Isingeniso se-Bank Angle
Ukushayela indiza kudinga ukulingana phakathi kokulawula komshayeli namandla emvelo. Phakathi kwezinto ezibalulekile ezithonya ukunyakaza kwendiza i-engeli yasebhange - umqondo oyisisekelo onomthelela kakhulu ekuziphatheni kwayo ngesikhathi sokuphenduka. Lo mhlahlandlela uhlola ingqikithi ye-engeli yasebhange, imiphumela yayo Amandla endiza, imithelela yokuphepha, kanye namasu abashayeli bezindiza abasebenzisa ukuze baphumelele kulesi sici esibalulekile sokundiza.
Ukwenza kahle i-engeli yasebhange kuwubuciko obubucayi okufanele abashayeli bezindiza baphelele ukuze bazulazule esibhakabhakeni ngokunemba nangomusa. Ilawula ukusebenza kahle kwamajika, ivumela abashayeli bezindiza ukuthi balungise isimo sendiza ngenkathi begcina ukulawula nokuzinza okufanele. Ukuqonda ubunkimbinkimbi be-engeli yasebhange kubalulekile ukuze uqondise ngendlela ephephile futhi ephumelelayo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ushintshashintsha kancane noma uqondise izindiza eziyinkimbinkimbi. Lo mhlahlandlela uhlose ukunikeza umbono obanzi walo mqondo obalulekile, unike amandla abashayeli bezindiza ngolwazi namakhono okulawula isibhakabhaka ngokuzethemba.
Ukuqonda Okuyisisekelo Kwe-Engeli Yebhange
Uma indiza iqala ukujika, itshekisa noma ibhince amaphiko ayo ngokuhlobene nomkhathizwe - lokhu kuthambekela kwaziwa ngokuthi i-engeli yasebhange. Ngokuyilungisa, abashayeli bezindiza bangashintsha indlela amandla okuphakamisa asebenza ngayo endizeni, okubavumele ukuthi bagobe indlela yabo yendiza ngokushelela. I-engeli yasebhange ekhuphukayo iholela ekujikeni okuqinile futhi ibeka indiza kanye nabagibeli bayo amandla amakhulu amaphakathi.
Ukubamba umqondo kudinga ukuqonda ukuxhumana phakathi kokuphakamisa, isisindo, kanye amandla we-centrifugal. Njengoba indiza ibhenka, ingxenye eqondile yokukhuphuka iyehla, okwenza kudingeke ukuthi kunyuswe i-engeli yokuhlasela noma isivinini somoya ukuze kugcinwe ukuphakama okwanele. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ingxenye evundlile yelifti ikhiqiza amandla amaphakathi asebenza ngokuphazima kweso endleleni yendiza yendiza, ayibangele ukuthi ijike.
I-engeli yasebhange iyisici esibalulekile ekunqumeni ukusebenza nokusimama kwendiza. I-engeli yasebhange esetshenziswe kahle iqinisekisa ukujika okuhlelekile, lapho i-eksisi yobude bendiza ihlala ihambisana nendlela yendiza egobile. Abashayeli bezindiza kufanele baphathe ngokucophelela i-angle yasebhange, befaka phakathi isivinini somoya, engamamitha, kanye nezici zokulayisha ukuze kugcinwe ukulawula okuphelele nokuqinisekisa ukujika okushelelayo, okusebenzayo.
Iqhaza Le-Engeli Yebhange Ekusebenzeni Kwendiza
I-engeli yasebhange inomthelela omkhulu ekusebenzeni kwendiza phakathi nokushintshana, okunomthelela ezicini ezihlukahlukene ezifana nalezi:
Irediyasi yokuvula: Kukhona ukuhlobana okuqondile phakathi kwe-engeli yasebhange kanye ne-turn radius. Lapho i-engeli yasebhange ishuba, yilapho ijika liqina khona. Lobu budlelwano bulawulwa ifomula:
Turn Radius = (Isivinini^2) / (Gravity × Tan(I-Angle yasebhange))
Njengoba i-engeli yasebhange ikhula, inani le-tangent (Tan) nalo liyakhuphuka, okuholela ku-radius encane yokujika yesivinini somoya esinikeziwe.
Izinga Lokuphenduka: Izinga indiza eshintsha ngalo isihloko sayo, elaziwa ngokuthi izinga lokujika, lilingana ngokuqondile ne-engeli yasebhange. I-engeli yasebhange ekhuphukayo ihumusha ibe yinani eliphakeme lokujika, okuvumela indiza ukuthi iguqule isihloko sayo ngokushesha okukhulu. Lesi sici sibaluleke kakhulu phakathi nokuqondiswa okuyinkimbinkimbi noma lapho uzulazula ezindaweni eziqinile.
Isici Sokulayisha: Ngesikhathi sokuphenduka, indiza kanye nabagibeli bayo bathola ukwanda kwesisindo, okubizwa ngokuthi isici somthwalo. Lesi sici somthwalo sihlobene ngokuqondile ne-angle yasebhange; njengoba i-engeli yasebhange ikhula, isici somthwalo siyakhula. Ngenxa yalokho, ukwakheka kwendiza kanye nezingxenye zayo kungaphansi kwengcindezi enkulu, okwenza kudingeke ukuthi kulandelwe imikhawulo ethile yokuklama kanye nezimiso zokuphepha.
Isivinini Sokumisa: Isivinini sendawo yokudayisa, okuyisivinini esincane esilinganiselwe indiza ingakwazi ukundiza ngaso, sithonywa i-engeli yasebhange. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, isivinini sokudayisa siyakhuphuka ngenxa yesici esikhulayo somthwalo esibekwe amandla amaphakathi. Lapho i-engeli yasebhange ikhuphuka, ijubane lesitolo liya liphakama. Abashayeli bezindiza kufanele bahlale beqaphile futhi bagcine imajini eyanele ngaphezu kwesivinini sendawo yokudayisa, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokujika okuphakeme noma ukuqondisa okuhlanganisa ama-engeli aphezulu asebhange, ukugwema imiphumela engase ibe yinhlekelele yesitolo.
Ngokuqonda nokuphatha ngekhono i-engeli yasebhange, abashayeli bezindiza bangakwazi ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwendiza, baqondise ngokuqondile, futhi baqinisekise ukusebenza kwendiza okuphephile nokuphumelelayo.
Indlela Abashayeli Bezindiza Abasebenzisa Ngayo I-Angle Yasebhange Ngesikhathi Sokushintshana
Abashayeli bezindiza basebenzisa i-engeli yasebhange njengethuluzi elibalulekile lokwenza amajika anembile nokugcina ukulawula indlela yendiza yendiza. Ngesikhathi sokuqondisa okuhlukahlukene kwendiza, i-bank-angle idlala indima ebalulekile:
Ukuphenduka Kwesilinganiso Esijwayelekile: Lawa majika enziwa nge-engeli ethile yasebhange, ngokuvamile esukela ku-15 kuya ku-30 degrees, ukuze kuzuzwe izinga elimisiwe lokujika. Ukuphenduka kwesilinganiso esijwayelekile kuvame ukusetshenziselwa izinjongo zokuzulazula noma uma kulandela ukulawulwa kwezimoto ezindiza imiyalelo. Ngokugcina i-engeli yasebhange engaguquki, abashayeli bezindiza bangaqinisekisa izinga lokujika elibikezelwayo nelilawulwayo.
Ukuphenduka okuqinile: Ukuphenduka okuqinile kuhilela ama-engeli asebhange angaphezu kwama-degree angu-30 futhi aqeqeshelwa ukuthuthukisa amakhono omshayeli wendiza futhi abonise amakhono endiza ngaphakathi kwemikhawulo yesici somthwalo ophephile. Lezi ziqondiso zidinga okokufaka okunembayo kokulawula kanye nokuqonda okuphelele kwengcindezi eyengeziwe esakhiweni nasezinhlelweni zendiza. Abashayeli bezindiza kufanele balawule ngokucophelela isivinini somoya, ukuphakama, kanye ne-engeli yasebhange ukuze bagweme ukweqa ngokwesakhiwo noma okukhipha umoya ukulinganiselwa.
Ukujika Okudidiyelwe: Ngesikhathi esifanayo, abashayeli bamabhanoyi baxhumanise ngobuchule ukusetshenziswa kwama-ailerons, iphinikhodi, nekheshi ukuze kugcinwe ukuphakama okungaguquki kanye nesivinini somoya kuyilapho bejika endaweni abayifunayo. Ngokuqondanisa i-eksisi yobude bendiza nendlela yayo yokundiza egobile, abashayeli bezindiza bangakwazi ukuthola amajika ashelelayo futhi azinzile ngaphandle kokuyenga ukuzamula noma ukugoqa okungalungile.
Ukushelela kanye Nokushushuluza: Ezimweni ezithile, njenge ukuwela imimoya noma lapho ukulawulwa okunembile kwamazinga okwehla kuyadingeka, abashayeli bezindiza bangase bahehe ngamabomu ukushelela noma ukushibilika. Ngesikhathi sokushelela, umshayeli wendiza usebenzisa i- amaphini okuqondisa ukumisa kabi i-eksisi yobude bendiza nendlela yayo yokundiza, okuvumela ukuhudula okungeziwe kanye ne-engeli yokwehla eyeqile. Ngokuphambene, ekushibilikeni, umshayeli wendiza usebenzisa iphini lokuqondisa ukuze akhe indlela engafanele yokuqondisa uhlangothi, akhiqize isiliphu esiseceleni esingasetshenziselwa ukulungisa izimo ezinqamula umoya noma ukulungisa ithrekhi yaphansi yendiza.
I-engeli yasebhange kanye nomthelela wayo ekuphepheni
Nakuba i-engeli yasebhange iyisici esibalulekile sokundiza, futhi yethula ukucatshangelwa kokuphepha okumele abashayeli bezindiza bakuqaphele futhi bakulawule ngempumelelo. Ukwehluleka ukuphendula kahle ngemiphumela ye-engeli yasebhange kungaholela ezimweni ezingaba yingozi.
Ngesikhathi sokutholwa kwetafula, ukwenza ukuqondisa nge-engeli yasebhange eyeqile kungaba inselele ngenxa yokwenyuka kwejubane lokudayisa kanye nethuba lokungena ekujikeni okungahlosiwe. Abashayeli bezindiza kufanele baqaphe futhi balandele izinqubo ezimisiwe ukuze bagweme ukwenza isimo sibe sibi. Ukwengeza, yonke indiza ine-engeli yasebhange ephezulu evunyelwe lapho umonakalo wesakhiwo noma ukwehluleka kungase kwenzeke ngenxa yezinto zomthwalo oweqile. Ukunamathela kule mikhawulo kubalulekile ukugcina ubuqotho bendiza.
Ama-engeli asebhange aphakeme angaba nomthelela ekuphazamisekeni kwendawo, ikakhulukazi e- izimo zemeteorological zensimbi (IMC), lapho izithenjwa ezibukwayo zilinganiselwe noma zingekho. Lokhu kudideka kungakhinyabeza ikhono lomshayeli wendiza lokulondoloza ukuqwashisa ngezimo nokwenza izinqumo ezinolwazi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lapho isebenza ngemva kwendiza enkulu, ama-engeli amaningi asebhange angandisa ingozi yokuhlangabezana ne-wake turbulence, okungaholela ekulahlekelweni kokulawula noma ukulimala kwesakhiwo endizeni.
Ukubala i-engeli yasebhange: Amafomula namathuluzi
Ezimweni ezihlukahlukene zendiza, abashayeli bezindiza ngokuvamile badinga ukubala i-engeli yasebhange efanelekile, noma ngabe basebenzisa ukujika kwesilinganiso esivamile noma ukunquma i-engeli yasebhange ephezulu evunyelwe yesivinini somoya kanye nento yokulayisha. Amafomula amaningana namathuluzi ayatholakala ukusiza ngalezi zibalo.
Ifomula eyodwa evame ukusetshenziswa i-Standard Rate Turn Formula, ehlobanisa i-engeli yasebhange nezinga lokuphenduka, isivinini, namandla adonsela phansi: I-Angle yasebhange (ngamadigri) = Tan^-1 (Tan(Izinga Lokuphenduka × Isivinini / I-Gravity)) . Ukwengeza, Ifomula Yesici Somthwalo, Isici Somthwalo = 1 / Cos(I-Angle Yasebhange), ivumela abashayeli bezindiza ukuthi banqume ukwanda okusobala kwesisindo ababhekana nakho ngesikhathi sokujika ebhange.
Ukuze kube lula lezi zibalo, abashayeli bezindiza abaningi basebenzisa amakhompuyutha endiza noma izinhlelo zokusebenza zeselula ezingabala ngokushesha ama-engeli asebhange, izici zokulayisha, nezinye izinhlaka zokusebenza ngokusekelwe kudatha efakiwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amabhukwana okundiza kwendiza namashadi okusebenza ngokuvamile ahlinzeka ngama-engeli asebhange abalwe kusengaphambili kuma-airspeed ahlukahlukene kanye nezici zomthwalo, okwenza inqubo ibe lula futhi kuncishiswe isidingo sokubala mathupha.
Ukuqeqeshwa nge-Angle yasebhange eSikoleni Sezindiza
Ukwenza kahle umqondo we-bank-angle kuyisici esibalulekile sokuqeqeshwa kwendiza, kanye nezikole zokundiza ziyathanda I-Florida Flyers Flight Academy ukunikela isikhathi esibalulekile kanye nezinsiza zokuqinisekisa ukuthi abashayeli bezindiza bathuthukisa ubuchwepheshe kule ndawo. Izivivinyo ezijwayelekile zokuqeqesha kanye nezimo zifaka:
Ukuphenduka okuqinile: Abashayeli bezindiza bezitshudeni bazijwayeza kakhulu ukwenza amajika aphakeme ngaphakathi kwemikhawulo ethile yasebhange, ngokuvamile esukela ku-30 kuya ku-60 degrees. Lezi ziqondiso zithuthukisa amakhono abalulekile njengokuxhumana, ukulawula ukunemba, kanye nekhono lokugcina ukuphakama kanye nesivinini somoya ngenkathi ubhanga ukhuphuka. Othisha baqapha kakhulu ukusebenza komfundi futhi banikeze impendulo yesikhathi sangempela ukuze kuqiniswe amasu afanele.
Ukuqashelwa Kwesitolo Nokubuyisela: Ingxenye ebalulekile yokuqeqeshwa kwendiza ibandakanya ukuqashelwa nokululama emabhange ahlukahlukene. Abafundi bafunda ukuhlonza nokusabela kuzinkomba zesitebele ngenkathi beshintshana, njengoba izici zesitolo zingahluka kakhulu ngokushintsha kwe-engeli yasebhange. Ukuzijwayeza izinqubo zokuthola kabusha kulezi zimo kulungiselela abashayeli bezindiza ukulahlekelwa okungase kube yizimo zokulawula futhi kuthuthukisa ikhono labo lokuthola indiza eqinile ngokushesha.
Izinqubo zezinsimbi: Ngesikhathi sokuqeqeshwa kwezinsimbi, abafundi bafunda ukugcina ama-engeli asebhange anembile phakathi nezinqubo ezihlukahlukene zamathuluzi, njengezindlela zamathuluzi namaphethini okubamba. Ukunamathela kuma-engeli asebhange ashiwo kubalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe i-geometry yendiza efanele kanye nokugwema ukungqubuzana okungaba khona nendawo noma okunye ukuhamba emoyeni.
Izinqubo Eziphuthumayo: Abashayeli bezindiza abaqeqeshwayo bafundiswa indlela yokusingatha izimo eziphuthumayo, njengokuhluleka kwenjini noma ukungasebenzi kahle kwesistimu, kuyilapho begcina ama-engeli afanele asebhange ukuze indiza iphephe. Lokhu kuqeqeshwa kugcizelela ukubaluleka kokubeka phambili ukulawula kanye nokusimamisa isimo sengqondo sendiza ngaphambi kokubhekana nesimo esiphuthumayo. Izimo zingabandakanya ukusebenza kwenjini eyodwa, ukwehluleka kwesistimu phakathi nokushintshana, noma ezinye izimo ezidinga ukuphathwa okunembayo kwe-engeli yasebhange.
Ngokuzijwayeza okubanzi kanye nezimo ezilingisayo, izikole zendiza ezifana ne I-Florida Flyers Flight Academy ihlose ukugxilisa ukuqonda okujulile kanye nenkumbulo yemisipha yokuphatha ama-engeli asebhange ezimweni ezihlukahlukene, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi abashayeli bezindiza bathuthukisa amakhono adingekayo nokuzethemba ukuze benze amajika ngokuphepha nangempumelelo ekusebenzeni komhlaba wangempela.
I-Angle Yebhange: Amaphutha Avamile nokuthi Ungawagwema Kanjani
Ngisho nabashayeli bezindiza abanokuhlangenwe nakho bangenza amaphutha lapho belawula ama-engeli asebhange, angonakalisa ukuphepha nokusebenza kwezindiza. Kubalulekile ukukhomba nokubhekana nalawa maphutha ajwayelekile ukuze kugwenywe izimo ezingaba yingozi.
Iphutha elilodwa elivamile ukubhanga ngokweqile, lapho abashayeli bezindiza beqa i-engeli yasebhange enconywayo ngendlela ethile. Leli phutha lingaholela ezicini zokulayisha ngokweqile, okwandisa ingozi yezitebele noma ukulimala kwesakhiwo. Ukulandela izinqubo ezimisiwe kanye nemikhawulo kubalulekile ukuvimbela izigameko ezinjalo. Ukwengeza, ukwehluleka ukuxhumanisa kahle ukusetshenziswa kwezilawuli zendiza ngesikhathi sokuphenduka kungaholela ekuqondiseni okungahlelekile, okufana nokushibilika noma ukushelela, ukukhulisa ukuhudula futhi okungase kuholele ekulahlekelweni kokulawula. Ukuzijwayeza ukuphenduka okudidiyelwe kubalulekile ekuthuthukiseni amakhono adingekayo.
I-Spatial Disorientation, ikakhulukazi ezimweni ze-instrument meteorological (IMC), enye ingozi ebalulekile. Ukuthembela kuphela kuzimpawu ezibonakalayo ngesikhathi sokuphenduka kungase kuholele abashayeli bezindiza ekuchazeni ngokungeyikho isimo sengqondo sendiza, okungase kubabangele ukuba benze okokufaka kokulawula okungalungile. Abashayeli bezindiza kufanele bafunde ukwethemba amathuluzi abo futhi bagcine ukuqaphela isimo ngaso sonke isikhathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukunganaki ukusika kahle indiza ngesikhathi sokuphenduka kungakhuphula umsebenzi womshayeli wendiza futhi kuholele ekulawuleni ubunzima. Indlela efanele yokunquma kufanele yenziwe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza kwendiza okushelelayo nangempumelelo.
Amasu Athuthukile Okuphatha I-Engeli Yebhange
Njengoba abashayeli bezindiza bezuza ulwazi nekhono, bangase bahlangabezane nezimo ezidinga amasu athuthukile okuphatha ama-engeli asebhange, okudinga izinga eliphezulu lekhono nokuxhumana.
Enye yalezo zindlela ukwehla okuzungezayo, lapho abashayeli bezindiza kufanele behlele khona ukwehla okulawulwayo endaweni eyi-engeli yasebhange kuyilapho belondoloza isivinini somoya kanye nezinga lokwehla. Lokhu kuqondisa kudinga ukusebenzisana okunembile nokuphathwa kwamandla ukuze kuqinisekiswe indlela yendiza ezinzile futhi kugwenywe ukudlula imikhawulo yesakhiwo noma ye-aerodynamic.
Ukwengeza, iziliphu neziliphu zangaphambili izindlela ezithuthukisiwe ezisetshenziselwa ukukhulisa izinga lokwehla noma ukulungisa izimo zokuwela umoya ngesikhathi sokufika. Kulezi ziqondiso, ukulawulwa okufanele kwe-engeli yasebhange kubalulekile ukuze kugcinwe indlela yendiza oyifunayo futhi kuvimbele indiza ukuthi ingene esimweni esingahlosiwe noma isimo sokuma.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, endaweni yokundiza ngendiza, abashayeli bezindiza kufanele balawule ngokunembile ama-engeli asebhange ukuze basebenzise amalophu, amaroli, nokunye ukuqondisa okuthuthukisiwe kuyilapho belawula amandla nezici zomthwalo. Lezi ziqondiso zidinga ukulawulwa kwendiza okukhethekile kanye nokuqwashisa ngezimo ukuze indiza ihambe ngezimo zengqondo eziyinkimbinkimbi nemimo ngokuphepha.
Isiphetho
Ukuqonda umqondo we-engeli yasebhange kubalulekile kubashayeli bezindiza abafuna ukusebenza kwendiza okuseqophelweni eliphezulu. Lesi simiso esibalulekile silawula ukuziphatha kwendiza phakathi nokuphenduka nokuhamba, okuthonya izici ezifana ne-turn radius, izinga lokujika, isici somthwalo, kanye nesivinini sokuhlala. Ngokuqonda ubudlelwano be-engeli yasebhange ne-lift, isisindo, namandla amaphakathi, abashayeli bezindiza bangakwazi ukwenza ukuqondisa okunembayo kuyilapho begcina ukulawula.
Kuwo wonke lo mhlahlandlela, sihlole izisekelo ze-engeli yasebhange kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza ezingokoqobo ekuqeqesheni indiza namasu athuthukile. Ukuqeqeshwa okufanele, ukuvivinya umzimba kokulingisa, nokugwema amaphutha avamile kubalulekile ukuze uhlakulele amandla phezu kwalo mqondo. Ekugcineni, ukuzibophezela ekufundeni okuqhubekayo nokusebenza nabafundisi abanolwazi kuzovumela abashayeli bezindiza ukuthi bakhuphule amakhono abo e-engeli yasebhange, bavule amandla abo aphelele njengabathuthukisi bezindiza abanekhono abayala isibhakabhaka ngokunemba.
Phakamisa Ubuhlakani Bakho Bokuhlola nge I-Florida Flyers Flight Academy. Izinhlelo zethu zokuqeqesha ezibanzi zibeka phambili ulwazi olujulile nokusebenzisa ngendlela engokoqobo amasu e-engeli yasebhange. Ngaphansi kokuqondisa kwabaqeqeshi bethu abanolwazi, uzothuthukisa amakhono nokuzethemba ukuze ulawule indiza ngokunemba nangomusa. Bhalisa namuhla futhi uvule amandla akho aphelele njengomshayeli wendiza onekhono.
Xhumana nethimba le-Florida Flyers Flight Academy namuhla ku (904) 209-3510 ukuze ufunde kabanzi mayelana ne-Private Pilot Ground School Course.
