Indlela Yokufunda Inganekwane Yepuleti Lendlela Yokusebenzisa Izinsimbi Njengochwepheshe

Ipuleti lokusondela elimbozwe izimpawu, izinombolo, kanye nemigqa libukeka njengekhodi ehloselwe omunye umuntu. Inganekwane yepuleti lokusondela kwensimbi iyisihluthulelo esilichaza. Abashayeli bezindiza abaningi bazama ukukhumbula izimpawu bese begcina beziqagela ngokwabo e-cockpit.

Inkinga akuyona ubunzima bepuleti. Inkinga ukuphatha le nganekwane njengesixazululo sokugcina esikhundleni sethuluzi lokwazisa. Umshayeli wendiza ophendukela kule nganekwane kuphela lapho edidekile usevele elahlekelwe isikhathi kanye nomkhawulokudonsa wengqondo.

Lesi sihloko sikufundisa ukusebenzisa inganekwane njengereferensi yakho eyinhloko kuzo zonke izindlela. Uzofunda indlela yokucabanga ngemuva kwezimpawu, ukuthi ungalutholaphi ulwazi ngalunye, nokuthi ungalufinyeza kanjani ipuleti ngaphansi kwemizuzu emibili. Inganekwane ayibe yinto ewusizo futhi iba yisisekelo sokuskena kwakho.

Kungani Inganekwane Ibaluleke Kakhulu Kunokubamba Ngekhanda

Ukukhumbula zonke izimpawu epuletini lokusondela kuyisu lokulahlekelwa. Inganekwane ikhona ngesizathu, futhi leso sizathu akufanele singanakwa ngemva kosuku lokuhlola.

I-FAA ibuyekeza izimpawu noma nini lapho izinqubo noma ubuchwepheshe bushintsha. Umhlahlandlela Wabasebenzisi Beshadi ibuyekezwa uma kukhona uphawu olusha lweshadi noma uma kukhona izinguquko ekubonisweni kolwazi kanye/noma izimpawu kumashadi. Ukuthembela enkumbulweni evela ekuqeqeshweni konyaka odlule kusho ukuhamba ngemicabango ephelelwe yisikhathi.

Ukwazi ukuthi ubheke kuphi kushesha kakhulu kunokuzibamba ngekhanda. Umshayeli wendiza ongathola uphawu lombani kulenganekwane ngemizuzwana emithathu ushaya omunye oqagela kabi ngamafidi angu-200.

Inganekwane ayiyona into yokuzivikela. Yiyona ndlela eyinhloko yokubhekisela kuyo yonke indlela oyichazayo. Yiphathe ngaleyo ndlela.

Izingxenye Ezintathu Eziyinhloko Zazo Zonke Izinganekwane

Inganekwane yepuleti lendlela yokusebenzisa ithuluzi akuyona ibhulokhi eyodwa yolwazi. Yizindawo ezintathu ezihlukene zokubhekisela, ngayinye ixazulula inkinga ehlukile ngesikhathi sokwaziswa. Ukuqonda lesi sakhiwo kushesha kunokufuna uphawu ongalukhumbuli kahle.

Izikhathi Zokuxhumana Nokuzulazula

Lesi sigaba sihlala phezulu kwepuleti, ngaphezu kombono wohlelo. Sibala imvamisa yendlela yokusondela, indlela, kanye nezindlela zokugcina zokusondela eceleni kwezihlonzi ze-navaid. Ireferensi yenganekwane ye-FAA ikhombisa kahle ukuthi ibhokisi ngalinye lemvamisa libhalwe kanjani. Abashayeli bezindiza abahluleka ukuqinisekisa lokhu besebenzisa ipuleti basengozini yokudayela imvamisa yombhoshongo engalungile lapho befika bematasa.

Ukukhanya Kokusondela kanye Nezimpawu Zomgwaqo

Njengoba itholakala engxenyeni engezansi yenganekwane, lesi sigaba sinquma izinhlelo zokukhanyisa ezinquma ubuncane bokufika. I-MALSR, i-ALSF-2, kanye ne-SSALR ngayinye inophawu oluhlukile kanye nomphumela othize wokusebenza.

Le nganekwane ikhombisa iphrofayili ebonakalayo yesistimu ngayinye, hhayi nje isifinyezo sayo. Lokho kufana okubonakalayo yikho okuvimbela umshayeli wendiza ekudidaniseni i-flasher elandelanayo nesistimu yokukhanyisa egcwele ngesikhathi sokubonakala okuphansi.

Izimpawu Zokusebenza Ezingafanele kanye Nezimpawu Ezincane

Lesi sigaba esibaluleke kakhulu senganekwane yokwazisa. Sichaza uphawu lombani lwephuzu lokusondela eliphuthelwe, isiphambano saseMalta sokulungisa indlela yokugcina, kanye nethebula lesikhathi/ibanga lesigaba sokusondela esiphuthelwe.

Uphawu ngalunye luvela ekubukeni kwephrofayili kanye nasekubukeni kohlelo. Inganekwane iwaxhumanisa nesithombe esisodwa senqubo. Ukufunda kabi lesi sigaba kusho ukuchaza indlela ephuthelwe engahambisani nepuleti.

Indlela Yokunquma Uhlelo Buka Izimpawu

Umbono wohlelo yilapho amapuleti okusondela athola khona idumela lawo lokugcwala. Zonke izimpawu zincintisana ngokunaka, futhi umehluko phakathi kokwehla okuphephile nendlela ephuthelwe uvame ukuhlala kusithonjana esisodwa esincane. Inganekwane inquma lokhu buningi, kodwa kuphela uma wazi ukuthi yiziphi izimpawu ezidinga isenzo nokuthi yiziphi ezimane ziyiseluleko.

Ukufunda umbono wohlelo ngokushesha kusho ukuphatha le nganekwane njengesihlungi. ukulandelana kwemininingwane yeshadi lendlela kufanele kuqale lapha njalo, ngoba umbono wohlelo uphendula umbuzo wokuqala: ngingakwazi yini ukuhamba ngale nqubo nhlobo?

Izimpawu ze-Navaid: I-VOR iyi-hexagon enemvamisa ngaphakathi. I-NDB iyindilinga enechashazi phakathi nendawo. I-DME iyibhokisi elinemvamisa. Ngayinye itholakala eshadini lapho i-navaid itholakala khona ngokoqobo, futhi inganekwane ikhombisa ukuma okuqondile kanye nefomethi yelebula ukuze ungalokothi udide i-VOR nendawo yokuhlangana.

Lungisa izimpawu: Izimpambano ziyizinxantathu ezinegama lezinhlamvu ezinhlanu. Ama-Waypoints ayizindilinga ezinegama lezinhlamvu ezinhlanu. Inganekwane iyawahlukanisa ngokucacile, kodwa umehluko wokusebenza ubalulekile: izimpambano zichazwa ngama-radial namabanga, ama-waypoints ngama-lat/lon coordinates. Ukuhlanganisa uhlobo olungalungile kusho ukuzulazula ngereferensi engalungile.

Ukubamba amaphethini: Iphethini yokubamba ivela njengesimo sendlela yokugijima enomcibisholo obonisa indlela engenayo. Inganekwane ichaza izimpawu zokungena ezijwayelekile kanye nombhalo wesikhathi. Lokho inganekwane engakubonisi ukuthi iphethini yokubamba ivame ukuba inqubo yokungalandeli, ngakho-ke ukuyifunda kabi kusho ukundiza ngendlela engalungile yokubaleka.

Izimpawu zezithiyo: Izithiyo zivela njengonxantathu abancane abanenombolo yokuphakama. Inganekwane ikhombisa umehluko phakathi kwesithiyo esisodwa neqembu, nokuthi ukuphakama kungaphezu komhlaba noma izinga lolwandle eliphakathi. Lezi zimpawu ziyiseluleko, aziphoqelekile, kodwa ukuzishaya indiva ngesikhathi sokubona okuphansi yindlela abashayeli bezindiza abashaya ngayo izinto ababengazigwema.

Umbono wohlelo uyimephu yezinqumo, hhayi nje imephu yezwe. Zonke izimpawu zikutshela ukuthi uye kuphi noma zikuxwayise ngalokho okukuhluphayo. Inganekwane iyisihluthulelo sokuhlunga lezo zigaba ezimbili ngemizuzwana, hhayi imizuzu.

Isigaba Esincane: Lokho Okushiwo Yizinombolo Ngempela

Ingxenye encane yilapho amaphutha amaningi endlela aqala khona, futhi inganekwane iyona kuphela i-decoder ethembekile. Abashayeli bezindiza abadlula i-legend briefing lapha badlala ngenkumbulo bebhekene nefomethi eshintshayo kuwo wonke amapuleti. Inganekwane ayigcini nje ngokufaka izinombolo ohlwini, ichaza umqondo ngemuva kwe-DA/DH vs MDA, futhi lowo mehluko umehluko phakathi kokwehla okuzinzile kanye nendlela ephuthelwe.

Izilinganiso eziqondile kanye nezilinganiso ezijikelezayo zihlala ebhokisini elifanayo kodwa zisho izinto ezihluke ngokuphelele. Inganekwane icacisa ukuthi izilinganiso eziqondile ziyasebenza lapho indlela yokugcina ingaphakathi kwamadigri angamashumi amathathu ukusuka enkabeni yendlela. Izilinganiso eziphansi ezijikelezayo ziphakeme ngoba zibangela ukujika kwethrafikhi. Ukungaqondi kahle ukuthi yiliphi isethi elisebenza enkabeni yendlela esebenzayo kuyimbangela evamile yamaphutha okusondela.

Izigaba zendlela zingenye indawo lapho inganekwane ithola khona ukugcinwa kwayo. Isivinini esichaza isigaba A kuya ku-E asinyatheliswa kuwo wonke amapuleti. Inganekwane ibamba leso siqondiso, futhi ukusihlola ngesikhathi sokufingqa kuvimbela umshayeli wendiza ekusebenziseni ubuncane obuklanyelwe indiza ehamba kancane. Izinombolo ebhokisini lobuncane zilungile kuphela uma ziqhathaniswa nesigaba esifanele.

Izidingo zokubonakala zivela njengezingxenyana noma amamayela omthetho, futhi inganekwane ichaza ukuguqulwa. Ukubonakala kwemayela elilodwa nesigamu akufani ne-2400 RVR, futhi inganekwane ikwenza kucace lokho. Isifinyezo Izindlela eziphansi zokusebenzisa i-ILS Ngaphandle kokuqinisekisa ifomethi yokubonakala ngokumelene nenganekwane kuyindlela emfushane ebiza ukunemba.

Ingxenye ye-minimums iyingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu kunoma iyiphi ipuleti yokusondela. Inganekwane ayilona ithuluzi lokuzithiba kwabangakulungele, iyithuluzi eliguqula ibhulokhi lezinombolo libe yi-briefing esebenzisekayo.

Izimpawu Zokukhanya Nezindlela Zokugijima

Lezi zimpawu azihlobisi. Zinquma ngqo ukubonakala okuphansi kakhulu ongakwamukela lapho ufika.

Zonke izinhlelo zokukhanyisa zinesimo esithile. Inganekwane ikukhombisa ngqo ukuthi ngayinye ibukeka kanjani epuletini nokuthi isho ukuthini ngezilinganiso zakho ezincane.

• I-MALSR, Ukukhanya okusondelene nokuqina okuphakathi okunezibani zesikhombisi sokuqondanisa imigwaqo yesitimela.
• I-ALSF-2, Ukukhanya okusondelene kakhulu okunezibani ezikhanyayo ezilandelanayo kanye nomugqa ophakathi nendawo.
• I-SSALR, Ukukhanya okulula kokusondela okufushane okunezibani zesikhombisi sokuqondisa imigwaqo yesitimela.
• I-TDZ, Izimpawu zendawo yokuthinta, imivimbo emibili ehambisanayo endleleni yokugijima.
• CL, Izimpawu zomugqa ophakathi nendawo, umugqa onamachashazi phansi enkabeni yendlela yokugijima.
• I-REIL, Izibani zokuhlonza ukuphela kwe-Runway, ama-strobe akhanyayo embundwini.
• Ama-ODALS, Uhlelo lokukhanyisa oluqondene nendawo yonke, indilinga yezibani.

Iphethini ilula: izibani eziningi zisho ubuncane obuphansi. Uhlelo oluphelele lwe-ALSF-2 luvumela ukubonakala okuphansi kunokufakwa kwe-MALSR okuyisisekelo.

Qala ngokufingqa uphawu lokukhanyisa. Bese uhlola isigaba se-minimum. Okubili kumele kufane. Uma kungenjalo, kukhona okungahambi kahle epuletini noma ekuqondeni kwakho.

Izimpawu Zendlela Engafanele kanye Nephethini Yokubamba

Inqubo yendlela engafanele iyingxenye eyodwa yepuleti engenakukwazi ukuhlukaniswa phakathi nesikhathi sokuhamba. Ukuyifingqa kahle kusho ukwazi kahle ukuthi izimpawu zihlala kuphi nokuthi zifunani. Yilapho-ke Izinqubo zendlela ye-IFR ezingaphumelelanga iba uchungechunge lwezenzo ezaziwayo kunokuba kube ukuxabana.

Thola uphawu lwephuzu lokusondela olungafakwanga

Umbani uphawula iphuzu lokusondela eliphuthelwe ngendlela enembile. Isiphambano saseMalta sibonisa iphuzu lokusondela eliphuthelwe ngendlela enembile. Uphawu lokulungisa olulula lusho ukuthi indlela ephuthelwe iqala kuleyo nxantathu noma endaweni yendlela. Uphawu ngalunye luhlala ekubukeni kohlelo kanye nasekubukeni kwephrofayili, ngokuvamile eduze kwephansi kwepuleti.

Funda imiyalelo yendlela ongayisebenzisa ekubukeni kwephrofayela

Ukubuka kwephrofayili kukhombisa indlela eqondile kanye nendawo eqondile lapho indlela ephuthelwe iqala khona. Imiyalelo iphrintiwe njengombhalo ngaphansi kwephrofayili. Wafunde ngokuzwakalayo ngesikhathi sokuxoxa. Amagama akutshela isihloko, ukuphakama okufanele ukukhuphukele kukho, kanye nokulungiswa okufanele uqhubekele kukho.

Thola uphawu lwephethini yokubamba kanye nemiyalelo yokufaka

Iphethini yokubamba ivela ekubukeni kohlelo njengomumo wethrekhi yomjaho enemicibisholo yomlenze engenayo kanye nesiqondiso. Imiyalelo yokufaka ivame ukunyatheliswa eduze kwephethini yokubamba noma kumbhalo wendlela ongawusebenzisanga. Kafushane uhlobo lokungena, i-teardrop, parallel, noma i-direct, ngaphambi kokuthi uyidinge.

Ukuqedela lolu chungechunge lwezinyathelo ezintathu kusho ukuthi indlela ephuthelwe ayisekho isimanga. Kuyinqubo osuvele uyihambile engqondweni yakho.

Izincazelo Ezingalungile Zenganekwane Evamile Okufanele Zigwenywe

Iphutha eliyingozi kakhulu elenziwa abashayeli bezindiza ngama-approach plates akusikho ukufunda kabi uphawu, kucatshangwa ukuthi sebeyazi kakade ukuthi lisho ukuthini. Indlela ye-localizer kuphela kanye ne-ILS ibukeka ifana kakhulu ekubukeni kohlelo, kodwa inganekwane idweba umugqa onzima phakathi kwazo. Umehluko unquma ukuthi ungehla yini ngaphandle kwesiqondiso se-glideslope.

Ibhawodi lombani kanye nesiphambano saseMalta kubangela ukudideka okukhulu esigabeni sokusebenza okuphuthelwe. Ibhawodi lombani liphawula indawo yokufika ephuthelwe ku-ILS. Isiphambano saseMalta siliphawula ngendlela engaqondile. Ukuzixuba kusho ukuqala indlela ephuthelwe ngendlela engafanele, okubeka ukucaca kwendawo engcupheni. Inganekwane ixazulula lokhu ngemizuzwana, uma uyihlola.

Ithebula lesikhathi/ibanga lihlala ekubukeni kwephrofayili futhi leqiwa ngesikhathi sokufinyelelwa okusheshayo. Abashayeli bezindiza babheka ibanga bese becabanga ukuthi isikhathi siyalingana. Akunjalo. Ithebula lichaza ukushintshashintsha kwesivinini somhlaba okushintsha kakhulu isikhathi. Ukufunda inganekwane kuqinisekisa ubudlelwano obufanele phakathi kwebanga nesikhathi ngaphambi kokuba indlela iqale.

Ukuhlola inganekwane ngesikhathi sokundiza ngaphambi kohambo kuvimbela izimanga eziba yizimo eziphuthumayo. Inganekwane akuyona indawo yokugcina. Yindawo yokuqala okufanele uyibheke lapho uphawu lungahambisani nalokho okulindele. Ukufunda ishadi le-IFR Kuqala kahle ngokuthembela kule nganekwane kunenkumbulo.

Yakha Indlela Yakho Yokufingqa Inganekwane

Inganekwane ayiyona indawo yokugcina lapho inkumbulo yehluleka. Yithuluzi lokufingqa elenza inkumbulo ingadingeki. Ipuleti ngalinye lendlela linesakhiwo esifanayo esinengqondo, futhi inganekwane iyisihluthulelo esiyivulayo.

Ukuphatha le nganekwane njengereferensi eyinhloko kushintsha indlela ofingqa ngayo. Uyeka ukuqagela bese uqala ukuqinisekisa. Uyeka ukuthembela kulokho ocabanga ukuthi kusho ukuthini uphawu bese uqala ukuqinisekisa ukuthi empeleni kusho ukuthini. Lolo shintsho lodwa lususa uhlobo lwamaphutha ayenzeka lapho ukucabanga kungena esikhundleni sokuhlola.

Landa Umhlahlandlela Wabasebenzisi Beshadi le-FAA. Kafushane indlela eyodwa ngosuku usebenzisa inganekwane njengereferensi yakho eyinhloko. Yakha eyakho ukulandelana kwemininingwane yeshadi lendlela mayelana nalokho inganekwane ekutshela kona, hhayi lokho okukhumbulayo. Ipuleti likunikeza konke okudingayo. Inganekwane ikukhombisa ukuthi ungalithola kuphi.