I-Aeronautical decision making (ADM) iwumgogodla wokundiza okuphephile. Kubashayeli bezindiza, akukhona nje ukwenza izinqumo ezisheshayo—kumayelana nokwenza i kwesokudla ones.
Nazi izici ezingu-3 ezibalulekile ze-ADM okufanele wonke umshayeli wendiza ongumfundi akwazi ukuzulazula esibhakabhakeni ngokuzethemba.
Umshayeli omuhle akagcini nje ngokunquma; bayaziswa. I-ADM ayiphathelene nezahlulelo ezisheshayo noma imizwa yamathumbu. Kuyinqubo ehlelekile ehlanganisa ukwahlulela okuhle, ulwazi, okokufaka kwezisebenzi, kanye nedatha evela kumasistimu angaphakathi. Zonke izinqumo ziyibhalansi ngokucophelela yalezi zici.
Ezweni eliguquguqukayo lokundiza, izimo zingashintsha ngokuphazima kweso. Ulwazi olusha lungashintsha sonke isimo, ludinga abashayeli bezindiza ukuthi bazijwayeze ngokushesha. Yingakho ke abashayeli bezindiza (PIC) kumele bacije ikhono labo lokucubungula ulwazi, balinganise ubungozi, futhi benze izinqumo ezibeka ukuphepha kuqala ngaphezu kwakho konke okunye.
Ukwenza izinqumo ezinhle zendiza akulona nje ikhono—umqondo. Futhi kubalulekile ekugcineni yonke indiza iphephile, ibushelelezi, futhi iyimpumelelo.
Izimo Ezinhlanu Eziyingozi Ekwenzeni Izinqumo Zezindiza
The I-Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) iqokomisa izimo zengqondo ezinhlanu eziyingozi ezibeka izingozi ekuphepheni kwendiza. Lezi zindlela zokucabanga ezingezinhle zingakhinyabeza ukwahlulela futhi ziholele ezinqumweni ezingezinhle endaweni yabalimele. Abashayeli bezindiza, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi baqeqeshelwe noma abanolwazi, kufanele babone futhi banciphise lezi zimo zengqondo ukuze baqinisekise ukusebenza okuphephile.
1) I-Anti-Authority
Abanye abashayeli bezindiza bayakuzonda ngokwemvelo ukutshelwa ukuthi benzeni. Bakhetha ukuthembela ekwahluleleni kwabo kuphela, ngokuvamile bechitha imithetho noma izinqubo njengezingadingeki. Nakuba ukuzethemba nolwazi lubalulekile, lesi simo sengqondo sokuphikisa igunya singaba yingozi endaweni yabashayeli.
Imithethonqubo kanye nezinqubo zezokundiza zikhona ngesizathu. Zenzelwe ukugcina abashayeli bezindiza, abagibeli, nezindiza ziphephile. Ukuchezuka kule mihlahlandlela ngaphandle kwezizathu ezizwakalayo kungaholela ezingozini ezingadingekile. Isibonelo, ukuziba imikhawulo yendawo yomoya noma ukweqa izinhlu zokuhlola ngaphambi kokundiza kungase konge isikhathi, kodwa kubeka engcupheni ukuphepha.
I-Good Aeronautical Decision Making (ADM) isho ukuhlonipha imithetho kuyilapho usebenzisa ulwazi lwakho ukuzivumelanisa nezimo lapho kudingeka. Ukulandela izinqubo ezimisiwe akugcini nje ngokuthuthukisa ukuphepha kodwa futhi kunikeza ukuzivikela kochwepheshe uma kwenzeka kuba nesigameko. Khumbula: imithetho ayikho ukuze ikuvimbele—ikhona ukuze ikuvikele.
2) Ukuthatheka
Isithombe saseHollywood somshayeli wendiza oshisayo owenza izinqumo ze-split-second singabukeka sijabulisa, kodwa sikude neqiniso. Kwezokundiza, ukuthatheka kungabulala. Ukwenza ngaphandle kokucabanga—noma ngabe kuyashesha a ukuqondisa noma ukweqa isheke elibucayi—kungaholela emiphumeleni eyinhlekelele.
Abashayeli bezindiza abahle abagcini nje ngokusabela; bona phendula. Lokhu kusho ukuthatha isikhashana ukuhlola isimo, ukuqoqa ulwazi, bese ukala izinketho. Isibonelo esiphelele yilesi Umkhuzi we-Apollo 13 uJim Lovell. Lapho ukuqhuma kukhubaza umkhumbi-mkhathi wakhe, akazange atatazele. Kunalokho, wathi ukuma kancane, wahlola isimo, futhi wenza izinqumo ezibaliwe ezagcina zisindise izisebenzi zakhe.
Ku-cockpit, i-Aeronautical Decision Making (ADM) idinga izinga elifanayo lokuziphatha. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ubhekene nokuhluleka kwenjini noma isimo sezulu esingasilindele, ukuthatha isikhashana sokucabanga kungasho umehluko phakathi kwempumelelo nenhlekelele. Ukuthatha izinqumo okucabangelayo akulona nje ikhono—kuyisindisi sempilo.
3) Ukungabi sengozini
Ukucabanga ukuthi “ngeke kwenzeke kimi” kungenye yezimo zengqondo eziyingozi kakhulu umshayeli wendiza angaba nazo. Kulula ukuwela ogibeni lokukholelwa ukuthi izingozi zenzeka kwabanye kuphela—ikakhulukazi uma ungene kumakhulu noma izinkulungwane zamahora endiza angenazigameko. Kodwa ukuzethemba ngokweqile kungabangela ukunganeliseki, futhi ukunganeliseki kungase kubangele amaphutha.
Ukwehluleka kwemishini, ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kungazelelwe, namaphutha omuntu angenzeka kunoma ubani. Umshayeli wendiza ochitha lezi zingozi kungenzeka ukuthi athathe amathuba angadingekile, njengokundizela esimweni sezulu esibucayi noma ukweqa ukuhlolwa kwangaphambi kwendiza. I-Good Aeronautical Decision Making (ADM) isho ukuvuma ukuthi akekho ongahlulwa.
Isinyathelo sokuqala sokuthola indiza ephephile ukwamukela ukuthi izingozi can kwenzeke kuwe. Lesi simo sengqondo sikugcina uphapheme, uzilungiselele, futhi ulungele ukubhekana nanoma yiziphi izinselele eziphakamayo. Phela, indlela engcono kakhulu yokugwema ingozi ukuhlelela eyodwa.
4) "Ngingenza Noma Yini"
Ukuzethemba kubalulekile endizeni. Ngaphandle kwayo, abashayeli bezindiza bebengeke babe nesibindi sokusuka, babheke izimo eziyinselele, noma baphathe izimo eziphuthumayo. Kodwa kunomugqa omuhle phakathi kokuzethemba nokuzethemba ngokweqile. Ukukholelwa ukuthi “ngingenza noma yini” kungaholela ezinqumweni zobudedengu ezibeka ukuphila engozini.
Abashayeli bezindiza abanalesi simo ngokuvamile bazifaka engozini ngokungadingekile ukuze bazibonakalise noma banelise ukuzicabangela kwabo. Ngokwesibonelo, bangase bazame iqhinga eliyingozi esimweni sezulu esibi noma basunduzele indiza ngaphezu kwemingcele yayo ukuze nje babonise ukuthi bangakwazi. Lezi zenzo azinayo indawo ku-cockpit.
I-Good Aeronautical Decision Making (ADM) isho ukwazi imikhawulo yakho—futhi uyihloniphe. Kumayelana nokulinganisa ukuzethemba nokuthobeka, kanye nokuqaphela ukuthi ikhono langempela lilele ekwenzeni izinqumo eziphephile, ezibaliwe. Umshayeli omuhle akadingi ukufakazela lutho; badinga nje ukuthola wonke umuntu ekhaya ngokuphepha.
5) Ukwesula
Ukwesula kuyinkolelo eyingozi yokuthi akukho okwenzayo okuzokwenza umehluko. Abashayeli bezindiza abanalesi simo ngokuvamile bazizwa bengenamandla—bayangabaza ukukhuluma ngokumelene nemikhuba engaphephile, bagweme ukuthatha isinyathelo ngesikhathi sezimo eziphuthumayo, noma bamane bahambisane nezinqumo abaziyo ukuthi ziyingozi. Lesi simo sengqondo singabulala njengokuzethemba ngokweqile.
Ku-cockpit, ukuyeka emsebenzini kungabonakala njengokungenzi lutho. Isibonelo, umshayeli wendiza angase azibe izimpawu eziyisixwayiso, ahlehlisele abanye ngaphandle kokungabaza, noma ahluleke ukulawula phakathi nesimo esibucayi. Lesi simo sengqondo sibukela phansi ukubaluleka kwe-Aeronautical Decision Making (ADM), edinga ukucabanga okumatasa kanye nesinyathelo esiwujuqu.
Ukugqashula uchungechunge lwezingozi ezingase zibe khona kuqala ngomuzwa onamandla wokuzethemba. Abashayeli bezindiza kufanele bakholelwe ukuthi ukuqeqeshwa kwabo, ulwazi lwabo, nokwahlulela kubalulekile. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kubaza isinqumo esingabazekayo noma ukuthatha izintambo ngesikhathi sezimo eziphuthumayo, zonke izenzo zibalulekile. Khumbula: endizeni, ukungenzi lutho kungaba yingozi njengokwenza okungalungile.
Ukuhlola Ubungozi
Indlela engcono kakhulu yokusingatha isimo esiphuthumayo ukuhlela eyodwa. Nakuba ungeke ukwazi ukubikezela sonke isimo—njengesi “Isimangaliso ku-Hudson” isiteleka senyoni—Ungahlola ubungozi futhi wenze izinqumo ezinolwazi. I-Good Aeronautical Decision Making (ADM) isho ukwazi ukuthi kufanele uthi “cha” nini ezingozini ezingadingekile.
Isibonelo, umshayeli wendiza ongenaso isilinganiso sensimbi kufanele ahlole ngokucophelela izimo zezulu ngaphambi kokundizela emafini okwakha. Ingabe ingozi ikufanele? Ithini icebo lokwenza isipele uma izimo ziba zimbi? Le mibuzo isenhliziyweni yokuhlola ubungozi obusebenzayo.
Ukuhlola ubungozi akukhona nje ukugwema ingozi—kumayelana nokulinganisa ukuphepha nokusebenza. Kumayelana nokubuza, Yini embi kakhulu engenzeka? futhi Ingabe ngikulungele ukusisingatha? Ngokuphendula le mibuzo ngokwethembeka, abashayeli bezindiza bangenza izinqumo ezihlakaniphile futhi bagcine yonke indiza iphephile ngangokunokwenzeka.
Ukwenza Izinqumo Zezindiza: Izinto Zomuntu
Izici zomuntu ziyingxenye ebalulekile yokuphepha kwezindiza. Lo mkhakha uhlanganisa i-psychology, ukuzazi, kanye nocwaningo lokuthi abantu basebenzisana kanjani nobuchwepheshe kanye nomunye nomunye endaweni eyingqayizivele yendiza. Kubashayeli bezindiza, ukuqonda izici zomuntu kubalulekile ekwenzeni izinqumo ezisebenzayo ze-Aeronautical Decision Making (ADM).
Ngaphambi kwayo yonke indiza, abashayeli bezindiza kufanele bahlole ngokwethembeka isimo sabo sengqondo nesomzimba. Ingabe ngikhathele kakhulu, ngiphazamisekile, noma ngicindezelekile ukuba ngenze izinqumo eziphephile? Ukukhathala, ukucindezeleka ngokomzwelo, noma ngisho nokuzethemba ngokweqile kungafiphaza ukwahlulela futhi kuholele ekukhetheni okubi. Ngokufanayo, abashayeli bezindiza kufanele bahlole izindiza zabo: Ingabe ivumela umoya ngempela, noma ingabe nginethemba lokuhamba phambili? Ukuziba izinkinga zokunakekela noma ukundiza ngezinto ezingabazekayo kuwukugembula okungekho umshayeli wendiza okufanele akuthathe.
Ukuphathwa kwezinsiza zeCrew (CRM) akuyona nje imisebenzi yezisebenzi eziningi—isebenza nakubashayeli bezindiza ngabodwana. Ukuzilawula “njengeqembu” lakho kusho ukuhlala uhlelekile, ugxilile, futhi umatasatasa. Imayelana nokusebenzisa zonke izinsiza ezitholakalayo—izinhla zokuhlola, ubuchwepheshe, ngisho nomuzwa wakho—ukuze wenze izinqumo ezingcono kakhulu ngangokunokwenzeka.
Ngokuqonda izici zabantu, abashayeli bezindiza bangakwazi ukubona izingibe ezingaba khona ngaphambi kokuba zibe izinkinga. Kuyingxenye ebalulekile ye-Aeronautical Decision Making (ADM) eqinisekisa ukuthi yonke indiza iphephe ngangokunokwenzeka.
Isiphetho
I-Aeronautical decision-making (ADM) iyisisekelo sokundiza okuphephile. Akukhona nje ngokulandela izinqubo—kumayelana nokuthuthukisa isimo sengqondo namakhono okwenza izinqumo ezihlakaniphile, ezinolwazi endaweni yabashayeli.
Ngokubona kanye nokubala izimo zengqondo eziyingozi, ukuhlola izingozi, nokuqonda izici zomuntu, abashayeli bezindiza bangazulazula ngisho nasezimweni eziyinselele kakhulu ngokuzethemba. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungumshayeli wendiza oyisitshudeni noma umshayeli wendiza osemnkantshubomvu, ukwazi ukwenza izinqumo ze-Aeronautical Decision Making (ADM) kuqinisekisa ukuthi ulungele noma yini esiyithola esibhakabhakeni.
Ngakho-ke, ngokuzayo uma usendlini yabashayeli, khumbula: zonke izinqumo zibalulekile. Ndiza ngobuhlakani, hlala uphephile, futhi uvumele i-ADM ikuqondise esibhakabhakeni esibushelelezi.
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