Aerodynamics: Iyo #1 Yekupedzisira Pilot Gwaro kuSainzi yeKubhururuka

Nhanganyaya kune Aerodynamics

Aerodynamics chidzidzo chekuti magasi anodyidzana sei nemitumbi inofamba. Sezvo gasi ratinonyanya kufarira iri mhepo, aerodynamics ndiko kudzidza kuti mweya unofamba sei uchitenderedza zvinhu uye kuti kufamba uku kunobata sei zvinhu izvozvo. Kune vatyairi vendege, kunzwisisa aerodynamics kwakakosha kuitira kuti ushande zvakachengeteka uye kudzora ndege pasi pemamiriro ese ekushanda.

Aerodynamics ibazi remagetsi emagetsi, ayo anosanganisira kudzidza kwemagasi uye zvinwiwa zviri kufamba. Iine huwandu hwakawanda hwekushandisa, kubva pakuongorora kuyerera kweropa mumuviri wemunhu kusvika pakudzidza zvinokonzerwa nemhepo pamabhiriji. Asi kune vatyairi vendege, iyo yekutanga kushandiswa kweaerodynamics iri mumunda wendege, uko inoshandiswa kunzwisisa uye kufanotaura kuti ndege ichaita sei mukubhururuka.

Chidzidzo cheaerodynamics inzvimbo yakaoma inoda kunzwisisa kwefizikisi, masvomhu, uye computational modelling. Zvakadaro, kunyangwe kunzwisiswa kwekutanga kwemisimboti yeaerodynamics kunogona kuwedzera zvakanyanya kugona kwemutyairi wekubhururuka zvisina njodzi uye nemazvo.

Kukosha Kwekunzwisisa Aerodynamics kune Vatyairi

Kunzwisisa aerodynamics kwakakosha kune vatyairi vendege, sezvo misimboti yeaerodynamics inokanganisa zvakananga kuita, kugadzikana, uye kutonga kwendege. Nekunzwisisa kuti shanduko yehurefu, kumhanya, uye magadzirirwo zvingakanganisa sei kuita kwendege, vatyairi vendege vanogona kuita sarudzo vaine ruzivo kuti vaone kufamba kwakachengeteka uye kwakanaka.

Kunyatsoinzwisisa kunoita kuti vatyairi vendege vanzwisise kuti nei ndege ichiita sezvainoita mumamiriro ezvinhu akasiyana. Somuenzaniso, nei ndege ichikwira nokukurumidza pane imwe sipidhi? Kana kuti nei ichiva isingadavidzi pakakwirira? Nekunzwisisa ari pasi pemisimboti yeaerodynamic, vatyairi vendege vanogona kutarisira shanduko idzi uye kugadzirisa zvirongwa zvavo zvekubhururuka zvinoenderana.

Uyezve, kuinzwisisa kunobatsira vatyairi vendege kufanotaura nemazvo kuti ndege yavo ichaita sei pane zvavanoshandisa pakudzora. Kunzwisisa uku kunowedzera kukwanisa kwavo kudzora ndege, kunyanya mumamiriro ezvinhu asingatarisirwi kana ekukurumidzira, apo mhinduro dzinokurumidza uye dzakarurama dzinogona kureva kusiyana kwehupenyu nerufu.

Iwo Basic Nheyo dzeAerodynamics

Misimboti yeaerodynamics inotenderera nemasimba anoshanda pandege iri kubhururuka. Masimba aya anosanganisira simudza, giravhiti, sunda, uye dhonza.

Lift isimba rekumusoro rinopikisa simba regiravhiti uye rinobvumira ndege kukwira mudenga. Kusikwa kwekusimudza inzira yakaoma inosanganisira chimiro chemapapiro endege, kona iyo mapapiro anosangana nemhepo iri kuuya (angle yekurwisa), uye kumhanya uye kuwanda kwemhepo.

Simba rinokwevera pasi isimba rinokwevera ndege panyika. Kuti irambe ichibhururuka zvakanaka, ndege inofanira kusimudza zvakakwana kuti irwise simba rinokwevera zvinhu pasi.

Mutsindo (thrust) isimba rinoendesa ndege mberi nemumhepo. Kazhinji inogadzirwa neinjini, inogona kunge iri jet injini kana propeller.

Kukweva isimba rinopikisa kufamba kwendege kuenda mberi. Kune marudzi maviri ekudhonza: parasitic drag, iyo inosanganisira fomu yekukweva uye ganda friction, uye induced kudhonza, iyo inobatanidzwa nechizvarwa chekusimudza.

Iyo Aerodynamics Inobata Sei Sayenzi Yekubhururuka

Aerodynamics inoita basa rakakosha musainzi yekubhururuka. Misimboti yeaerodynamics inoraira kuti ndege inokwanisa sei kusimuka kubva pasi, kuchengetedza kubhururuka kwakadzikama, kufamba mumhepo, uye kumhara zvakachengeteka.

Kuenzana kuri pakati pemasimba ekusimudza, giravhiti, kusunda, uye kukweva kunotara nzira yekubhururuka nayo yendege. Somuenzaniso, kana kusimudzwa kunoitwa nemapapiro endege kwakaenzana nehuremu hwendege, ndege yacho inoramba ichibhururuka zvakanaka. Kana kusimudza kwakapfuura uremu, ndege inokwira. Kana huremu hwakapfuura kusimudza, ndege inodzika.

Hukama huripo pakati pemasimba aya hunotarawo kuti ndege inofamba sei mumhepo. Nokuchinja kuenzana kwemasimba aya, mutyairi wendege anogona kuita kuti ndege ikwire, iburuke, itendeuke, kana kuti ichinje kumhanya.

Aerodynamics uye Ndege Dhizaini

Aerodynamics chinhu chakakosha mukugadzira ndege. Chimiro, saizi, uye magadzirirwo emapapiro, muviri, uye muswe wendege zvese zvakagadzirirwa kukwenenzvera kuita kwendege.

Mapapiro endege akagadzirirwa kugadzira kusimudza. Izvi zvinowanikwa kuburikidza nekushandiswa kwechimiro chakakosha, chinonzi airfoil, chinoita kuti mhepo iende nokukurumidza pamusoro pepamusoro pebapiro kupfuura pasi, ichigadzira simba rinokwira.

Mutumbi wendege, inozivikanwawo se fuselage, yakagadzirirwa kuderedza kudhonza. Iyo inowanzo kurongeka, iine yakatsetseka, yakatenderedzwa kumberi uye kumashure kwetapered.

Muswe wendege, unosanganisira vertical and horizontal stabilizers, wakagadzirirwa kupa kugadzikana uye kutonga. Iyo yakamira yakadzikama inodzivirira kudivi-ku-divi kufamba (yaw), nepo horizontal stabilizer inodzivirira kukwira-pasi-kufamba (pitch).

Mhedzisiro yeMamiriro ekunze paAerodynamics

Mamiriro ekunze anogona kukanganisa zvakanyanya aerodynamics uye, saka, kuita kwendege. Mhepo, tembiricha, mwando, uye simba romuchadenga zvose zvinobatsira pakuona kuti ndege ichaita sei pakubhururuka.

Mhepo inogona kukanganisa kumhanya, kwairi uye kugadzikana kwendege. Mhepo (mhepo inovhuvhuta yakananga kundege) inogona kuita kuti ndege inonoke, nepo mamhepo (mhepo inovhuvhuta ichibva kuseri kwendege) inogona kukurumidza kusimuka. Machinjiro emhepo (mhepo inovhuvhuta kubva parutivi) inogona kuita kuti ndege ikukurwe ichibva munzira.

Tembiricha uye hunyoro zvinogona kukanganisa kuwanda kwemhepo, izvo zvinozokanganisa kuwanda kwekusimudza kunogona kuburitswa nendege. Mhepo inopisa, ine mwando haina kusimba pane mhepo inotonhora, yakaoma, zvinoreva kuti ndege inofanira kubhururuka nekukurumidza kuti ibudise huwandu hwakafanana hwekusimudzwa munzvimbo dzinopisa, dzine mwando sezvazvaizoita mumamiriro ekutonhora, akaoma.

Atmospheric pressure inoitawo basa rakakosha muaerodynamics. Pakakwirira, apo mhepo yemhepo yakadzika, ndege inofanira kubhururuka nokukurumidza kuti ibudise huwandu hwakaenzana hwekusimudza sezvainoita panzvimbo yakaderera.

Subsonic, Transonic, uye Supersonic Flight

Misimboti yeaerodynamics inogona kuita zvakasiyana pakumhanya kwakasiyana. Kunyanya, maitiro emhepo anochinja zvakanyanya sezvo ndege inosvika uye inodarika kumhanya kwekunzwika.

Mukubhururuka kwe subsonic (kumhanya pasi pekumhanya kwenzwi), mweya unoita semvura, inofamba zvakanaka ichitenderedza ndege. Misimboti yekusimudza, kudhonza, uye kupinza inoshanda sezvavanoita pakumhanya kunononoka.

Mukubhururuka kwepasi (kumhanya kwakatenderedza kumhanya kwenzwi), dzimwe nzvimbo dzemhepo dzakatenderedza ndege dzinogona kunge dzichifamba nekumhanya kweruzha asi dzimwe dzisiri. Izvi zvinogona kukonzera mafungu ekuvhundutsa kuti aumbe mundege, izvo zvinogona kukonzera kuwedzera kamwe kamwe mukukweva uye kuderera kwekusimudza.

Mukubhururuka kwepamusoro-soro (kumhanya kuri pamusoro pekumhanya kwenzwi), mhepo inoita segasi rinodzvanywa. Mafungu anovhundutsa anoumba mundege, uye misimboti yekusimudza, kudhonza, uye kusunda inochinja zvakanyanya. Kugadzira ndege kuti ibhururuke ichimhanya zvikuru kunoda kunzwisisa kwakadzama kweshanduko idzi.

Basa reAerodynamics muKuchengetedzeka Kwendege

Aerodynamics inoita basa rakakosha mukuchengetedza ndege. Nekunzwisisa misimboti, vatyairi vendege vanogona kuve nechokwadi chekuti vari kushandisa ndege yavo mukati mekuita kwayo uye kudzivirira mamiriro ane njodzi.

Somuenzaniso, kana mutyairi wendege akaedza kukwira nokukurumidza zvikuru pakakwirira, ndege yacho ingasave yakasimudzwa zvakakwana kuti ikunde simba rinokwevera ndege, richitungamirira kudanga. Kupfurikidza nokunzwisisa miuyo yokukwirira mudenga, mutyairi wendege anogona kudzivisa aya mamiriro ane ngozi.

Saizvozvowo, kana mutyairi wendege akaedza kubhururuka zvakanyanya, ndege yacho inogona kuwedzera kudhonza, zvichiita kuti basa riderere. Nekunzwisisa hukama huri pakati pekumhanya nekudhonza, mutyairi wendege anogona kudzivirira mamiriro aya.

Kuinzwisisa kunobatsirawo vatyairi vendege kuti vafambe zvakachengetedzeka mumamiriro ekunze akasiyana. Nekunzwisisa kuti mhepo, tembiricha, mwando, uye kumanikidzwa zvinokanganisa sei kuita kwendege yavo, vatyairi vendege vanogona kuita sarudzo vaine ruzivo uye kuita zvinoenderana nekuchinja kwemamiriro ezvinhu.

Advanced Concepts muAerodynamics

Nepo iwo misimboti yakatwasanuka, iyo ndima yeaerodynamics inosanganisirawo akawanda akaoma uye epamusoro pfungwa.

Aya mazano epamusoro anosanganisira chidzidzo chekuyerera kwemhirizhonga (nyonganiso, kufamba kwemhepo), kuongororwa kwekuyerera kwemhepo inonyungudika (mafambiro anoita mhepo pakumhanya kukuru), uye kuongororwa kwemiganhu yemiganhu (iyo nhete yemhepo inonamatira kumusoro. ye ndege).

Kunzwisisa idzi pfungwa dzepamusoro kunoda kunzwisisa kwakadzama kwefizikisi nemasvomhu, uye kazhinji kunosanganisira kushandiswa kwemhando dzakaomarara dzemakombuta. Zvisinei, kunyange kunyatsonzwisisa pfungwa idzi kunogona kuwedzera kunzwisisa kwomutyairi wemafambiro anoita ndege yavo pakubhururuka.

Zvishandiso Zvekudzidza Zvakawanda

Pane zvakawanda zvekushandisa zviripo kune avo vanoda kudzidza zvakawanda. Izvi zvinosanganisira mabhuku, makosi epamhepo, uye zvirongwa zvekudzidzisa ndege.

Mabhuku echidzidzo anopa mucherechedzo wakadzama wechidzidzo, uye anowanzo sanganisira tsananguro dzakadzama dzeiyo iri pasi pefizikisi nemasvomhu. Mazhinji emabhuku aya anosanganisirawo mienzaniso inoshanda uye maekisesaizi, ayo anogona kubatsira kusimbisa pfungwa.

Makosi epamhepo anopa imwe nzira inopindirana yekudzidza nezve aerodynamics. Aya makosi anowanzo sanganisira hurukuro dzevhidhiyo, mibvunzo, uye maforamu ehurukuro, uye inogona kuve nzira huru yekudzidza nekumhanya kwako wega.

Zvirongwa zvekudzidzisa ndege zvinopa maoko-panzira yekudzidza nezve aerodynamics. Kuburikidza nezvirongwa izvi, iwe unogona kuwana ruzivo runoshanda mune cockpit yendege, kwaunogona kuona misimboti yeaerodynamics mukuita.

mhedziso

Aerodynamics inzvimbo yakaoma yekudzidza, asi zvakare ndeimwe yeakakosha maficha ekubhururuka. Nekunzwisisa misimboti yeaerodynamics, vatyairi vendege vanogona kukwidziridza kugona kwavo kudzora ndege dzavo, kuita sarudzo dzine ruzivo mukubhururuka, uye kuona kuchengeteka kwavo uye kuchengeteka kwevafambi vavo.

Kunyangwe iwe uri mutyairi wendege ane ruzivo anotarisa kudzamisa kunzwisisa kwako kweaerodynamics kana mutyairi mutsva achangotanga rwendo rwako kupinda munyika yendege, pane nguva dzose zvakawanda zvekudzidza nezvesaenzi inonakidza yekubhururuka. Saka wadii kunyura mukati uye wotanga kuongorora nyika yeaerodynamics nhasi?

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