ⓘ TL;DR
- Mutsetse wenzira yekumira yendege chiratidzo chekumira chinosungirwa chakagadzirwa nemitsetse mina yeyero. Mira pamberi pemitsetse yakasimba kunze kwekunge ATC yakuudza pachena kuti uyambuke.
- Mitsetse yakasimba yakatarisana nenhandare yendege. Mitsetse yakakamurwa yakatarisana nenhandare yendege. Kuyambuka mitsetse yakasimba pasina nzvimbo inobuda zvinoreva kupinda kwenhandare yendege.
- Mutsetse weVFR une mitsetse miviri yeyero chete uye unoda kucheneswa kwenzira yekumhanya kwendege pachinzvimbo chekumirira kubviswa kweATC.
- Mutemo we70/50 unobatsira vatyairi vendege kuisa ndege zvakanaka pamberi pemutsetse wekumira, zvichiita kuti pave nechokwadi chekuti nhandare yendege yaonekwa zvakanaka pasina kupindira.
- Tora mutsetse wega wega wekubata semuganhu wakaoma. Isa chiratidzo muchidimbu, verenga chikwangwani, mira nemazvo, uye simbisa nzvimbo isati yasvika usati wayambuka.
Zviri Mukati
Mutyairi wendege asina kunyatsonzwisisa mutsetse wenhandare yendege anenge atoita chikanganiso chinonyanya kukosha. Zviratidzo zvakapendwa pamusoro penzira yendege hazvisi mazano kana gwara, asi nzvimbo dzekumira dzinofanira kupatsanurwa dzinoparadzanisa nzvimbo yenhandare yendege kubva panzvimbo inoshanda yenhandare yendege. Kuyambuka pasina gwara rakajeka kunopinda munhandare yendege, zvisinei nekuti pane imwe ndege iri pedyo here.
Vatyairi vendege vazhinji vanodzidza mutemo wekutanga panguva yekurovedza uye vanokanganwa chinhu chinoita kuti varambe vachitevedzera mitemo. Musiyano uripo pakati pemutsetse wekubata wakajairwa nemutsetse wekubata weVFR, zvinodiwa pakuisa mafambiro chaiwo, uye mhedzisiro yevhiri remhino richiyambuka mitsetse yakasimba, ruzivo urwu haruwanzo wanikwa kutariswa kwakakodzera kusvika paitika chiitiko.
Chinyorwa chino chinovhara mukaha iwoyo. Pakupedzisira, uchaziva chaizvo zvinorehwa nechiratidzo chemutsetse wega wega wekubatira, nguva yaunofanira kumira, uye maitirwo ekutaura nzira imwe neimwe yekusvika panhandare yendege kuitira kuti kuyambuka mutsetse wekubatira kusave kufungidzira.
Zvinoreva Mitsetse Mina Yero Chaizvo
Mutsetse wenzira yekumhanyira ndege inzvimbo yekumira yakapendwa pamugwagwa wetekisi, ine mitsetse mina yero: miviri yakasimba nemiviri ine mitsetse yakapatsanurwa. Mitsetse yakasimba iri padivi penzira yekumhanyira ndege, mitsetse yakapatsanurwa iri padivi penzira yekumhanyira ndege. Kurongeka uku hakusi kwekushongedza, kunokuudza chaizvo kuti nzvimbo yekumhanyira ndege inotangira kupi uye kuti ndege yako inofanira kumira kupi.
Vatyairi vendege vazhinji vanogona kuziva chiratidzo, asi vazhinji vanochiona sechikarakadzo kwete semuganhu wakaoma. Kuvhiringidzika kunobva pakuti chinotaridzika semamwe mavara emigwagwa anoshandiswa panzvimbo dzisina kukosha. Hapana kusanzwisisika pano. Kurongeka kwemitsara mina kwakachengeterwa chete zviratidzo zvenzvimbo dzekubata ndege, uye ine huremu hwakafanana nehwepamutemo sechiratidzo chekumira mumugwagwa.
Mitsetse yakasimba yakatarisana nenhandare yendege. Mitsetse yakamanikana yakatarisana nenhandare yendege. Izvi zvinoreva kuti unotanga wasvika pamitsetse yakamanikana, uye vhiri remhino yako rinofanira kumira pamberi pemitsetse yakasimba. Kuyambuka chero seti isina ATC clearance inzira yekupinda munhandare yendege, hapana musiyano, hapana nzvimbo yakachenuruka.
Kunzwisisa chiratidzo ichi kunochinja chaizvo mapindiro aunoita migwagwa yese inoenda kumigwagwa ine migwagwa. Unomira kutsvaga chikwangwani wotanga kuverenga nzira iri pamugwagwa. Unomira kufungidzira wotanga kuziva kuti muganhu uri kupi.
Paunofanira Kumira, Uye Paunogona Kuyambuka
Mutemo wacho uri nyore zvikuru: unomira pamutsetse wekumira kunze kwekunge ATC yakuudza zvakasiyana. Hapana chinosara pakumhanya-mhanya, hapana chinosara pakumhanya-mhanya kwakanyarara, hapana chinosara nekuti unogona kuona kuti nhandare yendege haina chinhu. Nguva pfupi vhiri remhino yako parinobata kana kuyambuka mitsetse yero isina kujeka, unenge wapinda munhandare yendege. FAA inoona izvi sekutyora mutemo kwakakomba, kwete kutsvedza kudiki.
Ndege dzinomhara dzine musiyano mumwe chete, uye dzakatetepa kupfuura zvinofungwa nevatyairi vazhinji. Mushure mekudonha pasi, ndege inofanira kunge yapfuura miganhu yakasimba isati yamira kana kudzima. Kwete kupfuura. Kwete nevhiri remhino rakayambuka. Yapfuura zvizere. Iyo bata uye bvunza mutemo inoshanda kune mamwe mamiriro ese ezvinhu, kubuda netaxi, kuisa panzvimbo itsva, kuyambuka nzira yekumhanya iri kushanda kuti usvike padanho repamusoro. Unomira. Unobvunza. Unomirira nzvimbo yakatarwa.
Apa ndipo panowanikwa musiyano pakati VFR neIFR Chinonyanya kukosha. Pasi peIFR, unenge watove mukutaurirana neATC uye wakamirira murairo chaiwo. Pasi peVFR panzvimbo isina shongwe, hapana controller yekupa nzvimbo. Unomira, wobva wabvisa nzira yendege nemaziso kumativi ese, woyambuka chete kana yakachengeteka. Tambo yekubatirira ichiri kuratidza muganhu. Kusavapo kweredhiyo hakubvisi mutsetse.
Kuyambuka pasina gwara hakusi kutonga. Chiitiko chinongoitika kaviri chete. Mutsetse uri shure kwevhiri remhino yako kana kuti kwete. Kuona izvi sekunogona kukurukurwa ndiko kunoitika kana vanhu vakayambuka mugwagwa.
Mutsetse weVFR, Chitarisiko Chayo uye Nei Iripo
Vatyairi vazhinji vanobata tambo dzese dzeyero dzinobata ngarava nenzira imwe chete, uye ndipo panotangira dambudziko. Chiratidzo chemitsara mina chinoratidza nzvimbo yekumhanya ine nhandare yendege inodzorwa uko nzvimbo yeATC ndiyo chete tikiti rekuyambuka. Asi chiratidzo chakasiyana chiripo panhandare dzendege dzisina shongwe uye nzvimbo dzinosangana neVFR chete, uye kuvhiringidza zviviri izvi inzira inokurumidza kusvika pakusangana nendege.
Pamberi:
Mutyairi wetekisi akananga kunhandare yendege panzvimbo yakanyarara isina kudzorwa uye anoona mutsetse mumwe chete weyero wakabatana nemutsetse mumwe chete wakapwanyika. Kuyeuka kwetsandanyama kunotanga. Vanomira, voshevedza pasi, vomirira nzvimbo isingazombofi yakauya. Redhiyo inoramba yakanyarara. Kushungurudzika kunowedzera. Pakupedzisira, vanotanga kufamba zvishoma nezvishoma, vasina chokwadi kana vaine mvumo yekufamba. Kuzeza ikoko nekuvhiringidzika kunoita kuti pave nedambudziko guru pamugwagwa wetekisi.
Mushure:
Mutyairi wendege anoona mutsetse weVFR ipapo ipapo. Mutsetse mumwe chete wakasimba parutivi rwenzira yendege uye mutsetse mumwe chete wakamanikana parutivi rwenzira yendege. Hapana nzvimbo yeATC inodiwa. Maitiro acho ari nyore: mira pamberi pemutsetse wakasimba, bvisa nzira yendege nemaziso kumativi ese, uye yambuka kana yakachengeteka. Ndege inofamba zvakanaka, mutyairi wendege anoramba ari mukutonga, uye njodzi yekuwira inodzikira kusvika padyo ne zero.
Mutsetse weVFR uripo nekuti haisi migero yese yendege inoda muchina wekutonga kuti ive yakachengeteka. Maziso emutyairi wendege anoita basa rinoitwa neredhiyo panzvimbo yakareba. Kuziva musiyano uripo pakati pemitsara mina nemiviri hakusi chinhu chisina basa, asi musiyano uripo pakati pekumirira mvumo isingazombosviki uye kuyambuka mugwagwa zviri pamutemo.
Mutemo we70/50, Muenzaniso wepfungwa wekuchengetedza nzvimbo
Nguva ine njodzi zvikuru iri pedyo nenhandare yendege haisi yekuyambuka, asi nzira yekusvika. Vatyairi vendege vanongonanga pamutsetse wekumira vokanganwa kuti pavanomira ndipo panosarudza kana vaine ruzivo rwakakwana rwekuona kuti vasarudze zvakachengeteka. Mutemo we70/50 unogadzirisa izvi nekupa maziso chinangwa chaicho chisati chasvika papendi yeyero.
Mira panzvimbo apo upamhi hwenzira yekumhanyira ndege hunozadza anenge makumi manomwe muzana yemaonero emberi uye hurefu hwenzira yekumhanyira ndege hunotambanuka kusvika hafu yehorizon inoonekwa. Uku hakusi kuyera chaiko. Ipfungwa inodzidziswa inomanikidza mutyairi wendege kuti aongorore nzvimbo yese yekumhanyira ndege asati azvipira kumira. Mutemo uyu unoshanda nekuti unochinja pfungwa kubva pamatanho ekufamba netsoka kuenda kunzvimbo yemhepo nepamusoro penzvimbo iri mberi kwayo.
Mutyairi wendege anomira kure zvakanyanya anoona hafu yenzira yekumhanya uye haakwanise kusimbisa kuti nzira yekusvika yakajeka. Mutyairi wendege anokambaira mberi ari panjodzi yekuyambuka mitsetse yakasimba asati apedza kuongorora. Nzvimbo ye70/50 iri panzvimbo yakanaka, iri pedyo zvakakwana kuti aone mufananidzo wese, kure zvakakwana kuti arambe ari pamutemo.
Muchidimbu nyora mutemo uyu panguva yekuronga tekisi. Sarudza chiratidzo chinoonekwa pamucheto wenzira yendege chinoenderana nehupamhi hwe70 muzana. Shandisa mugumo wenzira yendege sechiratidzo chehurefu hwe50 muzana. Kana zviviri zvakabatana, nzvimbo yekumira inenge yakarurama. Muenzaniso wepfungwa unotsiva kufungidzira nekutarisa kunodzokororwa kunoshanda panhandare yendege chero ipi zvayo, chero mamiriro ekuonekwa.
Mutemo uyu hautsivi tambo yekumisa ngarava. Unodzivirira mutyairi wendege kuti asasvike pamutsetse asina ruzivo rwemamiriro ezvinhu anodiwa kuti ayambuke zvakachengeteka.
Maitiro Ekuverenga Zviratidzo Zvinoenderana
Zviratidzo zveyero zviri pamugwagwa zvinongova hafu yemufananidzo. Zviratidzo zviri padivi pazvo zvine mirairo chaiyo, uye kuverenga chikwangwani zvisirizvo kune njodzi sekuregeredza mitsetse yakapendwa. Mutsetse wega wega une chikwangwani chinokuudza chaizvo zvauri kusvika uye chiito chinodiwa.
- Chikwangwani chekubata runway, kumashure kutsvuku, chinyorwa chichena
- Chiratidzo chenzvimbo yakakosha yeILS, kumashure kutsvuku, chinyorwa chichena
- Chikwangwani chenzvimbo yakachengeteka yemumugwagwa, kumashure yeyero, chinyorwa chitema
- Hapana chikwangwani chekupinda, denderedzwa dzvuku, bhawa jena rakatwasuka
- Chikwangwani chenzvimbo yetaxiway, dema, chinyorwa chepashure, uye chinyorwa cheyero
- Chiratidzo chekutungamirira, kumashure kweyero, chinyorwa chitema
- Chiratidzo chekwaunoenda, dema, runyoro rweyero
Chikwangwani chinobata nhandare yendege ndicho chinonyanya kukosha. Chinogara chiine mavara machena, uye chinoratidza nzvimbo chaiyo inofanira kumira ndege. Maitiro eFAA ekunyora zviratidzo zvemigwagwa yekubhururuka taura kuti zviratidzo izvi zvinoonekwa pamiganho yese yemigwagwa inoenda kumigwagwa, uye hazvimbofi zvakasarudzwa.
Rondedzera zviratidzo usati wafamba. Tanga waona chiratidzo chitsvuku, wobva wasimbisa mhando yezviratidzo zviri pamugwagwa. Kana chiratidzo chakati "ILS" kana "RSA," mutsetse wekubata unodzivirira zvinopfuura nzvimbo yekumhanyira ndege chete, unodzivirira nzira yekusvika kana nzvimbo yakachengeteka iri mberi. Bata zviratidzo izvozvo nezvinodiwa zvakafanana nechiratidzo chekumira kwendege pachacho.
Chii Chinoitika Kana Wayambuka Usina Kubvumirwa
Kana vhiri remumhino rasvika kurutivi rwekure rwemitsetse yero yakajeka, chiitiko chacho chatove chakarongwa. FAA haisiyanisi pakati pekufamba nemaune uye kunonoka kwenguva pfupi. Zvose zviri zviviri runway incursions, uye zvose zvinotanga michina yakafanana yekumanikidza.
Kuyambuka muganhu wekubata pasina mvumo yeATC hakusi kukanganisa kwekunyora. Kutyora zvakananga FAR 91.129, iyo inotonga mashandiro mu Kirasi D airspace, uye FAR 91.127 yeClass C. FAA inoiona sekutsauka kubva paATC clearance, iyo ine huremu hwakafanana nekuregeredza basa rekutungamira kana kureba. Mhinduro yekumanikidza inogona kufanotaurwa: tsamba yekuferefeta, kumiswa kwe zvitupa zvekutyaira ndege, uye bvunzo yekuongororazve inosungirwa kuitwa.
Njodzi chaiyo haisi yeFAA action. Ndiyo ndege yausina kuona nekuti waive watozvipira kuchengetedza nharaunda yendege. Ndege yekumhara ichimhanya nemaknots makumi manomwe inofukidza 120 feet pasekondi. Mutsetse wekubata ndiwo muganho wekupedzisira pakati penzira yekutakura vanhu nespeed yekuvharira. Kana yangoyambuka, mukana wekukanganisa unodonha kubva pamasekonzi kuenda kumasekonzi mashoma.
Vatyairi vendege vanopa zvikonzero zvekuti vhiri remumhino rinofamba pamusoro pemutsetse "riri pedyo zvakakwana" havanyatsonzwisisa chinangwa chacho. Mutsetse wacho hausi wekuti tomira papi. Ndiwo muganhu wenzvimbo yakachengetedzwa uko kupatsanurwa kuri kutarisirwa nemunhu asingakwanise kuona mavhiri ako. Inchi imwe neimwe yapfuura mitsetse yakasimba inji imwe chete mukati menzvimbo iyoyo pasina mvumo.
Maitiro Ekuita Kuti Ndege Irambe Yakamira Pamberi Pese Paunenge Uchibhururuka
Ongororo yepfungwa ine matanho mashanu inoshandura tekisi yenguva dzose kuita nhevedzano yekuchengetedzwa nemaune. Vatyairi vendege vazhinji vanodarika misangano nekuti vanofunga kuti mutsetse wega wega wekumira wakafanana. Kufungidzira ikoko ndiko chaiko kunotungamira kukupinda mundege kunogumisa basa.
Ziva rudzi rwechiratidzo usati wasvika pedyo kuti umire
Mitsetse yekubata yakajairwa ine mitsetse mina yeyero. Mitsetse yekubata yeVFR ine miviri. Kukanganisa mutsetse wekubata weVFR kune westandard zvinoreva kuti unogona kumira kana pasina mvumo inodiwa, kana kuti zvakatoipa, kuyambuka mutsetse westandard usina mvumo inodiwa.
Verenga chikwangwani chiripo uchiri kutenderera
Chiratidzo chitsvuku chenzvimbo yekumira kwendege chinoratidza kuti uri kusvika panhandare yendege. Chiratidzo cheILS chenzvimbo yakakosha chinonyevera nezvemidziyo yekufambisa inonzwisisika. Mutyairi wendege anoverenga chikwangwani mushure mekumira anenge atorasikirwa nemamiriro ezvinhu anodiwa kuti aite sarudzo chaiyo.
Mira nevhiri remhino pamberi pemitsetse yero yakajeka
Mitsetse yakasimba iri padivi penzira yekumhanyira. Gumbo remhino rinoyambuka, kunyangwe nemasendimita mashoma, rinoita sekupinda kwenzira yekumhanyira. Ndege haifanirwe kunge yakayambuka mutsetse zvizere kuti itange chiito chekumanikidza.
Bvisa nzira yekumhanya nemaziso kumativi ese ari maviri
Danho iri harisi rekusarudza pasi peVFR uye rinoramba riri tsika yakanaka pasi peIFR. Mutyairi wendege anozvibata pamutsetse wekudzivirira anorasikirwa nendege pakupera kwekupedzisira uko chiratidzo chacho chiripo kuti chidzivirire.
Bvuma kubvumirwa kweATC usati wayambuka
Dzokorora gwara rekudzokera shure. Kuyambuka nemusoro kana neruoko hakusi gwara rekupfuura. Mutyairi wendege anoyambuka asina kusimbiswa nemuromo haana dziviriro kana tepi ikaongororwa.
Kumhanya nematanho mashanu aya pane imwe neimwe nzira, nguva dzese, kunoita kuti munhu agare achirarama nekuneta, kukanganiswa, uye kumanikidzwa. Mutsetse wekubata unova chikonzero chemhinduro yekudzivirira inodzidziswa pane kushamisika kunoda sarudzo yenguva pfupi.
Ita Kuti Kubata Mutsetse Kuve Muitiro, Kwete Kushamisika
Mutsetse wekubatirira hausi mucherechedzo wakaoma. Muganho webinary unoda mhinduro yebinary: kumira kana kuyambuka ne clearance. Musiyano uripo pakati pemutsetse westandard IFR hold line nemutsetse weVFR hold ndiwo musiyano uripo pakati pekutevera maitiro nekuita sarudzo, uye sarudzo iyoyo ndipo panopinda vatyairi vendege mumatambudziko.
Kubata tambo yekumira sechikamu chenguva dzose cheteksi yega yega kunochinja mhedzisiro. Mutyairi wendege anotsanangura nzira yekusvika panhandare yega yega, achiona mhando yechiratidzo, achiverenga chikwangwani, achimira nevhiri remhino pamberi pemitsetse yakasimba, anobvisa kushamisika kunotungamira pakupindira. Imwe nzira ndeyenguva yekusava nechokwadi panguva yakaipa kwazvo, nendege iri kusvika pakupedzisira uye isina nzvimbo yekukanganisa.
Gadzira tambo yekubatirira mumusangano wega wega usati waenda kundege. Dzidzira kuiona panguva yekutyaira tekisi. Ita kuti nzvimbo yekumira ive yega. Kuisa chiratidzo kuri nyore. Tsika ndiyo inoita kuti irambe yakadaro.
Mibvunzo Inowanzo bvunzwa Nezve Runway Hold Lines
Chii chinonzi mutsetse wekubata mugwagwa wendege?
Mutsetse wenzira yekumira ndege (runway hold mutsetse) inzvimbo yekumira yakapendwa pamusoro penzira yekutakura vanhu, ine mitsetse mina yero, miviri yakasimba nemiviri ine mitsetse midiki, inoratidza panofanira kumira ndege isati yapinda munzira yekumira vanhu. Mitsetse yakasimba inogara iri parutivi rwenzira yekumira vanhu, uye mitsetse ine mitsetse midiki iri parutivi rwenzira yekumira vanhu, zvichiita kuti pave nemuganho wakajeka uyo vatyairi vendege vanofanira kuremekedza pasina anosara.
Ndeupi mutemo makumi matatu nemasere?
Mutemo we70/50 muenzaniso wepfungwa wekuisa ndege pamberi pemutsetse wekumira kuitira kuti mutyairi agone kuona 70% yehupamhi hwenzira yekumhanya uye 50% yehurefu hwayo pasina kupinda munzvimbo yakachengetedzwa yekumhanya. Iyi nzira inodzivirira kukanganisa kwakajairika kwekumira kure zvakanyanya kana pedyo zvakanyanya nechiratidzo, zvichiita kuti pave neruzivo rwakakwana rwemamiriro ezvinhu usati wayambuka.
Zvinorevei kuti VFR hold line?
Mutsetse weVFR hold mutsauko westandard hold line marking, une mutsetse mumwe chete weyero wakasimba uye mutsetse mumwe chete weyero wakapatsanurwa, unoshandiswa panhandare dzendege dzisina shongwe kana panzvimbo dzakatarwa dzeVFR chete. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti vatyairi vendege vanofanira kumira vobva vabvisa nzira yendege vasati vaenderera mberi, pane kumirira nzvimbo yeATC isingazouyi.
Mutsetse weVFR unotaridzika sei?
Mutsetse weVFR unoonekwa semutsetse mumwe chete weyero wakasimba uye mutsetse mumwe chete weyero wakapendwa pamugwagwa wetekisi, nemutsetse wakasimba uri parutivi rwenzira yendege uye mutsetse wakaderedzwa uri parutivi rwenzira yetekisi. Kunyora uku kuri nyore kunousiyanisa nemutsetse weIFR une mitsara mina uye kunoshanda sechiratidzo chinooneka chekuti maitiro ekuyambuka akasiyana.
