ⓘ TL;DR
- Chati yeIFR chishandiso chekufambisa ndege panguva chaiyo, kwete pepa rekutarisa. Inoratidza nzira dzemhepo, navaids, kugadzirisa, uye kukwirira kudiki pasi peMitemo yeNhandare yeZvishandiso.
- Machati ekufamba nendege asina kudzika anonyanya kukosha panzira dzemhepo nekukwirira kushoma kupfuura mamiriro enzvimbo. Verengai MEA neMOCA zvakanaka musati mabhururuka.
- Nzira dzeVictor dzinoshandisa zviteshi zveVOR. Nzira dzeT nedzeQ dzinoda michina yeGPS/RNAV. Sarudza rudzi rwenzira zvichienderana nepaneru yako.
- Mutemo we6-6-6 unoita kuti vatyairi veIFR vagare varipo zviri pamutemo: nzira nhanhatu, maawa matanhatu, mwedzi mitanhatu.
- Machati eIFR anopera mazuva ese makumi mashanu nematanhatu. Kubhururuka nechati yekare zvinoreva kufamba nemhepo inogona kunge yakare uye data rema frequency.
Zviri Mukati
Chinyorwa chino hachizotaridzi chati yeIFR sebhuku rekutarisa raunotarisa usati wasimuka. Chati yeIFR chishandiso chekufambisa chinoshanda chaunofanira kududzira panguva chaiyo, uye musiyano uripo pakati pekuverenga usingashande uye kududzira kunoshanda unoratidza kuti unoramba wakachengeteka here kana kuti ukarasika.
Vatyairi vendege vazhinji vanodzidza zviratidzo zvechati mukirasi vozorega kuzvidzokorora. Musiyano uripo pakati pekudzidziswa nekudzidzira ndipo panoitika zvikanganiso. Kugadzirisa kunoratidzika sekunozivikanwa pachikamu kunoreva chimwe chinhu chakasiyana pachati yakaderera yekufamba, uye miganhu yenzvimbo yemhepo inoshanduka nenzira dzinobata kunyange vatyairi vezvishandiso vane ruzivo vasina kungwarira.
Pano uchadzidza zvinoratidzwa nechati yeIFR, maverengerwo ezviratidzo zvayo nemigwagwa, mutemo we6-6-6 wekuti urambe uripo, kuti machati anoramba aripo kwenguva yakareba sei, uye kuti ungaawana kupi. Pakupedzisira, uchatora chati yega yega yeIFR segwaro rinorarama rinoda kutariswa kwako kwakazara.
Zvinonyatsoratidzwa Nechati yeIFR
Chati yeIFR ichati yendege yakagadzirirwa kufamba pasi pe Instrument Flight Mitemo. Inobvisa zviratidzo zvinoonekwa zvinotsigirwa nechikamu cheVFR uye inotsiva nehurongwa hwekubhururuka kwemidziyo: nzira dzemhepo, nzira dzekufamba nadzo, nzira dzekugadzirisa, miganhu yenzvimbo yemuchadenga, uye kukwirira kudiki. Chati iyi hairatidze nzvimbo sezvinoita chikamu. Inoratidza marongerwo enzira inoteverwa nemutyairi wendege kana makore akavhara pasi.
Vatyairi vendege vazhinji vanodzidza musiyano uyu panguva yekudzidziswa asi vanotora chati sechiratidzo chisiri chenguva dzose mushure mezvo. Ndiko kukanganisa. Chikamu cheVFR chinokuudza kuti uri papi nezvaunoona kunze. Chati yeIFR inokuudza kuti uri papi nezvinotaurwa nemidziyo neATC. Izvi zviviri zvakasiyana zvachose pakuongorora nzira dzekufamba, uye kuvhiringidzika kunokonzera zvikanganiso pakusarudzwa kwekukwirira uye kuronga nzira.
FAA inogadzira machati aya muPDF yedhijitari kuburikidza nemutsara wayo wechigadzirwa cheAeronav. IFR Enroute Aeronautical Chart series inowanikwa kuti idhawunirodhwe mahara, inovandudzwa mazuva ese makumi mashanu nematanhatu. Mutyairi wendege anobhururuka nechati yapera basa haasi kungoperera pakunyora chete. Vari kufamba neruzivo rwekare pamusoro pemamiriro ekufamba nendege, shanduko dzemuchadenga, uye kukwirira kudiki.
Kuverenga kwakarurama kunotanga nekunzwisisa kuti chati inokoshesa chii. Ndege ndiyo musimboti. MaNavaids ndiwo maankora. Kureba kudiki ndiko pasi. Zvimwe zvese, mavara, zviratidzo, mavara, zviripo kuti zvitsigire zvinhu zvitatu izvozvo. Verenga chati nenzira iyoyo, uye zvinhu zvakawanda zvinopera muhurongwa hwekufamba.
Zviratidzo Zvikuru Zvinosiyana Nemachati eVFR
Mutsetse webhuruu wakapatsanurwa unoreva kuti Class Delta pachikamu cheVFR unoreva chimwe chinhu chakasiyana zvachose pachati yeIFR yakaderera yekumhanya. Inova Class Charlie. Kuchinjana uku kunobata vatyairi vakawanda vari kuchinja kupfuura chero chimwe chiratidzo.
Vatyairi vendege vanodzidza kuverenga chati yeIFR yakaderera yekufamba munzira vanowanzoona kuti zviratidzo zvinozivikanwa kubva muzvikamu zveVFR zvinotora zvirevo zvitsva zvachose. Gwaro reMzeroA remachati eIFR inonyora zvakananga kuvhiringidzika uku.
- Nzvimbo yemhepo yeClass B: yakazara nebhuruu pamachati ese ari maviri
- Nzvimbo yemhepo yeClass C: mutsetse webhuruu wakakamurwa pamachati eIFR
- Nzvimbo yemhepo yeClass D: bhokisi rebhuruu rakapatsanurwa pamachati eIFR
- VOR navaid: kambasi yakasimuka ine bhokisi rema frequency
- NDB navaid: denderedzwa rine dash rine chiratidzo
- Kugadziriswa kwemharadzano: mativi matatu ane nyeredzi ine mapoinzi mashanu
- Nzvimbo yekuzivisa: triangle yakasimba
- Mutsetse wepakati penzira yemhepo: mutsetse mutema une miseve yebheyaringi
Maitiro acho haasi ekusarongeka. Machati eIFR anorerutsa nzvimbo yemhepo mumhando dzemitsara nekuti pilot yatove mukati mesystem. VFR sectionals inoda huremu hwakawanda hwekuona kuti pilot isasvike munzvimbo yemhepo. Machati eIFR anofungidzira kuti wapinda mairi.
Dhinda chati yeIFR iri pasi uye chikamu cheVFR chenzvimbo imwe chete. Zviise padivi nepadivi. Tevedzera chiratidzo chimwe chete panguva kusvika kushandurwa kwava otomatiki. Chiitwa ichocho chinobvisa chikanganiso chekuverenga Class Delta seClass Charlie panguva isiriyo.
Victor Routes nedzimwe IFR Airways
Maumbirwo enzira pachati yeIFR ndiwo muganho wehurongwa hwese hwekubhururuka kwemidziyo. Kunzwisisa mhando dzakasiyana dzemhepo hakusi kwedzidzo, ndiko kunosarudza kuti ndeapi ma navaids aunoda, michina ipi inofanira kutakura ndege yako, uye kuti ATC ichakubvisa sei.
Victor Airways: Musana weVOR
Nzira dzeVictor ndidzo dzekare uye dzinonyanya kushandiswa dzeIFR airways. Dzakavakirwa paVOR kana VORTAC navaids, dzakaratidzwa nemavara matema pamachati epasi ekufamba, uye dzinoonekwa nechiratidzo chekutanga cheV chinoteverwa nenhamba yakaita seV12. Nzira idzi dzekufamba dzinoda kuti ndege ive nemichina yekugamuchira VOR inoshanda uye inotevera nzira yakatarwa pakati pevaNavaids pakukwirira kwakatarwa.
Nzira DzeT: Kururama Kwakavakirwa paGPS
T-Routes ndiyo nzira dzemazuva ano dzekutsiva Victor airways munzvimbo dzisina VOR yakawanda. Dzakagadzirirwa GPS navigation uye dzinoita semitsetse mitete yebhuruu pachati. Kubhururuka T-Route kunoda GPS navigator inotenderwa kushanda muIFR, hapana VOR inodiwa.
Nzira dzeQ: Migwagwa Yakakwirira
Nzira dzeQ-Routes dzinofamba pamusoro pe 18,000 feet MSL uye dzinowanikwa pamachati ekufamba munzira dzakakwirira. Dzinoshandiswa neRNAV, zvichireva kuti dzinoshandisa GPS kana mamwe masisitimu ekufamba munzvimbo. Nzira idzi dzinobatanidza nzvimbo huru dzekufamba netsoka panzvimbo dzakakwira uko kusina nzira dzeVictor airways.
Dzimwe Mhando dzeNzira Dzinofanira Kuzivikanwa
FAA inoburitsa zvirinani mhando gumi dzakasiyana dzenzira pamachati ekupinda munzira. Izvi zvinosanganisira nzira dzemhepo dzine mavara (Amber, Green, Red) dzinoshandiswa muAlaska, nzira dzeherikoputa, uye nzira dzekudzidzira mauto. Imwe neimwe ine mitemo yayo yekuratidzwa uye zvinodiwa pakushanda.
Kutora nzira dzese dzeIFR sedzinochinjana chikanganiso. Zvinodiwa zvemichina chete ndizvo zvinogona kumisa hurongwa hwekubhururuka.
Mutemo we6-6-6 weMari yeIFR
Vatyairi vazhinji vanoona mari yeIFR sebhokisi rekutarisa kutevedzera mitemo. Ndiyo nzira isiriyo yekufunga nezvayo. Mutemo we6-6-6 uripo wekuchengetedza hunyanzvi hwakakwana hwekuchengetedza hupenyu pasina kuonekwa.
Mutemo uyu unopatsanurwa kuita zvikamu zvitatu. Nzira nhanhatu dzekushandisa michina mumwedzi mitanhatu yapfuura. Maawa matanhatu ekufamba kwemidziyo, kana kuti yakaedzwa. Uye kuongororwa kwehunyanzvi nemudzidzisi mwedzi mitanhatu yega yega. Kana ukasaita chimwe cheizvi, kodzero yepamutemo yekuisa IFR inonyangarika.
Apa ndipo panobuda musiyano. Vatyairi vendege vazhinji vanonyora nzira dzekutyaira neawa asi vanoona kuongorora hunyanzvi sechinyakare. Kuongorora ikoko ndicho chikamu chega chemutemo chinosanganisira kuongorora kwekunze kwehunyanzvi. Mutyairi wendege anosvetuka kana kumhanyisa ari kubhururuka achizviongorora ega. Kuzviongorora hakuna kuvimbika mumamiriro ezvinhu ezvishandiso.
Muedzo chaiwo wemutemo we6-6-6 hausi wekuti bhuku renhoroondo rinoratidza here kuti rinotevedzera mitemo here. Asi ndewekuti maoko achiri kugona here kushandisa nzira isina kusimba. Mitemo yemari inoyera nguva, kwete kugona. Asi nguva ndiyo yega nzira inowanikwa, uye inoshanda zviri nani pane chero imwe nzira.
Tora nguva yemwedzi mitanhatu senguva yakaoma, kwete sepfungwa. Zuva rinotevera rapera, kodzero dzemutemo dzinopera. Hunyanzvi hahuperi nekukurumidza, asi mukana wekukanganisa unoderera.
Machati eIFR Anogara Achishanda Kwenguva Yakadii
Chati yeIFR ine zuva rekupera kwendege iro rinonyanya kukosha kupfuura zvinofungwa nevatyairi vendege vazhinji. Kubhururuka nechati yapera haisi nyaya yemapepa, inyaya yekuchengetedzeka uye kutadza kwemutemo kunoenderana nemakiromita ese ekufamba nendege.
FAA inogadziridza machati eIFR ekufamba-famba padanho rakatarwa. Chati yega yega ine zuva rekutanga uye zuva rekupera rakanyorwa zvakajeka pakavha nepaneru yechati. Kutenderera kwacho kunofungidzirwa uye hakukanganwiri. Chati yaivepo nezuro inogona kunge isiri kushanda nhasi.
Kuchinja pakati pemavhiri hakuratidzi kunaka. Ndege dzinodzoserwa nzira. MaNavaids anomiswa kushanda. Mafrequency anochinja. Kureba kushoma kunochinja. Mutyairi wendege anobhururuka nechati yemudhudhudhu wekupedzisira ari kufamba nemepu isingachaenderane nenzvimbo yemhepo yaari. Mukana iwoyo ndipo panotangira zvikanganiso zvekushanda.
Zuva rekutanga kushanda rinodhindwa pachati pachayo. Kutarisa kunotora masekondi mashoma. Zuva rinoonekwa pakavha yepepa uye mumusoro wePDF yedhijitari. Kutarisa nekukurumidza usati wabhururuka kunosimbisa kana chati ichiri kushanda kundege iri mberi.
Kutora mari yemachati sesarudzo kubhejera kusina kunaka. FAA haigadzirise machati apera basa. ATC haigadzirise ma clearances kuti aenderane nedata rekare. Kutenderera kwemachati kuripo nekuti nzvimbo yekufamba inochinja, uye mutyairi wendege asingateereri kutenderera ikoko ari kubhururuka asingaoni mupfungwa chaiyo.
Kwaungawana Machati eIFR Online
FAA inopa machati akafanana neanotengeswa nevatengesi vemabhizinesi. Musiyano uripo ndewekureruka, kwete kururama. Kuziva kwekutora sosi yega yega kunochengetedza nguva nemari.
- Webhusaiti yeFAA Aeronav, kudhawunirodha maPDF mahara
- SkyVector, mahara online ine mamiriro ekunze aripo
- Machati akadhindwa eSporty's anotumirwa pamusuwo wako
- Jeppesen, ine mafomati epamutemo
- ForeFlight, machati edhijitari akabatanidzwa nekuronga ndege
- Garmin Pilot, kunyoreswa kwemachati akabatanidzwa
Mabhuku emahara anofukidza zvese zvinodiwa pamutemo. MaPDF eFAA ndiwo data rimwe chete rinoshandiswa nemakambani endege. Machati eIFR emahara eSkyVector Wedzerai ruzivo rwemamiriro ekunze rwazvino rwusina mafaira eFAA, mukana unoshanda wekuronga ndege isati yabhururuka.
Dhawunirodha chati imwe chete yeFAA nechati imwe chete yeSkyVector yenzira imwe chete. Enzanisa mazuva aishanda. Tarisa mamiriro ekushandisa data reNavaid. Kuongorora ikoko kwemaminitsi gumi kunoratidza kana basa rako richishandisa data razvino kana kuti rinongofungidzira kuti rinoshandisa data razvino.
Kuverenga Nzvimbo Dzishoma Dzepamusoro uye Nzvimbo Yemhepo
Nhamba dzekukwirira dziri pachati yeIFR hadzisi mazano. Ndidzo nzvimbo yepamutemo yekubvisa nharaunda uye kupatsanurwa kweATC. Kudzibata segwara risingatarisirwi pane kuva muganhu wakaoma ndiko kunoita kuti vatyairi vendege vagume vari mugore rine gomo pamberi pavo.
Kureba kwenzvimbo dziri mumigwagwa, kana kuti MEAs, kunoonekwa sechikamu pamusoro penzira yemhepo. Nhamba yepamusoro iMEA iri mumazana emamita. Nhamba yepasi ndiyo kureba kwenzvimbo dziri mumigwagwa iri ...
Miganhu yenzvimbo yemuchadenga pachati yeIFR inotevera pfungwa yakasiyana neVFR sectionals. Nzvimbo yemuchadenga yeClass B inoonekwa semutsetse webhuruu wakasimba une pasi nedenga rekukwirira zvakanyorwa mubhokisi. Nhamba dzinoverengwa sechikamu: nhamba yepamusoro idenga, pasi ipasi. Mutyairi wendege anoyambuka kupinda muClass B asina kuverenga nhamba dzese dziri mbiri ari kubhejera kuti ATC ichaburitsa mvumo here kana kuti kwete.
FAA inoburitsa gwara rakazara rezviratidzo zvemachati rinofukidza kuratidzwa kwese kwekukwirira uye miganhu yemuchadenga. Gwaro rezviratidzo zvechati yeIFR inoratidza chaizvo kuti rudzi rumwe nerumwe rwekukwirira rwakarongwa sei uye kuti rwunowanikwa kupi. Mutyairi wendege asina kuongorora gwaro iri ari kuverenga mepu mumutauro wekune imwe nyika.
Zvikanganiso zvekukwira pahurongwa hwekubhururuka hweIFR hazvipe yambiro. Zvinoburitsa kutsauka kwakanyarara kunoonekwa chete kana ATC yadana musiyano kana kuti nzvimbo yazara pagirazi repamberi. Kuverenga chati nemazvo usati wasimuka ndiyo chete nzira yekudzivirira.
Danho Rako Rinotevera Nemachati eIFR
Musiyano uripo pakati pemutyairi wendege anoona chati yeIFR senzira yekutarisa neanoiona sechishandiso chipenyu ndiwo musiyano uripo pakati pekuita chiito nekutarisira. Iye zvino wava kuziva zviratidzo, nzira, zvirambidzo zvekushanda, uye mitemo yekukwirira inoparadzanisa kubhururuka kwepamutemo nekubhururuka kwakachengeteka.
Ruzivo irworwo haruna zvarunoita rwakapetwa mubhegi rekubhururuka. Mutyairi wendege anoongorora chati yemazuva ano ndege yega yega isati yaona shanduko yemuchadenga, kudzima kwekufamba kwendege, muganho wekukwirira unoraswa nemumwe mutyairi wendege mudenga. Ndiwo musiyano uripo pakati pemutemo nenyanzvi.
Vhura webhusaiti yeFAA kana SkyVector izvozvi. Dhawunirodha chati yendege yakaderera iripo yendege yako yekumba. Tsvaga imwe Victor airway uye imwe T-route. Vatevere kubva pakugadzirisa kusvika pakugadzirisa. Verenga MEAs. Tarisa zuva rekutanga. Zviite usati waenda kundege inotevera, kwete panguva yacho.
Mibvunzo Inowanzo bvunzwa Nezve IFR Charts
Chati yeIFR chii?
Chati yeIFR imepu yekufambisa ndege yakagadzirirwa zvakananga ndege dzinofamba pasi peMitemo yeNzira yeKubhururuka, inoratidza nzira dzemhepo, navaids, kugadziriswa, uye kukwira kwenzvimbo. Kusiyana nezvikamu zveVFR, machati aya anoshandisa seti yezviratidzo zvakasiyana uye anogadziriswa padanho remazuva makumi mashanu nematanhatu kuti aenderane nenzvimbo yemhepo iripo uye shanduko dzemaitiro.
Mutemo we6 6 6 weIFR ndeupi?
Mutemo we6-6-6 ndiwo unodiwa neFAA pakuchengetedza mari yeIFR: nzira nhanhatu dzekushandisa, maawa matanhatu enguva yekushandiswa kwemidziyo, uye kuongororwa kwehunyanzvi mukati memwedzi mitanhatu yapfuura. Mutemo uyu ndiwo mwero wepasi wekuti ndege ifambe zviri pamutemo, kwete chiyero chehunyanzvi chaihwo, vatyairi vendege vasingakwanise kuushandisa vari kubhururuka nehunyanzvi hwavo hwekushandisa michina.
Machati eIFR anoshanda kwenguva yakareba sei?
Machati eIFR enroute anoshanda kwemazuva makumi mashanu nematanhatu kubva pazuva raakabudiswa, mushure mezvo FAA yaburitsa vhezheni yakagadziridzwa. Kushandisa chati yapera basa hakusi kungotyora mapepa chete, zvinoreva kufamba nemudenga iro ringave rakachinja nenzira dzinokanganisa kucheneswa kwenzvimbo, kugoverwa kwema frequency, kana chimiro chenzira.
Ndingawana kupi machati endege?
FAA inopa maPDF edhijitari eIFR enroute charts emahara pawebhusaiti yayo yeAeronav, uye SkyVector inopa machati epamhepo emahara anodyidzana ane maratidziro emamiriro ekunze aripo. Vanopa makambani vakaita seSporty's vanotengesa mavhezheni akadhindwa, asi data racho rakafanana nerakabudiswa neFAA pasina muripo.
