Ukuqonda ukuthi izinjini zamajethi zisebenza kanjani kubalulekile kunoma ubani ohileleke kwezokundiza, kusukela kubashayeli bezindiza kuye konjiniyela. Lezi zimangaliso zobunjiniyela zinika amandla izindiza zesimanje, ezivumela isivinini, ukusebenza kahle, nokwethembeka esivame ukukuthatha kalula.
Enkathini lapho ukunqamula amazwekazi ngamahora kuyinto evamile, isayensi ye-jet engines iyamangalisa futhi ibucayi. Kubashayeli bezindiza, ukwazi lobu buchwepheshe akukhona nje ulwazi lobuchwepheshe—kumayelana nokuqinisekisa ukuphepha, ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle, nokwenza izinqumo ezinolwazi endaweni yabasebenzi.
Kusukela ekuthuthukisweni kwazo zakuqala ngesikhathi sempi kuya endimeni yazo yokuguqula izindiza zezentengiselwano, izinjini zamajethi zishintshe indlela esindiza ngayo. Kulo mhlahlandlela, sizohlola ukuthi izinjini zejethi zisebenza kanjani, siveze imigomo eguqula uphethiloli ube ukuphosa futhi usihambise esibhakabhakeni.
I-Jet Engine: Yaqala Kanjani
Ukuze uqonde ngokugcwele ukuthi izinjini zamajethi zisebenza kanjani namuhla, kubalulekile ukuqonda imvelaphi yazo kanye nendima yokuguqula eziyidlalile emlandweni wezokundiza. Uhambo kusukela ekuseni indiza eshayelwa ngophephela ezinjinini zejethi ezinamandla zanamuhla yindaba yokuqamba, isidingo, kanye nempumelelo kwezobuchwepheshe.
Ngaphambi kwezinjini ze-jet, izindiza zazithembele kuma-propeller aqhutshwa ngamaphiston. Nakuba lezi zinjini zazinika amandla ezinsukwini zokuqala zendiza, zazilinganiselwe ngesivinini, ukuphakama, nokusebenza kahle. Izinjini ze-Turboprop inikeze ukuthuthukiswa okuthile, kodwa iphupho le-jet propulsion lahlala lingenakufinyeleleka.
Ukuthuthukiswa kwezinjini zejethi kwasheshiswa izimfuno zempi. Phakathi neMpi Yezwe II, amazwe atshala imali eningi kwezobuchwepheshe bezindiza, okwaholela entuthukweni enkulu. EJalimane, isazi se-physics Hans von Ohain yakha injini ye-jet esebenzayo, eyahlanganiswa ku- Messerschmitt Me 262-indiza yokuqala emhlabeni esebenzayo. Naphezu kokuklama kwayo okusha, i-Me 262 ibhekane nezinselelo ezifana nokusetshenziswa kakhulu kukaphethiloli kanye nokubekezelela okulinganiselwe.
Ngaleso sikhathi, unjiniyela waseBrithani UFrank Whittle wayezihambela ngokwakhe kwezobuchwepheshe be-jet. Injini yakhe yanika amandla i-Gloster Meteor, engabonanga ukusetshenziswa okulinganiselwe phakathi nempi kodwa yabonisa amandla e-jet propulsion.
Ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II, izinjini zamajethi zashintsha zisuka ekusetshenzisweni kwezempi zaya kwezamabhizinisi, zashintsha ukuhamba kwezindiza. Iminyaka yendiza yaqala ngokusemthethweni ngo-1958 lapho i-Pan American Airlines yethula isevisi yendiza ewela i-Atlantiki nge-Boeing 707. Lokhu kwaphawula ukuqala kwenkathi entsha, okwenza ukuhamba ngendiza kusheshe, kusebenze kahle, futhi kufinyeleleke kubantu abaningi.
Ukuqonda ukuthi izinjini zejethi zisebenza kanjani namuhla kudinga ukwazisa lo mlando ocebile wokuqamba izinto ezintsha nezinselele ezinqotshiwe ukuze sizuze ubuchwepheshe esithembele kubo.
Izimiso kanye Nemishini: Indlela Ama-Jet Engines Asebenza Ngayo
Enhliziyweni yayo yonke injini yejethi kukhona ukusetshenziswa okuthakazelisayo kwefiziksi nobunjiniyela. Ijubane elikhulu namandla enjini yejethi kusekelwe kuMthetho Wesithathu Wokunyakaza ka-Newton: "Kusenzo ngasinye, kunempendulo elinganayo nephikisayo. " Lo mgomo wenziwa uphile ngenqubo yokukhiqiza i-thrust, eqhubekisela indiza phambili.
Nakhu ukuhlukaniswa kwesinyathelo ngesinyathelo kwe ukuthi izinjini ze-jet zisebenza kanjani:
Suck: Inqubo iqala ngaphambili enjinini, lapho isiphephetha-moya esikhulu sidonsa umoya omningi. Uma uke wabheka phezulu enjinini yejethi, uyawabona ama-blade alo mlandeli.
Cwilisa: Umoya ongenayo ube usucindezelwa uchungechunge lwabalandeli abazungezayo ngaphakathi enjinini. Lezi zifeni, ezixhunywe ku-shaft emaphakathi, zandisa umfutho womoya kakhulu, ziwulungiselela ukusha.
Bang: Isibaseli sijovwa emoyeni ocindezelweyo, bese inhlansi ithungela ingxube. Lokhu kusha kubangela ukuthi umoya ukhule ngokushesha, udale ukuqhuma okukhulu kwamagesi.
Blow: Amagesi andayo aphoqelelwa ngombhobho ongemuva kwenjini, akhiqize umfutho. Lokhu kuphokophela indiza phambili, kulandela uMthetho Wesithathu kaNewton.
Yonke le nqubo yenzeka ngesivinini esimangalisayo. Ezinjinini zesimanjemanje, izinjini zomoya zingaphenduka izikhathi ezingaphezu kuka-10,000 ngomzuzu, okubonisa ukunemba nokusebenza kahle kwalobu buchwepheshe.
Abafundisi bezindiza bavame ukwenza lula le nqubo eyinkimbinkimbi ngegama "Ncela, cindezela, shaya, phusha," indlela ekhumbulekayo yokuchaza izigaba ezine ezibalulekile zokusebenza kwenjini yejethi.
Ukuqonda ukuthi izinjini zamajethi zisebenza kanjani akugcini nje ngokugqamisa ubukhazikhazi bomklamo wazo kodwa kugcizelela neqhaza lazo elibalulekile endizeni yesimanje. Kusukela ekunikezeni amandla izindiza zezentengiselwano kuya ekuvumeleni izindiza zamasosha, izinjini zamajethi ziwubufakazi bobuhlakani bomuntu kanye nemithetho yefiziksi.
Indlela Ama-Jet Engine Asebenza Ngayo: I-Jet Fuel
Ukuze uqonde ukuthi izinjini zejethi zisebenza kanjani, kubalulekile ukuhlola uphethiloli ozinika amandla. I-Jet fuel, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-aviation turbine fuel (ATF), iyimbangela yokusabela okunamandla okuqhubezela indiza phambili.
Ukuhlolwa kwenjini yejethi kwasekuqaleni kwakuncike emandleni esitimu, kuyilapho izinjini zepiston zisebenzisa uphethiloli. Nokho, kusukela ekupheleni kweMpi Yezwe II, izinjini zesimanje zejet ziye zasebenzisa amafutha kaphalafini, avame ukubizwa ngawo emhlabeni wezindiza ngokuthi. "inhlanhla."
I-ATF ivamise ukucaca noma iphuzi ngokukhanyayo ngombala futhi iqukethe ingxube enembile yama-hydrocarbon. Ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha nokusebenza, iyacwengwa futhi icutshungulwe ngokuya ngemibandela eqinile yamazwe ngamazwe kanye namazinga.
Ezindizeni zezentengiselwano, amafutha ejethi asetshenziswa kakhulu yiJet A neJet A-1. Zombili zisekelwe kuphalafini, kodwa ziyahluka ezindaweni zazo zokuqandisa:
- Jethi A kubanda ngo -40 ° C (-40 ° F).
- IJet A-1 kubanda ngo -53 ° C (-63 ° F), okwenza ifaneleke kangcono izindiza ezithatha uhambo olude nezimo zezulu ezibandayo.
Ezindizeni ezijwayelekile zezindiza nezezempi ezisebenza ezimeni ezimbi kakhulu, uhlobo oluhlukile lukaphethiloli olubizwa ngokuthi i-Jet B luvame ukusetshenziswa. I-Jet B inguphethiloli obanzi, ehlanganisa uphalafini nezingxenye zikaphethiloli, futhi yakhelwe ukusebenza kahle kwesimo sezulu esibandayo.
Ukukhethwa kwamafutha asekelwe kuphalafini akuyona ingozi. Lawa mafutha ahlinzeka ngokuminyana kwamandla aphezulu adingekayo ukuze kuqhutshekwe ngenkathi ezinzile ngaphansi kwamazinga okushisa adlulele nezingcindezi ngaphakathi kwenjini yejethi. Lokhu kuzinza kubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukusebenza okuphephile nokusebenza kahle, ikakhulukazi phakathi nezindiza ezinde noma ezimweni zezulu eziyinselele.
Ukuqonda uphethiloli we-jet kuyingxenye ebalulekile yokuqonda ukuthi izinjini ze-jet zisebenza kanjani. Akukhona nje ngomshini wenjini—futhi kumayelana nekhemistri eyenza yonke indiza yenzeke.
Uyini Umehluko Phakathi Kwezinjini Ze-Jet Nezinjini Ze-Turboprop?
Ukuze uqonde ngokugcwele ukuthi izinjini zejethi zisebenza kanjani, kubalulekile ukuziqhathanisa nezinjini ze-turboprop. Nakuba zombili zinikwa amandla izinjini zegesi, zisebenza ngendlela ehlukile futhi zineqhaza eliyingqayizivele kwezokundiza. Ukuqonda lo mehluko kunikeza ukukhanya kokuthi izinjini zejethi zisebenza kanjani nokuthi kungani zifaneleka ezinhlotsheni ezithile zezindiza.
Izinjini zamajethi zenzelwe isivinini nokusebenza kahle ezindaweni eziphakeme. Ngokungafani nama-turboprops, awasebenzisi ophephela bangaphandle. Esikhundleni salokho, bathembele kusiphephetha-moya sangaphakathi ukuthi siminyanise umoya, siwuxube nophethiloli, futhi sikhiqize i-thrust ngokusebenzisa ukusha okusheshayo. Le nqubo ibalulekile endleleni izinjini zejethi ezisebenza ngayo, zikwazi ukuqhubeza izindiza ngesivinini esimangalisayo.
Kodwa-ke, izinjini zejethi azisebenzi kahle ngesivinini esiphansi nokuphakama, futhi zisebenzisa uphethiloli owengeziwe uma ziqhathaniswa nama-turboprops. Lokhu kuzenza zilungele izindiza ezithatha uhambo olude, lapho isivinini namandla azo kudlula izindleko zazo zokusebenza eziphezulu.
I-Turboprop Engines: Ukusebenza kahle Kwezindiza Ezimfushane
Izinjini ze-Turboprop zihlanganisa izimiso zezinjini zejethi nokusebenza kahle kophephela. Basebenzisa i-turbine yegesi ukushayela uphephela wangaphandle, okhiqiza i-thrust. Lo mklamo wenza ama-turboprops asebenze kahle kakhulu ezindizeni ezimfushane nasezindaweni eziphakeme eziphansi, lapho ukonga kwawo kukaphethiloli nokuhlukahluka kucwebezela.
Nakuba ama-turboprops evamise ukubonwa njengebhuloho phakathi kwezinjini ezishayelwa yipiston namajethi, ahlala edumile ezinkampanini zezindiza zesifunda kanye nokundiza okujwayelekile. Abashayeli bezindiza bayawazisa ama-turboprops ngobulula bawo, ezishintshayo eziphansi, kanye nokusebenza kahle kwezindleko emizileni emifushane.
Isibonelo, indiza esuka eColorado iya eNew Mexico iyonga kakhulu nge-turboprop kunenjini yejethi, elungele kangcono uhambo olude njengeMaine ukuya eNevada.
Ukukhetha Injini Elungile
Isinqumo phakathi kwezinjini zejethi nezinjini ze-turboprop sincike kunhloso ethile kanye nezidingo zokusebenza. Injini ngayinye inezinzuzo ezihlukile, eziyenza ifanele izinhlobo ezahlukene zezindiza. Ukuqonda ukuthi izinjini zamajethi zisebenza kanjani uma ziqhathaniswa nama-turboprops kuyisihluthulelo sokwazisa indima yazo eyingqayizivele kwezokundiza.
Nini Ukukhetha Jet Engines
Izinjini ze-jet ziyindlela ongakhetha kuzo ngesivinini nohambo olude. Ikhono lazo lokukhiqiza amandla aphezulu ezindaweni eziphakeme lizenza zilungele izindiza zezentengiselwano, izindiza zezempi, nezindiza ezithwala impahla. Ngokwesibonelo, indiza esuka eNew York iya eLondon idinga isivinini nokusebenza kahle kwenjini yejethi ukuze ihlanganise ibanga ngokushesha nangokunethezeka.
Kodwa-ke, izinjini zamajethi azisebenzi kahle ngesivinini esiphansi kanye nokuphakama, futhi ukusetshenziswa kwazo okuphezulu kukaphethiloli kuzenza zibize kakhulu ukusebenza emizileni emifushane. Yingakho ngokuvamile begcinelwe ohambweni lapho izinzuzo zabo zokusebenza zidlula izindleko.
Izinjini ze-Turboprop, ngakolunye uhlangothi, zihamba phambili ekusebenzeni kahle nokuguquguquka kwezindiza ezimfushane. Ikhono lazo lokukhiqiza i-thrust lisebenzisa uphephela wangaphandle lizenza zonge kakhulu kuphethiloli ezindaweni eziphakeme nesivinini esiphansi. Lokhu kwenza ama-turboprops abe yinketho ekhethwayo yezindiza zesifunda, ukundiza okujwayelekile, kanye nemishini edinga ukusuka njalo nokuhlalisa.
Isibonelo, indiza esuka eColorado iya eNew Mexico iyonga kakhulu nge-turboprop, njengoba ibanga elifushane alidingi amakhono enjini yejethi enesivinini esikhulu. Abashayeli bezindiza baphinde bathokozele ama-turboprop ngobulula bawo kanye ne-automation ephansi, engaba wusizo ezimweni ezithile zokusebenza.
Ukuqonda ukuthi izinjini zejethi zisebenza kanjani eduze kwama-turboprops kunikeza ukuqonda okubalulekile kwamandla azo. Amajethi abusa uhambo olude nolushesha kakhulu, kuyilapho ama-turboprops ekhanya emisebenzini yesifunda kanye neyokuthutha okufushane. Ndawonye, lezi zinjini zihlangabezana nezidingo ezahlukahlukene zezindiza zesimanje, ziqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle, ukuphepha, nokusebenza kuyo yonke indawo.
Isiphetho
Izinjini zamajet ziyisimangaliso sobunjiniyela besimanje, obunika amandla isivinini, ukusebenza kahle, nokwethembeka okuchaza imboni yezindiza yanamuhla. Kusukela ekuthuthukisweni kwazo zakuqala ngesikhathi sempi kuya endimeni yazo ekuguquleni uhambo lwendiza lwezentengiselwano, izinjini zamajethi ziguqule indlela esindiza ngayo.
Ukuqonda ukuthi izinjini zejethi zisebenza kanjani akukhona nje ukwazisa izinsimbi zazo—kumayelana nokubona umthelela wazo ekuphepheni, ekusebenzeni, nasekuxhumekeni emhlabeni jikelele. Noma ngabe i-high-speed yenjini yejethi noma ukuguquguquka ukonga kukaphethiloli kwe-turboprop, isistimu ngayinye idlala indima ebalulekile ekuhlangabezaneni nezidingo ezahlukahlukene zendiza yesimanje.
Njengoba ubuchwepheshe buqhubeka nokuvela, kanjalo namandla ezinjini ze-jet azothuthuka. Ngokuhlanganisa ukusungula okuphambili nezimiso ezingaphelelwa isikhathi zefiziksi nobunjiniyela, singaqinisekisa ukuthi ikusasa lendiza lihlala liguquguquka futhi linenguquko njengesikhathi salo sakudala.
Xhumana nethimba le-Florida Flyers Flight Academy namuhla ku (904) 209-3510 ukuze ufunde kabanzi mayelana nendlela yokwenza ukuguqulwa kwelayisensi yokushayela yangaphandle ngezinyathelo ezi-4.
