Iindidi zamafu: Iindidi ezili-10 eziSiseko kunye nendlela yokuZiqaphela

Intshayelelo kwiiNdidi zamafu

Isibhakabhaka esiphezu kwethu siseyile eguquguqukayo, iguquguquka rhoqo kwaye iguquguquka kunye neepatheni eziguqukayo zamafu. Ukusuka kwimisonto elumkileyo ye-cirrus ukuya kwi-cumulus ephakamileyo yokwakheka, ukwahlukana kweentlobo zamafu bubungqina bokusebenza okuntsonkothileyo kweatmosfera yethu. Ukuqonda iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zamafu ayisosifundo esinomdla kuphela zemozulu kodwa ikwanokubaluleka okubonakalayo kubaqhubi beenqwelo-moya, izikolo zokubhabha, kunye nabathandi bemozulu ngokufanayo.

Amafu enziwa xa umphunga wamanzi osesibhakabhakeni ujiya ube ngamathontsi amancinane okanye iikristale zomkhenkce, nto leyo edala intaphane ebonakalayo ebonisa ize isasaze ukukhanya kwelanga. Imbonakalo, umphakamo, kunye nokuziphatha kwala mafu kunokunika ulwazi oluxabisekileyo malunga neemeko zomoya, iipatheni zomoya, kunye nokutshintsha kwemozulu. Ngokuqaphela iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zamafu, abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya banokwenza izigqibo ezinolwazi malunga nokucwangciswa kwendiza, ukuhamba, kunye nokhuseleko, ngelixa izikolo ze-flight zinokubalungiselela ngcono abafundi babo kwiimeko zangempela zehlabathi.

Iindidi zamafu: Ukubaluleka kwabaqhubi beenqwelo-moya kunye neZikolo zeFlight

Ukuqaphela iintlobo zamafu sisakhono esisisiseko kubaqhubi beenqwelo-moya kunye necandelo elibalulekileyo loqeqesho lokuhamba ngenqwelomoya kwizikolo zokubhabha. Amafu angaphezulu nje kokwakheka okuguquguqukayo esibhakabhakeni - anika ukuqonda okubalulekileyo ngeemeko zomoya kunye neengozi zemozulu ezinokubakho. Ngokuchonga ngokuchanekileyo iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zamafu, abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya banokwenza izigqibo ezinolwazi eziqinisekisa ukuba uhambo olukhuselekileyo nolusebenzayo. Olu lwazi lubalulekile ekuqhubeni uhambo ngokutshintsha kwemozulu kunye nokulindela iingozi ezinokubakho ezinokubeka esichengeni ukhuseleko lwenqwelo-moya nabantu abakuyo.

Kubaqhubi beenqwelo-moya zabafundi, ukuqonda iintlobo zamafu yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yoqeqesho lwabo kwizikolo zokubhabha. Abahlohli abanamava babakhokela kwizifundo zethiyori kunye nemithambo ebonakalayo, bebafundisa ukutolika iimpawu ezizodwa zeendlela ezahlukeneyo zamafu. Ukusuka kwinqaba cumulonimbus amafu ezibonisa iindudumo ezinokubakho kumafu e-wispy cirrus abonisa imozulu entle, uhlobo ngalunye lwamafu lubalisa ibali malunga neemeko zomoya. Ngokulawula olu lwazi, abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya baphuhlisa isakhono sokuvavanya nokucwangcisa iimeko zemozulu, beqinisekisa ukuba bakulungele ukusingatha nayiphi na imingeni enokuthi ivele ngexesha lokuhamba ngeenqwelomoya.

Ngaphezu koko, ukuqonda iindidi ezahlukeneyo zamafu kudlala indima ebalulekileyo ekucwangciseni inqwelomoya kunye nokwenza izigqibo kubaqhubi abanamava. Ngokuhlalutya iipatheni zamafu, banokulindela utshintsho kwiimeko zemozulu, balungise iindlela zabo ngokufanelekileyo, kwaye benze izigqibo ezinolwazi malunga nokuphakama, isantya, kunye nolawulo lwamafutha. Obu buchule abuphuculi nje kuphela ukhuseleko kodwa bukwanegalelo ekusebenzeni kakuhle, ukunciphisa ukubakho kokulibaziseka okanye ukuphazamiseka ngenxa yeziganeko zemozulu ezingalindelekanga. Ekugqibeleni, ukukwazi ukutolika iintlobo zamafu sisakhono esibalulekileyo ekufuneka abaqhubi beenqwelo moya beqhubeka bephucula kuyo yonke imisebenzi yabo, beqinisekisa ukuba bayakwazi ukuhamba esibhakabhakeni ngokuzithemba nangobuchule.

Iindidi zamafu: Indima yeFAA kuHlelo lwamafu

The Ulawulo lwezoLawulo lwezoPhapho (i-FAA) isebenza njengombutho ogunyazisiweyo onoxanduva lokuseka nokugcina inkqubo esemgangathweni yokuhlelwa kwamafu ngaphakathi kweshishini leenqwelomoya. Ngokubonelela ngezikhokelo ezicacileyo kunye neenkcazo, i-FAA iqinisekisa ukuba abaqhubi, abalawuli bezithuthi zomoya, kunye nezinye iingcali zeenqwelo moya ziyakwazi ukunxibelelana ngokufanelekileyo nangokuchanekileyo malunga neentlobo zamafu kunye neemeko zemozulu ezinxulumene nazo. Le ndlela ifanayo yokuhlelwa kwamafu ibalulekile ekukhuthazeni ukhuseleko kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwimisebenzi yenqwelomoya kulo lonke elase-United States.

Inkqubo yokuhlelwa kwelifu ye-FAA ichazwe ngokucokisekileyo kwi Incwadi yoLwazi lweAeronautical Information (AIM), isibonelelo esibanzi esichaza iindidi ngeendidi zamafu, iimpawu zazo, kunye neempembelelo zazo kwimisebenzi yenqwelo-moya. Le ncwadana isebenza njengesalathiso esixabisekileyo kubaqhubi beenqwelo-moya, abahlohli beenqwelo-moya, nabafundi beenqwelo-moya, ibenza bakwazi ukuphuhlisa ukuqonda okunzulu kokubunjwa kwamafu kunye nokubaluleka kwabo kwi-aviation meteorology. Ngokuthobela izikhokelo ze-FAA, abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya banokwenza izigqibo ezizizo malunga nokucwangciswa kwenqwelomoya, indlela, kunye neengozi zemozulu ezinokubakho ngokusekelwe kwiindidi zamafu eziqatshelweyo.

Ngaphaya koko, inkqubo yokuhlelwa kwelifu ye-FAA ihambelana nemigangatho eyaziwayo kumazwe ngamazwe esekwe yi-FAA. Umbutho weMeteorological weHlabathi (WMO). Oku kudityaniswa kuqinisekisa ukungaguquguquki kunye nonxibelelwano olungenamthungo phakathi kweengcali zezophapho kwihlabathi jikelele, ukuququzelela imisebenzi yokuwela imida kunye nokuphucula ukhuseleko lokuhamba ngenqwelomoya kwihlabathi liphela. Ukuzinikela kwe-FAA ekwamkeleni nasekukhuthazeni le migangatho yamkelwe lihlabathi jikelele kugxininisa ukuzinikela kwayo ekugcineni awona manqanaba aphezulu okhuseleko nokusebenza kakuhle kushishino lwezophapho, ngelixa ikwakhuthaza intsebenziswano nentsebenziswano nemibutho yezophapho yamazwe ngamazwe namaqumrhu olawulo.

Amafu akwiNqanaba eliPhezulu: I-Cirrus, i-Cirrostratus, i-Cirrocumulus

Amafu akwinqanaba eliphezulu, aqhele ukufunyanwa kwindawo ephakamileyo ngaphezu kweemitha ezingama-20,000 (6,000 yeemitha), akhiwe ngamakristale omkhenkce kwaye ahlala edityaniswa neemeko zemozulu ezifanelekileyo. La mafu aquka:

Isekisi: Amafu alumkileyo, anentsiba afana nemisila yehashe okanye imicu ebhityileyo, egobileyo. Amafu e-Cirrus aqulunqwe ngeekristale zomkhenkce kwaye ahlala ebonisa umphambili ofudumeleyo osondelayo.

I-Cirrostratus: Umkhusane obhityileyo, othe saa amafu anokuvelisa iihalo ezijikeleze ilanga okanye inyanga. La mafu ahlala engaphambi kokufika kwemida efudumeleyo kwaye anokubonisa indlela yokuza kwemvula.

ISetyhula: Amancinci amancinci, angqukuva okanye ama-ripples afana namaxolo entlanzi. Amafu e-Cirrocumulus ahlala ebonwa kwiimeko zemozulu ezifanelekileyo kwaye angabonisa indlela efudumeleyo yokusondela.

I-Mid-Level Clouds: i-Altostratus, i-Altocumulus, i-Nimbostratus

Amafu akwinqanaba eliphakathi, adla ngokufunyanwa phakathi kwe-6,500 kunye ne-20,000 yeenyawo (i-2,000 ukuya kwi-6,000 yeemitha), aqulunqwe ngamathontsi amanzi okanye umxube wamathontsi amanzi kunye neekristale zomkhenkce. La mafu aquka:

Altostratus: Umaleko ongwevu okanye oluhlaza-ngwevu wamafu onokugubungela isibhakabhaka sonke. Amafu e-Altostratus ahlala evelisa imvula ekhanyayo kwaye anokubonisa indlela eshushu ngaphambili.

Altocumulus: I-rounded, i-fluffy mass or rolls yamafu enokuthi ifane nokubonakala kwamaza okanye izikali zeentlanzi. Amafu e-Altocumulus ahlala ebonwa kwiimeko zemozulu entle kodwa anokukwandulela ukufika komphambili ofudumeleyo.

Nimbostratus: Amafu angqindilili, amnyama avelisa imvula engatshintshiyo, njengemvula okanye ikhephu. Amafu e-Nimbostratus ahlala enxulunyaniswa nemida efudumeleyo kwaye inokuzisa ixesha elide lemvula.

Amafu akwiNqanaba eliPhantsi: Stratus, Stratocumulus, Cumulus

Amafu akwinqanaba elisezantsi, afumaneka ngaphantsi kweemitha ezingama-6,500 (2,000 yeemitha), aqulunqwe ngamathontsi amanzi kwaye anokuchaphazela kakhulu ukubonakala kunye neemeko zemozulu kufutshane nomphezulu. La mafu aquka:

Stratus: Umaleko othe tyaba, ongwevu wamafu onokugubungela isibhakabhaka sonke kwaye asoloko evelisa imvula okanye inkungu. Amafu eStratus aqhele ukunxulunyaniswa nenkungu kwaye anokunciphisa ukubonakala kakhulu.

Stratocumulus: Ubunzima obuphantsi, obuqengqelekayo okanye amabala amafu anokuthi afane nengubo eneqhuma okanye ipateni yenqatha lobusi. Amafu eStratocumulus ahlala enxulunyaniswa nemozulu entle kodwa anokuvelisa imvula ekhanyayo.

Cumulus: Amafu aFluffy, amhlophe, kwaye ahlala amile okwecauliflower anokukhula ngokuthe nkqo. Amafu eCumulus ngumbono oqhelekileyo ngeentsuku zemozulu entle kwaye angabonisa ukubakho kophuhliso lwendudumo ukuba lukhula lube lude kwaye lukhule ngokuthe nkqo.

Amafu oPhuhliso oluthe nkqo: Cumulonimbus

Ilifu le-cumulonimbus lilifu eliphakamileyo, eliphuhliswe ngokuthe nkqo elinokufikelela kumphakamo ongaphezu kwe-60,000 yeenyawo (18,000 yeemitha). La mafu anxulunyaniswa neendudumo yaye anokuvelisa imvula enkulu, imimoya ebhudla ngamandla, imibane, kwanezaqhwithi.

Amafu e-Cumulonimbus akholisa ukuba nomphezulu owahlukileyo omile okwe-anvil, owenziwe kukusasazwa kwendawo ephezulu yelifu ngenxa yomoya ophakamileyo. Abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya kunye nezikolo zeenqwelo-moya zinika ingqwalasela enkulu ekuphuhlisweni nasekuhambeni kwamafu e-cumulonimbus, njengoko zinokubeka iingozi ezinkulu kwinqwelo-moya kwaye zifuna ukuhamba ngononophelo okanye ukubuyisela umzila.

Iingcebiso zokuchonga iindidi zamafu

Ngelixa ukuchongwa kwamafu kunokuba ngumngeni, kukho iingcebiso ezininzi kunye nobuchule obunokunceda ekuqondeni iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zamafu:

Jonga ukuphakama: Umphakamo apho ilifu lijongwa khona kunokunikela imikhondo ebalulekileyo malunga nohlobo lwalo. Amafu akwinqanaba eliphezulu aqhele ukufunyanwa ngaphezu kweenyawo ezingama-20,000, amafu akwinqanaba eliphakathi phakathi kwe-6,500 kunye ne-20,000 yeenyawo, kunye namafu aphantsi kwe-6,500 yeenyawo.

Qaphela inkangeleko yelifu: Nika ingqalelo kwimilo, ukumila, nombala wamafu. Amafu e-Cirrus anoboya kwaye anontsiba, ngelixa amafu e-cumulus athambile kwaye amile okwecauliflower. Umbala wamafu unokubonisa ukubunjwa kwawo, kunye namafu ekristale yomkhenkce ebonakala emhlophe kwaye amafu ethontsi lamanzi abonakala engwevu okanye emnyama.

Qwalasela iimeko zemozulu: Iindidi ezithile zamafu zihlala zinxulunyaniswa neepateni ezithile zemozulu okanye iinkqubo zangaphambili. Ngokomzekelo, amafu e-cirrostratus angabonisa indlela efudumeleyo yokusondela, ngelixa amafu e-nimbostratus ehlala edibene nemvula eqhubekayo.

Jonga uphuhliso lwamafu: Beka iliso kwindaleko kunye nophuhliso oluthe nkqo lwamafu, njengoko oku kunokunika ulwazi malunga nokubanakho kwemvula okanye imozulu embi. Amafu e-cumulonimbus akhula ngokukhawuleza, umzekelo, angabonisa ukubakho kweendudumo.

Iindidi zamafu: Izixhobo kunye neZibonelelo zabaqhubi beenqwelo-moya kunye neZikolo zeFlight

Ukuphucula izakhono zokuchonga ilifu kwaye uhlale unolwazi malunga neemeko zemozulu, abaqhubi beenqwelomoya kunye nezikolo zenqwelomoya zinokusebenzisa izixhobo ezahlukeneyo kunye nezixhobo:

Ingxelo yeMozulu yoPhapho: Iingxelo zemozulu yeAviation, ezifana ne-METAR (iNgxelo ye-Meteorological Aerodrome) kunye ne-TAF (i-Terminal Aerodrome Forecast), inika ulwazi oluneenkcukacha malunga neentlobo zamafu, ubude, kunye neziganeko zemozulu ezinxulumene kwizikhululo zeenqwelomoya okanye iindawo ezithile.

Umfanekiso wesathelayithi: Umfanekiso wesathelayithi unokubonelela ngembono ebanzi kwiipateni zamafu kunye nokwakheka, ukuvumela abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya kunye neemeteorologists ukuba balandele ukuhamba kunye nophuhliso lweenkqubo zamafu kwiindawo ezinkulu.

Idatha yeRada: Idatha ye-radar yemozulu inokubona kwaye ibonise indawo kunye nokuqina kwemvula ehambelana neentlobo ezahlukeneyo zamafu, inceda ekucwangcisweni kwendiza kunye nokwenza izigqibo.

Inkcazo yeMozulu yoPhapho: Iinkcazo zemozulu yobuchwephesha bokuhamba ngenqwelomoya, ezibonelelwa ziingcali zemozulu eziqinisekisiweyo okanye iinkonzo zemozulu yokubhabha, zibonelela ngohlalutyo olubanzi lweemeko zemozulu zangoku neziqikelelweyo, kuquka iintlobo zamafu kunye neempembelelo zazo ezinokubakho kwimisebenzi yenqwelo-moya.

IziKhokelo zokuchongwa kwamafu kunye neZixhobo zoQeqesho: Izikolo ngeenqwelomoya kunye nemibutho yenqwelomoya ihlala ibonelela ngezikhokelo zokuchongwa kwamafu, iincwadana zoqeqesho, kunye nezixhobo ezisebenzisanayo ukunceda abaqhubi beenqwelomoya nabafundi bafunde kwaye bomeleze ulwazi lwabo lweentlobo zamafu kunye nemeko yemozulu ehambelana nayo.

isiphelo

Ukuqaphela kunye nokuqonda iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zamafu sisakhono esiyimfuneko kubaqhubi beenqwelomoya, izikolo zenqwelomoya, kunye nabani na onomdla kwimozulu kunye nokubhabha. Ngokwazi ukuchongwa kwamafu, abaqhubi beenqwelomoya banokwenza izigqibo ezinolwazi malunga nokucwangciswa kwenqwelomoya, ukuhamba ngenqwelomoya, kunye nokhuseleko, ngelixa izikolo zenqwelomoya zinokubalungiselela ngcono abafundi babo iimeko zehlabathi zokwenyani.

Ukusuka kwi-wispy cirrus ukuya kwi-cumulonimbus ephakamileyo, uhlobo ngalunye lwelifu lunika umbono okhethekileyo wokusebenza okuntsonkothileyo kweatmosfera yethu. Ngokujonga iipateni zamafu, ukuphakama, kunye neemeko zemozulu ezinxulumeneyo, abaqhubi beenqwelomoya kunye neengcali zokuhamba ngenqwelomoya banokuhlala phambi kweengozi ezinokubakho kwaye baqinisekise ukusebenza ngokukhuselekileyo nangokufanelekileyo.

Ukuba ungumqhubi wenqwelomoya okanye onqwenela ukuba ngumdlali wenqwelomoya ojonge ukuphucula izakhono zakho zokuchonga ilifu, cinga ngokubhalisa Florida Flyers Flight Academy's inkqubo yoqeqesho ngenqwelomoya ebanzi. Abaqeqeshi bethu abanamava baya kukukhokela kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo zamafu, iimpawu zabo, kunye nefuthe labo ekusebenzeni kwenqwelomoya. Ngokuzilolonga ngezandla kunye neemeko zehlabathi zokwenyani, uya kufumana ukuzithemba kunye nobuchule obufunekayo ukuhamba esibhakabhakeni ngokuzithemba.

Qhagamshelana neFlorida Flyers Flight Academy Team namhlanje e (904) 209-3510 ukufunda ngakumbi malunga neKhosi yeSikolo saBucala esiLingayo.