Ukungayiqondi kakuhle uphawu olunye lwendlela kwimizuzwana elishumi yokugqibela yokufika kunokubangela ukungena kwendlela ebiza i-$10,000 kwisohlwayo se-FAA okanye kubangele uphando lwe-$50 yezigidi. Esi sikhokelo sichaza zonke iimpawu ezibalulekileyo ukusuka kwiibhari zomda ukuya kwiimpawu zeenyawo ezili-1,000, sichaza isizathu sokuba imida esusiweyo ibonise iingozi zomzimba ezifuna inyathelo elikhawulezileyo, kwaye sityhila indlela iimpawu ezifipheleyo kwiindawo ezidibanayo ezibangela ngayo iingozi ezinkulu kufutshane neengozi.
Isiqulatho
Incwadi yoLwazi lweeNqwelo-moya ye-FAA inika amagama angaphezu kwe-1,200 kwiimpawu zendlela yokumisa iinqwelomoya. Oku akusilo uhombiso. Kwimizuzwana elishumi yokugqibela yokufika ngesantya esiphezulu, ukungaluqondi kakuhle uphawu olunye kunokubangela ukungena kwendlela yokumisa iinqwelomoya.
Ezi mpawu zilulwimi olutshintshatshintshayo nolunempembelelo enkulu. Zidlulisela ulwazi olubalulekileyo lokhuseleko ngexesha langempela. Umgca ngamnye kunye nenombolo zidlulisela umyalelo okanye isilumkiso esithile. Inkqubo ichanekile kwaye ayixoleli.
Esi sikhokelo sichaza indlela esebenza ngayo ingqiqo emva kophawu ngalunye. Uza kufunda isenzo esikhawulezileyo esifunwa yi-1000-foot marker. Uza kuqonda indlela ukufuduka komda ochaza ngayo ingozi ebonakalayo. Uza kwazi indlela yokufunda olu lwimi kakuhle.
Ulwimi Olubalulekileyo LweTarmac
Iimpawu zendlela yokuhamba zilulwimi olunemibala. Zinika abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya idatha yexesha langempela malunga nokujongwa kunye neengozi. Imigca emhlophe esembindini ikhokela ukufika. Iitshevron ezimthubi ziphawula iindawo ezingakhuselekanga. Le nkqubo iqinisekisa ukuhamba komhlaba okukhuselekileyo.
Abaninzi bacinga ukuba ezi mpawu azitshintshi. Intsingiselo yazo iyatshintsha ngokwesantya sakho kunye nendlela obona ngayo izinto. Umgca osembindini ukukhokela kwii-knots ezingama-80. Kwi-flare yokufika komoya onqamlezileyo, iba sisalathiso solawulo esibalulekileyo. FAA imigangatho bonisa iindlela zokubaleka ezingachanekanga zineempawu zomgama ezimiselweyo. Uphawu oluyi-1,000-foot luyimiyalelo. Lufuna ukujikeleza ngokukhawuleza ukuba awuzinzanga.
Umda oguqukileyo unemivalo emhlophe eqinileyo. Esi sisilumkiso esithe ngqo. Indlela ehamba ngayo ngaphambili isenokungawuxhasi ubunzima benqwelo-moya yakho. Isenokuthintelwa. Ukufika kwangethuba kakhulu kunokubangela ukuba inqwelo-moya yakho itshaywe okanye iwe. Ukufunda olu lwimi kuguqula ipeyinti ibe luluhlu lokhuseleko. Iyalela izimvo zakho zolawulo kunye nezigqibo ezibalulekileyo ukusuka kwindlela eya kwiteksi.
Indlela Iimpawu zeRunway ezisebenza ngayo ngokwenene
Abaqhubi beenqwelo moya baqonda ngoko nangoko iimpawu ezihlanu ezibonakalayo eziyimfuneko. Ezi mpawu zisemgangathweni zibonelela ngedatha ebalulekileyo yendawo kunye nenkqubo yokufika, ziguqulela ipeyinti kwisenzo.
- Uphawu loBume beNdlela yokuHamba kweenqwelo-moya
- Ngaphakathi
- IiBhari zoMda
- Iimpawu zeNqanaba ezijolise kuzo
- Iimpawu zeTouchdown Zone
Indawo ekujoliswe kuyo yindawo ekujoliswe kuyo ubunjineli obuchanekileyo, hayi ingcebiso. Imigangatho ye-FAA ifuna iimpawu ezingaphezulu kweenyawo eziyi-1,200 kwindlela yokubaleka echanekileyo. Iingxande ezinkulu ezikujoliswe kuzo zimi kumgama weenyawo eziyi-1,000 ukusuka kumda, zibonelela ngereferensi yendlela yokutyibilika ecacileyo.
Umda oguquliweyo usebenzisa ii-chevrons ezipeyintiweyo kunye neebha njengesilumkiso esithe ngqo. Zibonisa ingozi ebonakalayo efana nomqobo okanye indlela embi. Ukusebenzisa olu lwazi ngokuchanekileyo kuguqula ukuskena okubonakalayo kube kukuhambahamba okusebenzayo, kuqinisekisa ukuba inqwelo-moya ifika kwindawo ekhuselekileyo kuphela.
Indlela Esetyenziswa Ngayo Iimpawu Zendlela Yokuhamba Kweenqwelo-moya
Ukusebenzisa ezi zikhokelo zibalulekileyo ukusebenza kobunjineli obulawulwayo, ayingomzobo olula. Iqala ngokulungiselela umphezulu ngononophelo kunye noyilo ngokwe-FAA engqongqo kunye Imigangatho ye-ICAOAbasebenzi basebenzisa izixhobo ezikhethekileyo ukufaka ipeyinti eqinileyo nevuselelayo okanye i-thermoplastic.
1. Ukulungiswa komphezulu kunye noKwakheka kwawo
Amaqela aqala ngokucoca indlela ebekwe ngayo. Abahloli bendlela emva koko babhala ngetshokhwe ii-coordinates ezichanekileyo zempawu nganye, njengoko umgca omnye olahlekileyo unokwenza umbono onobungozi kubaqhubi beenqwelo-moya abasondelayo.
2. Ukusetyenziswa kwezinto
Iilori ezikhethekileyo zibeka ipeyinti enyibilikisiweyo ye-thermoplastic okanye ye-high-solids, zifake iiglasi ukuze zibukeke kwakhona. Ubushushu obuchanekileyo kunye nesantya zibalulekile ekunamatheleni nasekubonakaleni kakuhle ebusuku.
3. Uqinisekiso loMgangatho kunye noBomi obude
Uphawu ngalunye luhlolwa ukuchaneka, umbala, kunye nokukhanya. Xa yenziwe ngokuchanekileyo, le nkqubo idala umphezulu omelana namawakawaka eepaseji zamatayara kunye nemozulu embi kakhulu, inika abaqhubi beenqwelo moya ulwalathiso olucacileyo noluthembekileyo.
Iinkcukacha ze-FAA zilawula yonke into ukusuka kububanzi bomgca ukuya ekukhanyeni. Oku kuchaneka akunakuxoxiswana ngako ukuze kugcinwe ukuthembeka kwenkqubo yokhokelo olubonakalayo yesikhululo seenqwelo-moya.
Kutheni Iimpawu zeRunway Zithatha Ixesha Elide Ukunyamalala
Le migca ibalulekileyo ihlala ifundeka unyaka omnye ukuya kwemithathu. Ubomi bayo buyiminyaka yenziwe ngekhemistri yepeyinti, ubungakanani bezithuthi, imozulu, kunye nezinto zomphezulu wendlela.
Nangona ukuqhuma kweejethi kunye namatayara kubangela ukuguguleka, ukukhanya kwe-ultraviolet kudla ngokungcolisa imibala kuqala. Yingakho izikhululo zeenqwelo-moya ezinelanga, eziphakamileyo zifuna ukuhlaziywa rhoqo kunezo zigutyungelwe lunxweme, nokuba kukho izithuthi ezininzi kangakanani na.
Ukusetyenziswa yinkqubo echanekileyo yemizi-mveliso kusetyenziswa izixhobo ezikhethekileyo. Abasebenzi basebenzisa ipeyinti ye-epoxy okanye ye-polyurethane eqinileyo efakwe iintsimbi zeglasi ezibonisa umva. Imigangatho engqongqo ye-FAA kunye namagama angaphezu kwe-1,200 eenkcukacha zobugcisa kwiNcwadi yoLwazi lwezeeNqwelo-moya zilawula lo msebenzi ukuze usebenze ngokuqhubekayo.
Uphawu olunye olufipheleyo lunokuphazamisa ulwazi lwendawo yomqhubi wenqwelo moya ngexesha lezigaba ezibalulekileyo. Olu londolozo lutyalo-mali lokhuseleko olungenakuxoxiswana ngalo. Icandelo elilandelayo lichaza iingozi ezikhawulezileyo ezibonakaliswa zezi mpawu.
Iingozi Zokungawafundi Kakuhle Amamaki Endlela Yokuhamba
Umgca omnye ochazwe gwenxa uphethe ezemali zokwenyani kunye nezoluntu iindleko. Ezi ziqala kwizohlwayo zolawulo ukuya kwilahleko iyonke. Izenzo zokunyanzeliswa kwe-FAA zibonisa ukuba izohlwayo zokungena kweendlela zeenqwelo moya ziqala kumanani amahlanu. Impazamo embi kakhulu, njengokufika kwindawo evaliweyo, inokubangela uphando lwezigidi zeerandi kunye nelahleko engenakuguqulwa.
| Imeko Ephantsi Kobunzima: Ukuphambuka Kwenkqubo | Imeko Enzima Kakhulu: Ukudibana/Ukungqubana Kwendlela Yeenqwelo-moya |
|---|---|
| Ukuwela umgca omfutshane ngaphandle kwemvume ye-ATC. | Ukufika kwindlela yeteksi okanye kwindlela yeenqwelo-moya evaliweyo ngenxa yeempawu zomda ezifipheleyo okanye ezingafundwanga kakuhle. |
| Isohlwayo samatyala esiqhelekileyo se-FAA: $10,000 – $25,000 ngolwaphulo-mthetho ngalunye. | Uphando kunye noxanduva: Idla ngokudlula i-$50 yezigidi (umz., isiganeko se-LAX sika-2017). |
| Isiphumo Esiphambili: Ukumiswa kwelayisenisi okanye uqeqesho oluyimfuneko lokulungisa. | Isiphumo Esiphambili: Ingozi yokufa, ukulahleka kwenqanawa, kunye nophando lolwaphulo-mthetho. |
| Impembelelo Yokusebenza: Ukulahleka kwexeshana kwezonyango/imali, umonakalo obangelwa ligama. | Impembelelo Yokusebenza: Ukuhla kweentlobo zeenqwelo-mafutha, ukunyuka okukhulu kweprimiyamu yeinshorensi. |
umthombo: Iindleko ezibonisayo zisekelwe kuhlalutyo lwemiyalelo yokunyanzelisa i-FAA kunye neengxelo zeengozi ze-NTSB. Isohlwayo esithile siyahluka ngokwemeko.
Ukuphambuka kwenkqubo kuqhelekile. Abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya badla ngokungayithathi ngqalelo into efunwa ngumda osusiweyo. IiChevrons phambi kweebhari ezimhlophe eziqinileyo zibonisa ingozi ebonakalayo njengendlela ebuthathaka. Ukuzityeshela umgama owongezelelekileyo wokufika kuthengisa ukhuseleko ngenzuzo encinci kwaye kuqinisekisa amanyathelo olawulo.
Incwadi yoLwazi lweeNqwelo-moya ye-FAA inika amagama angaphezu kwe-1,200 kwezi mpawu, igxininisa ukuba azinakuxoxiswana ngazo.
Imeko enzima kakhulu ibonisa ukonakala ngokupheleleyo kokuskena okubonakalayo. Umgca osembindini ofipheleyo kwindawo edidayo unokukhokela inqwelo-moya kwindlela yenqwelo-moya ehambayo. Umngcipheko wokungqubana okubangelwa koko uzisa iindleko zabantu ezingenakubalwa kunye noxanduva olukhulu. Yiyo loo nto iingcali zibiza ezi mpawu njengesibonakaliso esiphambili sokubona imeko yomhlaba.
Ukutolika ngokuchanekileyo yeyona ndlela ikhuselekileyo. Lumqobo phakathi kokubhabha rhoqo kunye nesiganeko sokuphela komsebenzi. Phatha yonke imigca kunye nophawu njengomyalelo othe ngqo.
Isikhokelo seentlobo zokuphawula kunye neentsingiselo
Iimpawu zendlela yokuhamba kweenqwelo moya zi- ulwimi olubonakalayo olusemgangathweni oluhlelwe ngokweendidi zibe ziintlobo ezintathu: eziyimfuneko, indawo/icala, kunye nolwazi. Nganye inika izikhokelo ezibalulekileyo zokuqatshelwa kwangoko ngexesha lomsebenzi omninzi njengokufika.
1. Iimpawu ezinyanzelekileyo
Ezi mpawu zingenakuxoxiswana ngazo ziquka umyili wendlela yokumisa inqwelo moya (ebonisa intloko yemagnethi) kunye nomgca osembindini wesikhokelo esisecaleni. Ukuzityeshela kunokubangela ukudideka kwicala.
2. Iimpawu zeNdawo/Indlela
Ezi zichaza iindawo zokusebenza ezikhuselekileyo. Iimpawu zomda zibonisa indawo yokuqala yokufika. Umda oshenxisiweyo, ophawulwe ngeentolo, ubonisa ingozi efuna ukufika ngaphaya kwaloo ndawo. Iitshevron ezimthubi ziphawula iindawo ezingasetyenziswayo kwiteksi, ekunyukeni, okanye ekufikeni.
3. Iimpawu zoLwazi
Oku kuphucula ukuqonda imeko. Imizekelo ephambili ziimpawu zeenyawo ezili-1,000 zezigqibo zebala elifutshane kunye neempawu zomgama oseleyo ukuthintela ukugqobhoza. Ukutolika gwenxa kunemiphumo emibi.
Ukuqonda olu hlobo lwenkqubo kuguqula ipeyinti ibe yinkcazelo yokhuseleko ehambelanayo, nto leyo eyenza isiseko sokuhamba ngokuchanekileyo komphezulu.
Indlela Iimpawu Ezithintela Ngayo Intlekele
Iimpawu zendlela yokubaleka zibonelela ulwimi olubonakalayo olukhawulezileyo ekhokela abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya ngokuchaza imida, iindlela kunye neengozi. Oku kuguqula ikhonkrithi eluhlaza ibe yindawo ecwangcisiweyo nekhuselekileyo.
Igunya lenkqubo liphelele, kwaye i-FAA's Aeronautical Information Manual inikela amagama angaphezu kwe-1,200 kwezi nkcukacha. Le yi-regulatory geometry, ayilopeyinti yengcebiso. Umzekelo, ii-white bars eziqinileyo zomda osusiweyo ziyalela abaqhubi ukuba baphephe ukufika kwiindawo ezichaphazelekileyo.
Olu lwimi lufuna isenzo esithile. Isalathisi seenyawo ezili-1,000 kwibala elifutshane siyalela indlela ezinzileyo kunye nolawulo oluchanekileyo lwesantya, okusebenza njengomhla wokugqibela onzima wokufikelela kwi-touchdown. Ukungaluqondi kakuhle olu cue ngemizuzwana kunokubangela ukuba ibhola iqhube kakhulu.
Ukutolika ngokuchanekileyo kuthatha indawo yokukhumbula ngokuqonda imeko. Umqhubi wenqwelo moya unokuvavanya ngoko nangoko ubude bendlela yokubaleka, achonge iindawo ezingavumelekanga, aze enze indlela ezinzileyo. Indlela eya endleleni ngokwayo idlulisela isicwangciso sokuma ngokukhuselekileyo.
Iingcaciso Eziqhelekileyo Nezibiza Kakhulu
Eyona mpazamo iyingozi kakhulu yile ukungayiqondi kakuhle i-threshold esusiweyoUmqhubi wenqwelo moya ubona indlela yokubaleka aze acinge ukuba wonke umphezulu ukhona. Ezo ntolo zimhlophe ezikhomba kwibha eqinileyo ngumyalelo opheleleyo. Musa ukutsiba ngaphambi kwaloo mgca.
Umgibe Womqobo Ogxothiweyo
Le mpazamo ibangela iziphumo ezimbini ezimbi. Abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya bafika kufutshane, bebetha imiqobo okanye behamba ngeenyawo ezibuthathaka. Okanye basebenzisa indawo esusiweyo ukuze baqalise uhambo, bengashiyi ndawo yokuma. Kukho umda osusiweyo kwiingozi zokwenyani ezifana nezinto okanye ukunciphisa ingxolo. Iimpawu zendlela yeenqwelo-moya zezona zilumkiso zakho ezibonakalayo.
Inyathelo Elikhawulezileyo Lokuhlaliswa Kwemihlaba Emfutshane
Uqeqesho ludla ngokungalufumani olu phawu. I-marker yeenyawo ezili-1000 kwibala elifutshane ifuna isigqibo esikhawulezileyo sokuhamba/sokungahambi. Kufuneka ubale ukuba ungakwazi na ukuma kwindawo eseleyo. Ukuthandabuza kudla umgama owudingayo ukuze usinde.
Ingozi Efihliweyo
Indawo eguqukileyo isenokuba buthathaka. Isenokufihla izikhonkwane ezikhanyayo okanye imibhobho yamanzi. Ukuyisebenzisa kumema ukuba indlela yeenqwelo moya igqithe. Incwadi yemiyalelo ye-FAA isebenzisa amagama angaphezu kwe-1,200 kwezi mpawu ngesizathu esivakalayo. Iinkcukacha zezokhuseleko lwakho.
Ukulungiswa kunye nokuQhelaniswa kweCrosswind
Inombolo yendlela yomoya ichaza isihloko semagnethi osihambelana naso. Ukulungiswa kwakho komoya onqamlezileyo kuxhomekeke kumoya xa kuthelekiswa neso sihloko. Iimpawu ezifipheleyo zinokubangela ukungaziwa kakuhle. Lonke uhlobo lwakho lokulungisa umoya luyasilela, nto leyo ebeka emngciphekweni ulawulo xa uphuma.
Ezi azizokhowudi ezingaqhelekanga. Ziyidatha esisiseko kuyo yonke indawo yokufika. Ukuzitolika gwenxa kukusilela ukuthetha ulwimi lwendlela.
Ukuqonda kakuhle iimpawu zeCheckride yakho
Okokuqala, fumana imhlophe enkulu amanani okuchonga indlela yeenqwelo moya. Zizalathiso zakho eziphambili zokulungelelanisa. La manani abonisa isihloko semagnethi, esijikelezwe kwiidigri ezilishumi ezikufutshane. Oku kubonelela ngolwalathiso olukhawulezileyo, inyathelo lokuqala elibalulekileyo.
Musa ukucinga ngazo ngerediyo kuphela. Umsebenzi wazo wokwenyani kukwindawo. Inani lichaza i-engile yenkala efunekayo kwisiphelo sokugqibela. Indlela yeenqwelo moya '27' ifuna ukulungiswa komoya othile ukuze ihambelane nama-270 degrees.
Qaphela umphetho osusiweyo oneentolo ezimhlophe ezikhomba kwibha eqinileyo. Olu phawu luyalela isenzo esicacileyo. Lubonisa ingozi ebonakalayo, njengesithintelo. Kufuneka ucwangcise i-touchdown yakho ngaphaya kwebha. Ukungayiqondi kakuhle le nto kubiza umgama obalulekileyo wokufika.
Olu lwimi lubonakalayo lunemigangatho engqongqo. Imigca ephakathi kwendlela yokubaleka, umzekelo, idla ngokuba ziimitha ezili-120 ubude kunye nezikhewu ezingama-80-foot. Olu linganiselo ludala isiphumo se-strobe esikhokela amehlo akho ngexesha lokufika. Ukusebenzisa olu lwazi kuguqula ukukhumbula kube yimvelo.
Ngaba Ukulungele Ukuqonda Ulwimi Lweendlela Zokugijima?
Iimpawu zendlela yokuhamba zilulwimi olubonakalayo olubalulekileyo, hayi upende olungaqhelekanga. Kufuneka utshintshe ukusuka ekuqapheleni okungasebenziyo ukuya ekutolikeni okusebenzayo. Olu buchule lubalulekile ngexesha lomsebenzi omninzi njengokusondela kunye nokufika. Incwadi yoLwazi lweeNqwelo-moya ye-FAA ichaza ngokubanzi le nkqubo ngesizathu esivakalayo.
Cinga ngophawu lweenyawo ezili-1000 kwindawo emfutshane. Lufuna inyathelo elikhawulezileyo. Lo myalelo wokuqala i-landing roll yakho awungombono. Wahlula umsebenzi okhuselekileyo kuhambo olunokwenzeka. Olu chanekileyo luguqula iikhowudi ezigcinwe engqondweni zibe lukhuseleko olusebenzayo.
Soloko uhlola imizobo yesikhululo seenqwelo-moya ngaphambi kokuba ubhabhe. Ziqhelise ukubona imida esusiweyo kunye neengozi zayo. Hlanganisa olu lwimi kwiskena sakho sokubona. Sebenzisa olu lwazi kwinqwelo-moya yakho elandelayo yoqeqesho ukuze wakhe ukuqonda okungokwemvelo.
Imibuzo Ebuzwa Rhoqo Malunga Neempawu Zendlela Yokuhamba Kweenqwelo-moya
Zithini iimpawu ezikwiindlela zokubaleka iinqwelomoya?
Iimpawu ezimhlophe nezimthubi ezisemgangathweni ezibonelela abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya ngemiyalelo, idatha yendawo, kunye nezilumkiso zengozi.
Ithetha ukuthini inombolo 9 kunye nenombolo 27 kwindlela yokubaleka?
Ukujongwa kwemagnethi. Indlela yembaleki 9 amanqaku empuma (090°); Indlela yembaleki 27 amanqaku entshona (270°).
Zithini iimpawu zeenyawo ezili-1000?
Iibha ezimhlophe ezidityanisiweyo eziziimitha ezili-1,000 ukusuka emngxunyeni. Isixhobo esibonakalayo esibalulekileyo sokufika kwentsimi emfutshane.
Zithini iimpawu zokujongwa kwendlela yeenqwelo moya?
Inombolo enkulu emhlophe yophawu, kunye nomgca ophakathi kunye neebha zomda, zihombisa indlela yokufika.
Ukuba umda ususiwe, zeziphi iingozi eziboniswa ziimpawu?
Iintolo ezimhlophe kunye nomtya oqinileyo zibonakalisa ingozi ebonakalayo njengesithintelo okanye indlela ebuthathaka. Lala ngaphaya kwale ndawo.
Kutheni ezinye iimpawu zendlela zimthubi?
Umbala otyheli uphawula iindlela zeeteksi kunye neendawo zokubamba ukuthintela ukungena kweendlela zeenqwelo moya. Umgca otyheli wokubamba omfutshane ngumyalelo wokuma.
