. Umthetho awusebenzi uma umshayeli wendiza engayinaki imiphumela. Ukuhlola okuhlulekile kusho ukuthi indlela ayitholakali. Ukuntanta isikhathi eside noma ukubhuleka kanzima kuletha izinguquko ezibangela ingozi. Ukujikeleza yiyona kuphela impendulo efanele.
Qonda ukuthi kungani lo mthetho usebenza
Umthetho we-70-50 wakha isivikelo kukho konke ukufika. Uphoqa isinqumo kusenesikhathi ukuze uthathe isinyathelo, hhayi sekwephuzile ngokwanele ukuze wethuke. Abafundisi abanolwazi bayawufundisa ngoba uthatha indawo yokuqagela ngokuhlola okuphindaphindwayo. Umthetho awuveli ku-Aeronautical Information Manual. Kulungile lokho. Amanye amathuluzi amahle kakhulu endizeni ahlala olwazini olungabhalwanga oludluliswa phakathi kwabashayeli bezindiza.
Ukuqedela lokhu kuhlola kuzo zonke izindlela kushintsha umuzwa ongacacile wokushesha noma ukuphakama ube yiphuzu eliqondile lesinqumo. Umthetho awuqinisekisi ukufika okuphelele. Uqinisekisa ukuthi ngeke uthole sekwephuzile ukuthi indlela yokugijima yayimfushane kakhulu.
Umthetho Wama-51% Wokuwela Kwe-Crosswind
Umthetho we-51% awuyona indlela yokufika. Uyindlela yokuhlasela, futhi ukuyiphatha njenganoma yini enye kuyiphutha elikhipha abashayeli bezindiza endaweni yokungena kwendiza.
Nansi imithetho ngendlela elula kakhulu. Uma ingxenye yomoya ovunguzayo idlula u-51% wekhono lendiza elibonisiwe lokuwela umoya, ungahlali phansi. Inani lomoya ovunguzayo elibonisiwe lingumoya ophezulu kakhulu ovivinywe umenzi ngesikhathi sokuqinisekiswa. Akuyona imingcele eqinile. Kodwa umkhawulo ongu-51% uyiphuzu elinzima lokwenza isinqumo.
Lo mthetho uyadideka ngoba abashayeli bezindiza bacabanga ukuthi ulawula indlela yokuphatha izilawuli lapho umoya unqamula. Awukwenzi lokho. Umthetho we-70-50 uhlola ubude bendlela yokugijima. Umthetho we-51% uhlola umoya. Omunye umayelana nokuma ibanga. Omunye umayelana nokulawula ohlangothini. Bafeza izinjongo ezahlukene, kodwa bobabili baphendula umbuzo ofanayo: ingabe lokhu kuhlala kufanele kuqhubeke?
Imimoya enamandla ewela phansi ibhubhisa ukunemba kwendawo yokuthinta. Isivunguvungu sisunduza indiza isuke emugqeni ophakathi. Umshayeli wendiza uyalungisa, alungise ngokweqile, futhi akhukhuleke. Amamaki okukhomba ashelela eceleni esikrinini sangaphambili. Ukuthinta kwenzeka ngakwesobunxele sendawo, noma kude, noma kokubili. Indawo ayitholakali.
Umthetho ongu-51% ukhona ukuvimbela leso simo ngaphambi kokuba siqale. Uma umoya udlula umkhawulo, isinqumo esihlakaniphile akusikho ukusunduza indiza iye emgwaqweni. Kuwukuhamba ulinde izimo ezikuvumela ukuthi ufike lapho uhlose khona.
Izibani ze-Runway Touchdown Zone kanye Nalokho Ezikutshela Kona
Iningi labashayeli bezindiza libheka indlela yokuhamba ngezinyawo ukuze lithole isiqondiso sendawo yokungena. Ithuluzi langempela lokunemba lifihliwe kulo.
Izibani ze-touchdown zone ye-runway ziyizibani ezimhlophe ezifakwe ebusweni be-runway. Ziqala eduze komngcele bese zigijimela engxenyeni yokuqala ye-runway. Lezi zibani zikhona ngesizathu esisodwa: ukwenza indawo ibonakale lapho izimpawu zingekho.
Izibani eziphakathi nendawo zemigwaqo zikuqondisa phansi maphakathi. Izibani ze-touchdown zone zikutshela ukuthi ufike kuphi. Umehluko ubaluleke kakhulu ebusuku, emvuleni, noma lapho inkungu idla ingxenye ekude yemigwaqo. Izibani zikhanya ngombala omhlophe ozinzile, zihlukaniswe ngezikhathi ezithile, zakha umzila obonakalayo odonsela iphuzu lakho phambili endaweni okufanele libe kuyo.
Akuwona wonke ama-runway anawo. Ama-runway ezinsimbi ezinembile kuphela athola izibani zendawo yokuthinta. Indlela ebonakalayo ye-runway engaqondile isho ukuthembela ezimaki kuphela. Yilapho ukwazi umehluko phakathi kwezinhlelo zokukhanyisa kuba yisinqumo sokuphepha, hhayi iqiniso elingenamsebenzi.
Izibani azishintshi inqubo yokufika. Ziyakuqinisekisa lokho. Uma kuvela imigoqo emhlophe ngaphansi kwekhala, indawo ilapho kufanele ibe khona. Uma ingafiki, umbuzo uba ukuthi kufanele ifike yini nhlobo.
Indlela Yokuzijwayeza Ukufika Endaweni
Ukuzijwayeza ukufika endaweni kuyikhono elihlosiwe, akuyona imiphumela yemvelo yamahora okundiza. Abashayeli bezindiza abaningi bayasiqa isinyathelo sokwazisa futhi bathembele ekuzizweni, okuyilapho kanye indawo iphuthelwa khona.
Isinyathelo 1. Kafushane indawo ye-touchdown lapho umoya wehla usebenzisa umdwebo wesikhumulo sezindiza. Lokhu kuphoqa isithombe sengqondo ngaphambi kokuba kubonakale indawo yokugijima. Abashayeli bezindiza abaqa lesi sinyathelo bavame ukwahlulela kabi indawo ekugcineni okufushane.
Isinyathelo 2. Khetha indawo ethile yokukhomba ekugcineni, izimpawu zephuzu lokukhomba, hhayi umkhawulo. Umkhawulo uwukuqala kwendlela yokugijima, hhayi umgomo. Ukukhomba izimpawu kubeka indiza endaweni ngaphandle kokuqagela.
Isinyathelo 3. Ndiza ngendlela ezinzile enesivinini somoya, indlela yokugibela indiza, kanye nokucushwa okusethwe ngamafidi angu-500 AGL. Indlela engazinzile iqinisekisa indawo engafanele. Indiza kumele imiswe ngaphambi kokuba kufike indawo yokunquma.
Isinyathelo 4. Ukushaya phansi engxenyeni yokuqala yendawo. Ibanga eliqondile alibalulekile kangako kunendlela yokushaya omaka. Ukushaya phansi kudlule indawo yokukhomba kudla umkhawulo wokuma.
Isinyathelo 5. Hamba uzungeze uma indiza idlula endaweni eqondiwe kuyo. Lesi yisinyathelo esinzima kakhulu ngoba sidinga ukuvuma ukuthi indlela ihambile. Yonke indiza edlula ezimpawini iyindawo yokufika okungafanele yenzeke.
Ukuqedela le nqubo kuguqula indlela ibe ukulandelana okuphindaphindwayo. Indawo iba yithagethi, hhayi ithemba. ukufunda imidwebo yesikhumulo sezindiza phansi kwakha imodeli yengqondo esindisa ukufika emoyeni.
Yenza Indawo Yokugudla Umgwaqo Yendlela Ibe Yindlela Ejwayelekile
Indawo yokungena akuyona indawo ependiwe. Iyindawo yokuphepha eyakhelwe kuyo yonke indlela yokungena ofika kuyo.
Ukuyiphatha njengesiphakamiso kunokuba kube yinto eqondiwe kususa ukuvuleka kwezithiyo kanye nebanga lokuma eliqinisekiswa yindawo. Leyo margin iyanyamalala ngesikhathi udlula omaka bendawo noma untanta emoyeni onqamulayo.
Lokhu kushintsha lokho okwenzayo kuyo yonke indlela. Kafushane indawo yesifunda ngaphambi kokuba wehle. Sebenzisa umthetho wama-70-50 ukuhlola indawo yakho. Sebenzisa umthetho wama-51% lapho umoya ushintsha. Lezi zinqumo ezintathu zithatha indawo yokuqagela ngesistimu ephindaphindwayo.
Ikhono elinzima kakhulu akukhona ukuphokophela indawo. Kuwukwazi ukuthi uzohamba nini ngoba uphuthelwe.
Indiza elandelayo, chaza indawo ngaphambi kokuba ushiye umoya ophansi. Khetha izimpawu zephuzu lokukhomba, hhayi umkhawulo. Ndiza ngendlela ezinzile. Uma udlula izimpawu, zungeza. Yenza indawo ibe yindinganiso yakho, hhayi ithemba lakho.
Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa Mayelana Nendawo Yokugudla Umgwaqo
Ingakanani indawo yokungena emgwaqweni wendiza?
Indawo yokungena phansi ingamafidi okuqala angu-3,000 e-runway eqala emngceleni. Le ncazelo ivela ku-FAA futhi isebenza kuzo zonke i-runway lapho ukusebenza kokufika kubalwa khona.
Ziyini izibani ze-touchdown zone endaweni yokugijima?
Izibani ze-touchdown zone ziwumugqa wezibani ezimhlophe ezifakwe ebusweni be-runway eziphawula indawo ye-touchdown yabashayeli bezindiza. Ziqala ngamafidi ayi-100 ukusuka emkhawulweni bese zinwebeka ngamafidi ayi-3,000 phansi kwe-runway, ziqhelelene ngamafidi ayi-100.
Uyini umthetho we-70-50?
Umthetho we-70-50 uyithuluzi lokunquma elihlola ukuthi indiza isifinyelele yini kumaphesenti angama-70 esivinini sokusondela ngesikhathi kusasele amaphesenti angama-50 esikhala sendiza. Uma indiza ingakafiki kulelo qophelo, umshayeli wendiza wenza i-go-round ukuze avimbele uhambo lwendiza.
Uyini umthetho we-51% ezindizeni?
Umthetho wamaphesenti angu-51 uthi uma ingxenye yomoya owelayo idlula amaphesenti angu-50 ekhono lendiza lokuwelayo, umshayeli akufanele ahlale phansi. Lo mthetho uyindlela yokuhlasela, hhayi indlela yokufika, futhi uvikela ukunemba kwendawo yokuthinta ngokuvimbela ukukhukhuleka kusuka emugqeni ophakathi.
