ⓘ TL;DR
- Umgca wokubamba indlela yeenqwelo moya luphawu lokuma oluyimfuneko olwenziwe ngemigca emine etyheli. Yima phambi kwemigca eqinileyo ngaphandle kokuba i-ATC ikucacisele ngokucacileyo ukuba uwele.
- Imigca eqinileyo ijonge indlela yeenqwelo moya. Imigca eqhekekileyo ijonge indlela yeenqwelo moya. Ukuwela imigca eqinileyo ngaphandle kwemvume kukungena kwendlela yeenqwelo moya.
- Umgca wokubamba i-VFR unemigca emibini emthubi kuphela kwaye ufuna ukucocwa ngokubonakalayo kwendlela yokubaleka kunokuba ulinde imvume ye-ATC.
- Umthetho we-70/50 unceda abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya ukuba babeke inqwelo-moya ngokuchanekileyo phambi komgca wokubamba, ukuqinisekisa ukubonakala ngokupheleleyo kwendlela yokuhamba ngaphandle kokungenelela.
- Phatha yonke imigca yokubamba njengomda oqinileyo. Yifinyeze imiqondiso, funda uphawu, yima ngokuchanekileyo, kwaye uqinisekise ukuba isithuba sivuliwe ngaphambi kokuba uwele.
Isiqulatho
Umqhubi wenqwelo moya ofunda gwenxa umgca wokubamba indlela yeenqwelo moya sele enze impazamo ebaluleke kakhulu. Imiqondiso epeyintiweyo kumphezulu wendlela yeenqwelo moya ayizongcebiso okanye izikhokelo, ziindawo zokuma ezinyanzelekileyo ezahlula indawo yendlela yeenqwelo moya kwindawo esebenzayo yeenqwelo moya. Ukuzinqumla ngaphandle kwemvume ecacileyo kukungena kwendlela yeenqwelo moya, nokuba kukho enye inqwelo moya ekufutshane.
Uninzi lwabaqhubi beenqwelo moya lufunda umthetho osisiseko ngexesha loqeqesho baze balibale ukuba bathobela imithetho. Umahluko phakathi komgca oqhelekileyo wokubamba kunye nomgca wokubamba we-VFR, iimfuno ezithile zokubeka, kunye nemiphumo yesondo elinqumla imigca eqinileyo, ezi nkcukacha azifumani ngqwalasela ziyifaneleyo de kwenzeke isiganeko.
Eli nqaku liza kuvala loo msantsa. Ekugqibeleni, uza kwazi kakuhle ukuba kuthetha ukuthini ukumakisha umgca ngamnye wokubamba, ukuba kufuneka ume nini, kunye nendlela yokuchonga yonke indlela eya kwindlela yokubaleka ukuze ukuwela umgca wokubamba kungabi yinto eqikelelwayo.
Oko Kuthethwa Yimigca Emine Etyheli
Umgca wokubamba indlela yeenqwelo moya yindawo yokuma enyanzelekileyo epeyintwe kuyo indlela yeenqwelo moya, equlathe imigca emine etyheli: emibini eqinileyo nemibini enemigca ethe tyaba. Imigca eqinileyo ikwicala lendlela yeenqwelo moya, imigca enemigca ethe tyaba ikwicala lendlela yeenqwelo moya. Olu lungiselelo aluhombisi, lukuxelela ngqo apho imeko yendlela yeenqwelo moya iqala khona kunye nendawo apho inqwelo moya yakho kufuneka ime khona.
Uninzi lwabaqhubi beenqwelo-moya luyakwazi ukubona uphawu, kodwa abaninzi balujonga njengecebiso endaweni yokuba ngumda onzima. Ukudideka kuvela kwinto yokuba lufana nezinye iimpawu zendlela ezisetyenziselwa iindawo ezingezizo ezibalulekileyo. Akukho ngqiqweni apha. Ulwakhiwo lwemigca emine lugcinelwe kuphela iimpawu zendawo yokubamba inqwelo moya, kwaye ithwala ubunzima obufanayo obusemthethweni njengophawu lokuma endleleni.
Imigca eqinileyo ijonge indlela yeenqwelo moya. Imigca eqhekekileyo ijonge indlela yeenqwelo moya. Oku kuthetha ukuba usondela kuqala kwimigca eqhekekileyo, kwaye ivili lakho lempumlo kufuneka lime phambi kwemigca eqinileyo. Ukuwela nayiphi na iseti ngaphandle kwemvume ye-ATC kukungena kwendlela yeenqwelo moya, akukho mahluko, akukho ndawo ingwevu.
Ukuqonda olu phawu kutshintsha ngokuchanekileyo indlela osondela ngayo kuzo zonke iindlela ezinqumlana ukusuka kwindlela yeenqwelo-moya ukuya kwindlela yeenqwelo-moya. Uyayeka ukukhangela uphawu uze uqale ukufunda indlela ebekwe ngayo. Uyayeka ukuqikelela uze uqale ukwazi kakuhle ukuba umda uphi.
Xa Kufuneka Ume, Naxa Usenokuwela
Umthetho ulula kakhulu: uya kuma emgceni wokubambelela ngaphandle kokuba i-ATC ikuxelele ngenye indlela. Akukho mahluko xa ungxamile, akukho mahluko xa uphumla kancinci, akukho mahluko kuba ubona ukuba indlela yeenqwelo moya ayinanto. Xa ivili lakho lempumlo lichukumisa okanye linqumla loo migca ityheli iqinileyo ngaphandle kokuvula, ubambe intambo yeenqwelo moya. I-FAA ithatha oku njengokwaphulwa komthetho okukhulu, hayi ukutyibilika okuncinci kwenkqubo.
Iinqwelomoya ezifikayo zifumana umahluko omnye, kwaye zincinci kunokuba uninzi lwabaqhubi beenqwelo moya becinga. Emva kokufika, inqwelomoya kufuneka idlule ngokupheleleyo kwimigca eqinileyo ngaphambi kokuba ime okanye icime. Ingabi ngaphezu kwexesha. Ingabi ngaphezu kwexesha. Ingabi ngaphezu kwexesha. Idlule ngokupheleleyo. I bamba kwaye ubuze umthetho isebenza kuyo yonke eminye imeko, ukuphuma ngesantya esiphezulu, ukutshintsha indawo, ukunqumla indlela yeenqwelo-moya esebenzayo ukuze ufikelele kwirempu. Uyabamba. Uyabuza. Ulinde indawo ecacileyo.
Kulapho umahluko phakathi I-VFR kunye ne-IFR Eyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu. Phantsi kwe-IFR, sele unxibelelana ne-ATC kwaye ulinde umyalelo othile. Phantsi kwe-VFR kwindawo engenamiqolo, akukho mlawuli unika imvume. Uyama, ucoce indlela yokubaleka kwiindlela zombini, kwaye uwele kuphela xa kukhuselekile. Umgca wokubamba usaphawula umda. Ukungabikho kwefowuni yerediyo akuyicimi umgca.
Ukuwela ngaphandle kwemvume ayikokugweba. Yinto eyenzeka kabini. Umgca usemva kwevili lakho okanye awukho. Indlela ezihlasela ngayo iindlela zeenqwelo moya yindlela ezenzeka ngayo.
I-VFR Hold Line, Indlela Ejongeka Ngayo Nesizathu Sokuba Ikho
Uninzi lwabaqhubi beenqwelo moya baphatha yonke imigca etyheli yokubamba ngendlela efanayo, kwaye kulapho ingxaki iqala khona. Uphawu oluqhelekileyo lwemigca emine lubonisa indlela elawulwayo apho i-ATC clearance yeyona tikiti kuphela enqumlayo. Kodwa uphawu olwahlukileyo lukhona kwizikhululo zeenqwelo moya ezingezizo iinqaba kunye neendawo ezinqumlanayo ze-VFR kuphela, kwaye ukudideka kwezi zimbini yindlela ekhawulezayo eya ekungeneni.
Ngaphambi:
Umqhubi weteksi usiya kwindawo yokubaleka ebaleni elingalawulekiyo aze abone umgca omnye otyheli oqinileyo odibene nomgca omnye oqhekekileyo. Inkumbulo yemisipha iyaqala ukusebenza. Bayama, babize umhlaba, baze balinde indawo engayi kuze ifike. Unomathotholo uhlala uthule. Ukukhathazeka kuyakhula. Ekugqibeleni, baya phambili kancinci, bengaqinisekanga ukuba banayo na imvume yokuhamba. Oko kuthandabuza nokudideka kudala imiqobo eyingozi kwindlela yeteksi.
Emva:
Umqhubi wenqwelo moya uyayibona ngoko nangoko intambo yokubamba i-VFR. Umgca omnye oqinileyo kwicala lendlela kunye nomgca omnye onamachaphaza kwicala lendlela yeteksi. Akukho mfuneko yokungena kwi-ATC. Inkqubo ilula: yima phambi komgca oqinileyo, susa indlela yendlela ngokubonakalayo kuzo zombini iindlela, kwaye uwele xa ikhuselekile. Inqwelo moya ihamba kakuhle, umqhubi wenqwelo moya uhlala elawula, kwaye umngcipheko wokungena uhla uye kufutshane no-zero.
Umgca wokubamba we-VFR ukho kuba ayizizo zonke iindlela zokuqhuba iinqwelomoya ezifuna umlawuli ukuze zikhuseleke. Amehlo omqhubi wenqwelomoya enza umsebenzi onokwenziwa yirediyo kwindawo ende. Ukuqonda umahluko phakathi kwemigca emine nemigca emibini akuyonto incinci, ngumahluko phakathi kokulinda imvume engasayi kuze ifike nokwenza umgaqo osemthethweni wokuwela.
Umthetho we-70/50, Umzekelo Wengqondo Wokubeka Indawo Ekhuselekileyo
Eyona mzuzu iyingozi kufutshane nebala leenqwelo moya asikokunqumla, yindlela abasondela ngayo. Abaqhubi beenqwelo moya banamathela kumgca wokubamba baze balibale ukuba apho bama khona kugqiba ukuba banolwazi olwaneleyo lokubona na ukuze benze isigqibo esikhuselekileyo. Umthetho we-70/50 usombulula oku ngokunika amehlo indawo ethile ngaphambi kokuba ivili lempumlo lifikelele kupende otyheli.
Yima kwindawo apho ububanzi bendlela yokungena buzalise malunga namashumi asixhenxe ekhulwini lombono ongaphambili kwaye ubude bendlela yokungena bufikelela kwisiqingatha somphezulu obonakalayo. Olu ayilomlinganiselo ochanekileyo. Sisigqibo esiqhelekileyo esinyanzela umqhubi ukuba ahlole yonke indawo yendlela yokungena ngaphambi kokuba azibophelele kwindawo yokuma. Lo mthetho uyasebenza kuba utshintsha ingqalelo ukusuka kuphawu lwendlela ukuya kwindawo yomoya kunye nomphezulu ongaphaya kwayo.
Umqhubi wenqwelo moya oma ngasemva kakhulu ubona ngaphantsi kwesiqingatha sendlela yokubaleka kwaye akanakuqinisekisa ukuba indlela eya phambili icacile. Umqhubi wenqwelo moya ohamba phambili usengozini yokuwela imigca eqinileyo ngaphambi kokuba kugqitywe ukuskena. Indawo ye-70/50 ikwindawo entle, ikufutshane ngokwaneleyo ukuze ibone umfanekiso opheleleyo, ikude ngokwaneleyo ukuba ihlale isemthethweni.
Yithi gqaba gqaba ngalo mthetho ngexesha lokucwangcisa iteksi. Khetha isalathiso esibonakalayo kumda wendlela ehambelana nobubanzi obungamashumi asixhenxe ekhulwini. Sebenzisa isiphelo esikude sendlela njengesalathiso sobude obungamashumi amahlanu ekhulwini. Xa ezi zimbini zihambelana, indawo yokuma ichanekile. Imodeli yengqondo ithatha indawo yokuqikelela ngesalathiso esiphindaphindwayo esisebenza nakwesiphi na isikhululo seenqwelo-moya, nakweyiphi na imeko yokubonakala.
Lo mthetho awuthathi indawo yomgca wokubamba. Ukhusela umqhubi wenqwelo moya ekufikeni emgceni ngaphandle kolwazi olufunekayo ukuze awunqumle ngokukhuselekileyo.
Indlela Yokufunda Iimpawu Ezihamba Nazo
Iimpawu ezimthubi ezikwindlela yokuhamba ziyinxalenye nje yomfanekiso. Iimpawu ezibekwe ecaleni kwazo ziphethe umyalelo othile, kwaye ukufunda gwenxa uphawu kuyingozi njengokungawunaki imigca epeyintiweyo. Yonke imigca yokubamba inophawu oluhamba nayo olukuxelela kanye into osondela kuyo kunye nenyathelo elifunekayo.
- Uphawu lwendawo yokubamba indlela yeenqwelo moya, imvelaphi ebomvu, umbhalo omhlophe
- Uphawu lwendawo ebalulekileyo ye-ILS, imvelaphi ebomvu, umbhalo omhlophe
- Uphawu lwendawo yokhuseleko kwindlela yokubaleka, imvelaphi etyheli, umbhalo omnyama
- Akukho phawu lokungena, isangqa esibomvu, ibha emhlophe ethe tye
- Uphawu lwendawo yeteksi, imvelaphi emnyama, umbhalo otyheli
- Uphawu lwendlela, imvelaphi etyheli, umbhalo omnyama
- Uphawu lwendawo oya kuyo, imvelaphi emnyama, umbhalo otyheli
Uphawu olubambe indlela yenqwelo-moya yeyona ibalulekileyo. Luhlala lubomvu ngamagama amhlophe, kwaye lubonisa indawo echanekileyo apho inqwelo-moya kufuneka ime khona. Imigangatho ye-FAA yeempawu zendlela yokumisa iimoto cacisa ukuba ezi zimpawu zibonakala kuzo zonke iindlela ezinqumlana indlela ukusuka kwindlela eya kwindlela yeenqwelo-moya, kwaye azinakuzikhethela.
Bhala kafutshane iimpawu phambi kokuba uhambe. Chonga uphawu olubomvu kuqala, uze uqinisekise uhlobo lophawu olukwindlela ethe tyaba. Ukuba uphawu luthi “ILS” okanye “RSA,” umgca wokubamba ukhusela okungaphezulu nje komphezulu wendlela, ukhusela indlela esondelayo okanye indawo yokhuseleko engaphezulu. Phatha ezo zimpawu ngemfuneko efanayo yokuma njengophawu lwendlela ngokwalo.
Kwenzeka ntoni xa uwela ngaphandle kwemvume
Xa ivili lempumlo lichukumisa icala elikude laloo migca ityheli iqinileyo, umcimbi sele uhleliwe. I-FAA ayihlukanisi phakathi kokudlula ngeteksi ngabom kunye nokuphosa ingqalelo okomzuzwana. Zombini ziyafana. ukungenelela komgaqo weenqwelomoya, kwaye zombini ziqalisa inkqubo efanayo yokunyanzelisa umthetho.
Ukuwela umgca wokubanjwa ngaphandle kwemvume ye-ATC akuyompazamo yamaphepha. Kukwaphulwa ngokuthe ngqo komthetho i-FAR 91.129, olawula imisebenzi e- Indawo yomoya yodidi D, kunye ne-FAR 91.127 yeKlasi C. I-FAA iyithatha njengokuphambuka kwimvume ye-ATC, enobunzima obufanayo nokungawunaki umsebenzi wesihloko okanye wokuphakama. Impendulo yokunyanzelisa isenokuqikelelwa: ileta yophando, ukumiswa okunokwenzeka kwe izatifikethi zokulingwa, kunye nohambo lokuhlolwa kwakhona oluyimfuneko.
Ingozi yokwenyani ayisiyonto eyenziwa yi-FAA. Yinqwelo moya ongayibonanga kuba sele uzimisele kwimo yeenqwelo moya. Inqwelo moya efikayo ngesantya sama-70 knots igubungela iinyawo ezili-120 ngomzuzwana. Umgca wokubamba ngumqobo wokugqibela phakathi kwendlela yeteksi kunye nesantya sokuvala. Nje ukuba iwele, umda wempazamo uyawa ukusuka kwimizuzwana ukuya kwisiqingatha somzuzwana.
Abaqhubi beenqwelo moya abathi ivili lempumlo lijikeleze umgca “lisondele ngokwaneleyo” abayiqondi ngokupheleleyo ingongoma. Lo mgca awubonisi ukuba kufuneka ume phi. Ngumda wendawo ekhuselweyo apho ukwahlukana kulawulwa khona ngumntu ongakwaziyo ukubona amavili akho. Isentimitha nganye emva kwemigca eqinileyo yisentimitha enye ngaphakathi kuloo ndawo ngaphandle kwemvume.
Indlela Yokuchaza Umgca Wokubamba Ngaphambi Kohambo Ngalunye
Uluhlu lokuhlola olunezinyathelo ezintlanu luguqula iteksi eqhelekileyo ibe lulandelelwano lokhuseleko olucwangcisiweyo. Uninzi lwabaqhubi beenqwelo-moya bayayishiya intlanganiso kuba becinga ukuba yonke imigca yokubamba iyafana. Loo ngcinga yiyo kanye ekhokelela ekungeneni okupheliseni umsebenzi.
Chonga uhlobo lophawu ngaphambi kokuba usondele ngokwaneleyo ukuze ume
Imigca yokubamba eqhelekileyo inemigca emine emthubi. Imigca yokubamba ye-VFR inemibini. Ukuphazama umgca wokubamba we-VFR njengomgca oqhelekileyo kuthetha ukuba ungayeka xa kungekho mfuneko yokuvula, okanye okubi nangakumbi, uwele umgca oqhelekileyo ngaphandle kwemvume efunekayo.
Funda uphawu oluhambisana nalo ngelixa usaqengqeleka
Uphawu olubomvu olubambe indlela oluqinisekisa ukuba usondela kwindlela yokungena. Uphawu lwe-ILS kwindawo ebalulekileyo lulumkisa ngezixhobo zokukhangela ezibuthathaka. Umqhubi wenqwelo moya ofunda uphawu emva kokuma sele elahlekelwe ngumxholo ofunekayo ukuze enze isigqibo esifanelekileyo.
Yima nge-nosewheel phambi kwemigca etyheli eqinileyo
Imigca eqinileyo ikwicala lendlela. Ivili lempumlo eliwela kuzo, nokuba ziisentimitha, lenza ukuba indlela yendlela ifikelele esiphelweni. Inqwelo-moya akufuneki ukuba idlule ngokupheleleyo emgceni ukuze iqalise isenzo sokunyanzelisa umthetho.
Susa indlela yokubaleka ngendlela ebonakalayo kuzo zombini iindlela
Eli nyathelo alinyanzelekanga phantsi kwe-VFR kwaye lihlala lisebenza kakuhle phantsi kwe-IFR. Umqhubi wenqwelo moya ozigcina emgceni wokumakisha uphoswa yinqwelo moya kwisiphelo esifutshane esimele sikhuselwe luphawu.
Vuma imvume ye-ATC ngaphambi kokuba uwele
Phinda ubuyele umva. Ukuwela ngokunqwala okanye ngomqondiso wesandla akusilo umgama. Umqhubi wenqwelo moya owela ngaphandle kokuqinisekiswa ngomlomo akanakuzikhusela xa iteyiphu ihlolwa.
Ukuqhuba olu landelelwano lwamanyathelo amahlanu kuyo yonke indlela, ngalo lonke ixesha, kwakha umkhwa osinda ekudinweni, ekuphazamisekeni, nasekuxinezelweni. Umgca wokubamba uba sisizathu sempendulo yokhuseleko eqhelisiweyo endaweni yokumangaliswa efuna isigqibo semizuzwana embalwa.
Yenza Umgca Obambekileyo Ube Ngumkhwa, Kungabi Ngummangaliso
Umgca wokubamba awuyonto inzima ukuyiphawula. Ngumda we-binary ofuna impendulo ye-binary: yima okanye uwele nge-clearance. Umahluko phakathi komgca oqhelekileyo wokubamba we-IFR kunye nomgca wokubamba we-VFR ngumahluko phakathi kokulandela inkqubo kunye nokwenza ubizo lokugweba, kwaye olo bizo lokugweba kulapho abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya bangena khona engxakini.
Ukuphatha umgca wokubamba njengenxalenye eqhelekileyo yeteksi nganye kutshintsha isiphumo. Umqhubi wenqwelo moya ochaza indlela eya kuyo yonke indlela, echonga uhlobo lophawu, efunda uphawu, eme ngevili elinomlomo phambi kwemigca eqinileyo, ususa ukumangaliswa okukhokelela ekungeneni. Enye indlela kukufika kwexesha lokungaqiniseki ngexesha elibi kakhulu, apho inqwelo moya isondela ekugqibeleni kwaye kungekho ndawo yokwenza impazamo.
Yakha umgca wokubamba kuyo yonke intlanganiso ngaphambi kokuba ubhabhe. Ziqhelise ukuwuchonga ngexesha leteksi. Yenza indawo yokuma ibe yezenzekelayo. Ukumakisha kulula. Umkhwa yiwo ogcina loo nto injalo.
Imibuzo Ebuzwa Rhoqo Malunga neMigca yokuBamba iRunway
Yintoni umgca wokubamba inqwelo moya?
Umgca wokubamba indlela yeenqwelo moya yindawo yokuma efunekayo epeyintwe kumphezulu wendlela yeenqwelo moya, equlathe imigca emine etyheli, emibini eqinileyo nemibini enemigca emide, ebonisa apho inqwelo moya kufuneka ime khona ngaphambi kokuba ingene kwindlela yeenqwelo moya. Imigca eqinileyo isoloko ikwicala lendlela yeenqwelo moya, kwaye imigca enemigca emide ikwicala lendlela yeenqwelo moya, nto leyo edala umda ocacileyo obonakalayo ekufuneka abaqhubi beenqwelo moya bawuhloniphe ngaphandle kokukhetha.
Uthini umthetho wama-70 50?
Umthetho we-70/50 ngumzekelo wengqondo wokubeka inqwelo-moya phambi komgca wokubamba ukuze umqhubi abone i-70% yobubanzi bendlela yokuqhuba kunye ne-50% yobude bayo ngaphandle kokungena kwindawo ekhuselekileyo yendlela yokuqhuba. Le ndlela ithintela impazamo eqhelekileyo yokuma ngasemva kakhulu okanye kufutshane kakhulu nophawu, ukuqinisekisa ulwazi olufanelekileyo lwemeko ngaphambi kokuwela.
Kuthetha ukuthini ukuba i-VFR hold line ithetha ukuthini?
Umgca wokubamba we-VFR lutshintsho lophawu oluqhelekileyo lomgca wokubamba, oluquka umgca omnye otyheli oqinileyo kunye nomgca omnye otyheli onemigca, osetyenziswa kwizikhululo zeenqwelo-moya ezingenazinqaba okanye kwiindawo ezithile zokunqumlana kwe-VFR kuphela. Ubonisa ukuba abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya kufuneka bame baze bacoce indlela yokubaleka ngaphambi kokuba baqhubeke, endaweni yokulinda imvume ye-ATC engazukuza.
Injani i-VFR hold line?
Umgca wokubamba we-VFR ubonakala njengomgca omnye otyheli oqinileyo kunye nomgca omnye otyheli onamachaphaza apeyintwe ngaphesheya kwendlela yeteksi, kunye nomgca oqinileyo kwicala lendlela kunye nomgca onamachaphaza kwicala lendlela yeteksi. Olu phawu lulula luyahlula kumgca wokubamba we-IFR oqhelekileyo onemigca emine kwaye lusebenza njengesibonakaliso esibonakalayo sokuba inkqubo yokuwela yahlukile.
