Nhanganyaya yePitot Tube
Pitot chubhu chishandiso chiri nyore asi chakakosha chinoshandiswa kuyera kumhanya kwendege zvichienderana nemhepo yakaitenderedza. Pasinei nokureruka kwacho, chigadzirwa choungwaru ichi chave chiri chinhu chinokosha pakubhururuka kwendege kwemakore anopfuura zana. Nekuona mutsauko uripo pakati pemhepo yakadzikama uye simba repamusoro rinokonzerwa nekufamba kwendege kuenda mberi, machubhu epitot anopa kuverenga kwakaringana kwekumhanya kwemhepo uko vatyairi vendege vanovimba nazvo kuti vashande zvisina njodzi.
Mabviro echubhu anogona kurondwa kumashure kwekutanga kwezana ramakore rechi 18 apo Henri Pitot, injiniya wekuFrance, akatanga kugadzira pfungwa iyi. Kunyange zvazvo pakutanga yaishandiswa kuyera mafambiro emvura, kushandiswa kwayo mundege kwakashandura indasitiri, zvichiita kuti vatyairi vendege vanyatso tarisisa kumhanya kwendege yavo - chinhu chakakosha pakudzora mafambiro endege, kunyanya panguva yekusimuka nekumhara. Nekufamba kwenguva, kufambira mberi kwehunyanzvi hwekuita tekinoroji kwakatungamira kune mamwe madhizaini epitot chubhu, asi musimboti wakakosha unoramba usina kuchinjika, humbowo hwekupenya kusingagumi kweichi chakapfava asi chinoshamisa.
Nheyo Yakakosha Iri Seri Kwezvinoonekwa
Kushanda kwechubhu kunoenderana nenheyo yakatwasuka asi ine hungwaru: inoyera mutsauko uripo pakati pemhepo yakadzikama yakatenderedza ndege uye kudzvanywa kwepamusoro kunokonzerwa nekufamba kwendege mberi. Musiyano uyu wekumanikidza unobata kiyi yekunyatsoona mapidhi endege.
Sezvo ndege inofamba nemumhepo, inosangana nekupikiswa kubva kumamorekuru emhepo, zvichiita kuti aungane pamberi pekuvhurwa kwepitot chubhu. Uku kuunganidzwa kwemamorekuru emhepo kunoguma nekudzvinyirirwa kwepamusoro, kunozivikanwa se dynamic pressure. Panguva imwecheteyo, iyo static pressure, inova ambient air pressure yakatenderedza ndege, inoyerwa kuburikidza neakasiyana static ports. Nokuenzanisa maverengero maviri aya ekumanikidza, chubhu inogona kuverenga kumhanya kwendege nemazvo zvinoshamisa, ichipa vatyairi vendege ruzivo rwakakosha kuti iite basa rendege zvakachengeteka uye nemazvo.
Nekuverenga mutsauko uri pakati pezvidzvanyiriri zviviri izvi, machubhu epitot anogona kunyatsoona kumhanya kwendege. Iyi pfungwa yakapfava asi ine hungwaru ndiyo yave iri musimboti wekuyeresa kumhanya kwendege kwemakumi emakore, ichipa vatyairi vendege ruzivo rwakakosha kuti vave nechokwadi chekuita basa rendege zvakachengeteka uye nemazvo.
Basa rePitot Tubes muAviation
Aya machubhu anoita basa rakakosha mukubhururuka nendege nekupa kuverenga kwakaringana kwemhepo, izvo zvakakosha kune zvakasiyana-siyana zvekushanda kwendege. Mamwe maapplication akakosha anosanganisira:
Kuronga Kwendege: Ruzivo rwekumhanya kwemhepo rwakakosha pakuverenga mashandisirwo emafuta, nguva dzekubhururuka, uye zvimwe zvinotariswa panguva yekuronga kusati kwabhururuka.
Kutariswa Kwekuita Kwendege: Vatyairi vendege vanovimba nedata rekumhanya kwendege kuti vatarise uye vagadzirise mashandiro endege panguva dzakasiyana dzekubhururuka, sekusimuka, kukwira, rwendo, uye kumhara.
Stall Warning Systems: Ndege zhinji dzemazuvano dzinosanganisira masisitimu ekunyevera anoshandisa pitot chubhu data kuzivisa vatyairi vendege kana ndege yava kusvika panzvimbo yekumira, zvichivabvumira kutora matanho ekugadzirisa.
Air Traffic Control: Vanodzora traffic vatyairi shandisa ruzivo rwekumhanya kwemhepo kubata uye kuronga mafambiro endege, kuve nechokwadi chekuparadzana kwakachengeteka uye kufamba kwakanaka kwetraffic.
Maitiro ePitot Tube kuyera Airspeed
Maitiro ekuyera kumhanya kwemhepo uchishandisa chubhu inosanganisira akati wandei matumbi anoshanda ari tandem. Heino kupatsanurwa kwezvinhu zvakakosha:
Pitot Tube: Mudzimai wacho pachezvake ichubhu yakatetepa, yakatarisa kumberi inobata simba remhepo apo ndege inofamba nayo.
Static Ports: Iri pafuselage kana mapapiro endege, zviteshi zvezviteshi zvinoyera mhepo yakatenderedza ndege, zvichipa ukoshi hwesimba.
Pressure Transducers: Midziyo iyi inoshandura misiyano yepressure pakati pepitot chubhu nema static ports kuita masaini emagetsi anogona kududzirwa nemuridzo wendege.
Airspeed Indicator: Chiratidzo chekumhanya kwemhepo, chinowanzo wanikwa pachiridzwa chemutyairi wendege, chinoratidza kumhanya kwendege nekududzira masaini emagetsi kubva kune zvinodzvinyirira.
Nekuenderera mberi nekutarisa uye kuverenga mutsauko pakati pesimba uye static kumanikidza, machubhu aya anopa ruzivo rwenguva chaiyo yemhepo kune vatyairi vendege, kuve nechokwadi chekuti vanogona kuita sarudzo dzine ruzivo panguva dzakasiyana siyana dzekubhururuka.
Mhando dzePitot Tubes Anoshandiswa Mundege
Nepo musimboti wakakosha uchiramba wakafanana, machubhu epitot anouya mumagadzirirwo akasiyana siyana uye masisitimu kuti aenderane nemhando dzendege dzakasiyana uye zvinodiwa pakushanda. Heano mamwe marudzi akajairika epitot tubes:
Yakananga Pitot Tube: Iyi dhizaini yakapfava ine yakatwasuka, yakatarisana nechubhu inobata iyo ine simba kudzvanywa zvakananga.
Heated Pitot Tube: Mumamiriro ekunze anotonhora, pitot machubhu anogona kuvharirwa neaizi kuvaka. Machubhu anopisa anoshandisa magetsi ekudziya zvinhu kudzivirira kuumbwa kweaizi, kuve nechokwadi chekuverenga chaiko kwemhepo.
Pitot-Static Tube: Iyi dhizaini inosanganisa pitot chubhu uye static ports kuita imwechete unit, kurerutsa kuisirwa nekugadzirisa.
Dual Pitot Tubes: Imwe ndege inoratidzira isina dhizaini pitot chubhu masisitimu, ane maviri akazvimirira pitot machubhu ekuwedzera kuchengeteka uye kuvimbika.
Flush Air Data Sensing (FADS) System: Ndege dzemazuvano dzinowanzoshandisa masisitimu eFADS, ayo anobatanidza pitot chubhu kushanda muganda rendege, kuderedza kudhonza nekuvandudza kugona kwemhepo.
Kuchengetedza uye Kuchengetedza
Kuchengetedza kwakaringana uye nzira dzekuchengetedza dzakakosha pakuita chokwadi uye chakavimbika kuita kwepitot tubes. Heano mamwe makuru ekufungisisa:
Kugara Kuongorora: Machubhu anofanirwa kuongororwa nguva nenguva kuitira chero zvipingamupinyi, kukuvara, kana ngura zvinogona kukanganisa kushanda kwawo.
Pitot Tube Inovhara: Kana isiri kushandiswa, inofanira kuvharwa kudzivirira marara, zvipembenene, kana zvimwe zvinhu zvekune dzimwe nyika kupinda uye kuvhara chubhu.
Pitot-Static System Testing: Kuongororwa nguva nenguva kwepitot-static system yese, kusanganisira machubhu epitot, static ports, uye chiridzwa chakabatana, zvakakosha kuona nekugadzirisa chero zvingangoitika.
Redundancy uye Backup Systems: Ndege zhinji dzemazuvano dzinosanganisira redundant pitot chubhu masisitimu kana backup airspeed yekuyera zvishandiso kuti ive nechokwadi chekuenderera mberi kushanda kwakachengeteka kana pitot chubhu yatadza.
Nekuomerera kune kwakakodzera maitiro ekugadzirisa uye kuchengetedza mapuroteni, vatyairi vendege nevashandi vekuchengetedza vanogona kuderedza njodzi yezviitiko zvine chekuita nechubhu uye kuve nechokwadi chechokwadi uye kuvimbika kweruzivo rwemhepo.
Nyaya Dzakajairika nePitot Tubes muNdege
Kunyangwe dhizaini yavo yakasimba uye basa rakakosha, machubhu aya dzimwe nguva anogona kusangana nematambudziko anogona kukanganisa kuita kwavo. Mamwe matambudziko akajairika anosanganisira:
Ice: Mumamiriro ekunze anotonhora, kuvakwa kweaizi pamachubhu kunogona kuvharidzira kuyerera kwemhepo, zvichitungamira kune kuverengera kusingaite kwemhepo kana kuvharika zvachose.
Foreign Object Debris (FOD): Zvipembenene, guruva, kana mamwe marara anogona kupinda nekuvharisa machubhu epitot, zvichikonzera zviratidzo zvekumhanya kwemhepo.
Kukuvara kana Corrosion: Kukuvara kwemuviri kana kukora kune pitot chubhu pachayo inogona kukanganisa kugona kwayo kuyera nemazvo simba rekumanikidza.
Inodonha muPitot-Static System: Kudonhedza mupitot-static system, kusanganisira tubing kana kubatanidza, kunogona kukonzera kutadza kuverengerwa kwekumanikidza uye ruzivo rusingavimbike rwemhepo.
Kukundikana Kwekushandisa: Kunyange zvisingawanzoitiki, kukundikana mumagetsi ekudzvinyirira, zviratidzo zvemhepo, kana zvimwe zvinosanganiswa zvinoshandiswa zvinogona kutungamirira kune zvisiri izvo airspeed displays.
Kudzikamisa nyaya idzi, vagadziri vendege, vafambisi, uye masangano anodzora vakaisa matanho ekudzivirira akasiyana, akadai seanopisa pitot machubhu, masisitimu akawandisa, uye akasimba ekugadzirisa mapuroteni.
Iyo Evolution n Aviation Nhoroondo
Iyo chubhu ine nhoroondo yakapfuma inodzokera kumazuva ekutanga ekufamba nendege. Heino mhedziso pfupi yekushanduka kwayo:
Mapiyona Ekutanga: Pfungwa yekuyera simba rekumanikidza kuona kumhanya kwemhepo yakatanga kutaurwa nainjiniya wekuFrance Henri Pitot mukutanga kwezana ramakore rechi 18. Basa rake rakaisa hwaro hwekuvandudzwa kwechubhu yepitot.
Early Aviation Applications: Sezvo tekinoroji yendege yakafambira mberi mukupera kwe19th uye kutanga kwezana ramakore rechi20, dzakagadziridzwa kuti dzishandiswe mundege, ichipa ruzivo rwakakosha rwekumhanya kwendege kuvatyairi.
Hondo Yenyika II uye Kupfuura: Munguva yeHondo Yenyika II, kudiwa kwekuyerwa kwakaringana kwemhepo kwakatungamira kune imwezve gadziridzo uye kuvandudzwa mukugadzirwa kwechubhu nekugadzira.
Kubudirira Kwemazuva Ano: Nekuuya kwehunyanzvi hwemazuva ano hwekubhururuka nendege, machubhu epitot akashanduka kuti abatanidze zvinhu zvakaita sezvinhu zvekudziya, dhizaini-yakaiswa madhizaini, uye kubatanidza nemacomputer data data system.
Future Developments: Sezvo kubhururuka kwendege kuri kuenderera mberi nekusundidzira miganhu yehunyanzvi, pitot machubhu anogona kuenderera mberi, senge zvinhu zvepamberi, akagadziridzwa aerodynamic dhizaini, uye kubatanidzwa neachiri kubuda matekinoroji senge dzisina kufambiswa dzemuchadenga mota (UAVs) uye yemudhorobha mhepo yekufamba mhinduro.
Munhoroondo yayo yese, iyo pitot chubhu yakaramba iri chinhu chakakosha mukubhururuka nendege, inogara ichishanduka kuti isangane nekuchinja kwezvinodiwa uye zvinodiwa zveindasitiri.
Kuenzanisa nemamwe Airspeed Measurement Devices
Nepo machubhu aya ari iwo anonyanya kushandiswa emhepo ekuyera midziyo yekuyera mundege, haisiriyo yega sarudzo iripo. Heino kuenzanisa kupfupi nedzimwe nzira dzakasiyana:
Doppler radar: Doppler radar masisitimu anoyera mafambiro ekuchinja kwemasaisai eredhiyo anotaridza kuona kumhanya kwepasi kwendege uye kumhanya kwemhepo. Aya masisitimu anowanzoshandiswa mune zvechiuto uye zvekutsvaga zvikumbiro.
Laser Airspeed Sensors: Dzimwe ndege dzemazuva ano dzinoshandisa laser-based airspeed sensors inoyera nguva-ye-ye-ndege yemalaser pulses inoratidzwa kubva pamhepo mamorekuru kuverenga kumhanya kwemhepo.
Inertial Navigation Systems (INS): INS masisitimu anoshandisa accelerometers uye gyroscopes kuteedzera nzvimbo yendege, kumhanya, uye maitiro, ayo anogona kushandiswa kufungidzira kumhanya kwemhepo zvisina kunanga.
Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS): GNSS, yakadai seGPS, inogona kupa ruzivo rwekumhanya kwepasi, iyo inogona kusanganiswa nemhepo data kufungidzira kumhanya kwemhepo.
Nepo idzi dzimwe nzira dzinopa zvakanakira uye kugona kwakasiyana, Aya machubhu anoramba ari akanyanya kushandiswa uye akavimbika mhinduro yekuyerwa kwemhepo mundege zhinji nekuda kwekureruka kwadzo, huchokwadi, uye mutengo-unoshanda.
mhedziso
Iyo pitot chubhu, chishandiso chinoita sechiri nyore, chakaita basa rakakosha mukushanduka kwendege. Kugona kwayo kunyatsoyera kumhanyisa kwemhepo kwakabatsira mukuvimbisa kuchengetedzwa uye kugona kwekuita kwendege pasi rese. Kubva payakatanga yakaderera kusvika kumazuva ano iterations, iyo pitot chubhu inoramba iri chinhu chakakosha mujecha.
Sezvo tekinoroji yendege ichifambira mberi, kukosha kwechubhu kunoramba kusingadzike. Kuita kwayo kwakasiyana-siyana, kuvimbika, uye rekodhi rekodhi inoita kuti ive shamwari yakavimbika yevatyairi vendege uye nyanzvi dzendege zvakafanana. Nepo dzimwe nzira dzekuyeresa mhepo dzichiramba dzichibuda, nhaka yepitot chubhu inoshanda seuchapupu hwekukosha kwayo munyika inogara ichishanduka yendege.
Kuti udzidze zvakawanda uye zvimwe zvakakosha zvikamu zvendege, funga kunyoresa Florida Flyers Flight Academy yakazara online kosi, "Mastering Aircraft Systems." Ichi chirongwa chakadzama chinovhara nyaya dzakasiyana siyana, kubva aerodynamics pakufamba, zvichiita kuti uwane kunzwisisa kwakadzama kwemasisitimu akaomarara anoita kuti ndege dzirambe dzichibhururuka zvakachengeteka mumatenga.
Bata Florida Flyers Flight Academy Team nhasi pa (904) 209-3510 kuti udzidze zvakawanda nezve Private Pilot Ground School Course.
