ⓘ TL;DR
- Ukuqonda indlela esebenza ngayo i-DME kuqala ngomjikelo wexesha lokubetha kwentliziyo. Inqwelo-moya ithumela ii-radio pulse pairs, isikhululo somhlaba siphendula emva kokulibaziseka okumiselweyo kwe-50-microseconds, kwaye ikhompyutha ekwinqwelo iguqula ixesha lohambo oluya nokubuya libe ziimayile zaselwandle.
- Ukufundwa kubonisa umgama othe tyaba, hayi umgama osemhlabeni. Okukhona uphezulu kwaye usondele kwisitishi, kokukhona umsantsa omkhulu phakathi koko kuboniswa sisibonisi nendawo okuyo ngokwenene.
- Ukukhetha i-VOR okanye i-ILS frequency kutshintsha ngokuzenzekelayo itshaneli ye-DME edibeneyo. Akukho mfuneko yokulungisa okwahlukileyo kuba ukuhlanganisa kufakwe kwi-hardward kwinkqubo yokwabiwa kwamaza.
- I-DME ifuna umgca wokubona ukuze isebenze. Indawo, izakhiwo, kunye nokubonakaliswa kweendlela ezininzi kunokuthintela okanye kuphazamise isignali, ingakumbi kwiindawo ezisezantsi kufutshane nomhlaba ontsonkothileyo.
- Ukwazi indlela esebenza ngayo i-DME kwii-cockpits zanamhlanje kubalulekile kuba i-GPS ayikayitshintshi. Iinkqubo ze-FMS ziyadibanisa zombini imithombo, kwaye ezinye iindlela zisafuna i-DME ukuze kulungiswe izinto ezingalunganga kunye neenkqubo zendlela ezingachanekanga.
Isiqulatho
Umbuzo ophakamayo kwisifundo sokuqala se-DME somfundi ngamnye wezixhobo zomculo ulula ngendlela ekhohlisayo: ibhokisi ekwiphaneli iyazi njani ukuba ukude kangakanani nesitishi esisemhlabeni? Impendulo ayisiyomilingo okanye imiqondiso yesathelayithi. Ngumdlalo wexesha lerediyo ochanekileyo osebenze ngokuthembekileyo ukususela ngeminyaka yoo-1940.
Uninzi lweengcaciso ziyayitsiba inxalenye ebaluleke kakhulu kumqhubi wenqwelo moya kwi-cockpit. Zichaza le ngcamango ngaphandle kokuyidibanisa noko kuboniswa sisibonisi se-DME, okanye okubi nangakumbi, ziyayifihla ingxaki yobubanzi obunokukukhohlisa xa usenza into ethile. Ukuqonda indlela esebenza ngayo i-DME kuthetha ukuqonda ixesha lokubetha kwentliziyo elihle kunye nomgibe wejiyometri obamba abaqhubi beenqwelo moya abaphatha ukufunda njengomgama osemhlabeni.
Eli nqaku lichaza umjikelo wophando ngerediyo, i-slant range geometry ekufuneka ichazwe yi-pilot nganye, kunye nendlela i-DME edibana ngayo ne-VOR kunye ne-ILS frequencies ukuze ikunike ulwazi lwesikhundla onokuluthemba. Ekugqibeleni, uya kwazi ukuba kuthetha ukuthini ukufunda kwe-DME kwaye nini ukuyibuza.
I-Radio Pulse Elinganisa Umgama
Uninzi lwabaqhubi beenqwelo moya lucinga ukuba i-DME isebenza ngokulinganisa ixesha elithathwa yi-radio pulse ukuya kwisikhululo somhlaba nokubuya. Indlela yokwenyani ichanekile kwaye inomdla ngakumbi kunokuba umfanekiso olula ubonisa.
Umphengululi we-DME wenqwelo-moya uthumela umlambo wee-pulse pairs kwi-frequency ethile ngaphakathi Ibhendi ye-960 - 1215 MHz. Isikhululo sasemhlabeni sifumana ezi pulses, kwaye emva kokulibaziseka okumiselweyo kwe-50-microsecond, sithumela isibini saso se-pulse kwakhona kwi-frequency eyahlukileyo. Oko kulibaziseka ngabom yeyona nto ibalulekileyo. Ngaphandle kwayo, ikhompyutha ekwibhodi ayinakukwazi ukwahlula impendulo yesikhululo sasemhlabeni kwingxolo yerediyo engacwangciswanga okanye ukubonakaliswa.
I-receiver ilinganisa ixesha elipheleleyo lohambo oluya nokubuya ukusuka kwi-transmission ukuya kwi-reception. Isusa ukulibaziseka kwesikhululo somhlaba esaziwayo se-50-microsecond, ize yahlule ixesha eliseleyo kabini. Isiphumo lixesha lokuhamba ngendlela enye, eliguquka ngqo libe ngumgama ngesantya sokukhanya.
Le nkqubo iphindaphinda amakhulu amaxesha ngomzuzwana. Ikhompyutha ye-DME ilinganisa la manani ukuze ivelise ukufundwa komgama okuzinzileyo nokuhlaziyayo. Inkqubo ikhawuleza ngokwaneleyo ukuba i-pilot ibone inani eliqhubekayo, kungekhona uthotho lwezibalo ezahlukeneyo.
Ubuhle bolu yilo kukuba inqwelo-moya yenza izibalo. Isikhululo sasemhlabeni siyamamela kwaye siphendule. Oko kungalingani kuthetha ukuba izixhobo zasemhlabeni zinokukhonza iinqwelo-moya ezingenamda ngaxeshanye, nganye ibala umgama wayo ngokuzimeleyo.
Kutheni Umgama Othe Tye Ubaluleke Ngaphezulu Komgama Osemhlabeni
Umgama oboniswa kwi-DME yakho bubuxoki, okanye ubuncinane asiyonyani ecingelwa ngabaninzi babaqhubi beenqwelo moya. Elo nani limela umgca othe tyaba phakathi kwenqwelo moya yakho kunye nesikhululo somhlaba, hayi umgama othe tyaba phezu komhlaba.
Lo mahluko ubaluleke kakhulu xa ungabalulekanga kangako. Kwindawo ephakamileyo enesikhululo esikude, umahluko phakathi komgama othe tyaba kunye nomgama womhlaba awunamsebenzi. Kodwa ukusondela, ingakumbi xa usondela, impazamo iba nkulu kakhulu.
Khawucinge ngokufundwa kwe-DME kweemayile ezintlanu ngelixa ukwiimitha ezilishumi lamawaka ukusuka emhlabeni. Ijiyometri yinxantathu esekunene: ukuphakama kumlenze omnye, umgama womhlaba ngomnye, kwaye ukufundwa kwe-DME yi-hypotenuse. Olu luhlu lokutyibilika kweekhilomitha ezintlanu luthetha ukuba umgama womhlaba usondele kwiimayile ezine ezinesiqingatha. Okukhona uphezulu, kokukhona impazamo icaca ngakumbi.
Yingakho iipleyiti zendlela zibonisa iimfuno zomgama we-DME kunye nemida yokuphakama. Inkqubo efuna i-DME kwindawo ethile icinga ukuba ukwindawo ethile yokuphakama. Ukuba uphezulu kunokuphakama koyilo lwenkqubo, uya kufikelela kumgama we-DME ngaphambi kokuba ufikelele kwindawo efanelekileyo yomhlaba. Amanqaku okuphambuka kwendlela kunye nokulungiswa kokwehla kuxhomekeke ekuqondeni olu lwalamano.
The Incwadi yamanqaku ye-CFI kwi-DME Icacisa ngokucacileyo ijiyometri, kodwa isifundo sokwenyani sivela ekuphepheni indlela. Kholelwa kufundo lwe-DME ukuze ufumane ixesha kunye nolandelelwano, kodwa soloko ulujonga ngokujonga ukuphakama kwakho kunye noyilo lwenkqubo. Impazamo yoluhlu lwe-slant iyaqikelelwa kwaye iyalawuleka, ukuyityeshela ayinjalo.
Indlela i-DME edibana ngayo ne-VOR kunye ne-ILS Frequencies
Ukudibanisa i-DME nezinye izixhobo zokuncedisa ukuhamba asikokwenza kube lula, sisicwangciso solawulo lwamaza acwangcisiweyo esithintela i-spectrum yerediyo ukuba ingasetyenziswa. Xa umqhubi ekhetha i-VOR okanye i-ILS frequency, isamkeli se-DME sizivumelanisa ngokuzenzekelayo netshaneli ehambelanayo ngaphandle kwesenzo esongezelelweyo. Oku kwenzeka kuba i-FAA inika itshaneli ezithile ze-DME kumaza athile e-VOR kunye ne-ILS, idala ubudlelwane bomntu nomntu obususa isidingo sokulungiswa okwahlukileyo.
Izixhobo ze-DME zihlala zibekwe kwindawo enye nezikhululo zomhlaba ze-VOR okanye ze-ILS. I-VOR okanye i-ILS idlulisela isignali yayo yokuhamba nge-VHF, ngelixa i-DME isebenza kwibhendi ye-UHF. Ukudibanisa kusebenza kuba ezi zibonakaliso zimbini zivela kwindawo efanayo, ngoko ke umgama olinganiswe yi-DME uhambelana ngqo nolwazi lwe-bearing okanye i-glidepath oluvela kwi-navaid edibeneyo.
Le nkqubo isebenzisa amalungiselelo etshaneli ye-X kunye ne-Y ukuthintela ukuphazamiseka phakathi kwezikhululo ezidibeneyo ezisebenza kwi-frequency efanayo. Iitshaneli ze-X zisebenzisa isithuba esithile se-pulse, ngelixa iitshaneli ze-Y zisebenzisa isithuba esahlukileyo. Oku kuvumela izikhululo ezininzi ze-DME ukuba zabelane nge-frequency efanayo ngaphandle kokudideka umamkeli wenqwelomoya. Umphengululi wenqwelomoya uyazi ukuba yeyiphi itshaneli ayikhethileyo kwaye umamela kuphela iimpendulo ze-pulses ezinesithuba esichanekileyo.
Oku kukudibanisa i-ILS frequency yingakho ukulungisa i-ILS frequency kukunika ulwazi lomgama ngendlela osebenza ngayo. Itshaneli ye-DME ibekwe kwisabelo se-ILS frequency. Abaqhubi beenqwelo moya akufuneki bacinge ngayo, inkqubo iphatha ukudibanisa buthule. Kodwa ukuqonda indlela yokusebenza kubalulekile xa kulungiswa ingxaki yokufundwa kwe-DME engekhoyo okanye xa ubhabha usiya emoyeni apho i-DME ikhutshwa khona.
Ukuze ujonge nzulu indlela Umsebenzi wezabelo zetshaneli ye-DME kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-navaid, amaxwebhu obuchwephesha atyhila ukudityaniswa kwamaza achanekileyo okwenza le nkqubo isebenze.
Kwenzeka ntoni xa ulungisa i-ILS Frequency
Xa ucofa i-ILS frequency, umntu obuza imibuzo kwi-DME kwiphaneli yakho uyasebenza ngaphandle kokufaka olunye ulwazi. Olu qhagamshelo oluzenzekelayo yilo olubangela ukuba isixhobo sihambe lula, ukhetho olunye lwe-frequency lubangela zombini isikhokelo se-localizer kunye nokufundwa komgama ochaza inyathelo ngalinye lendlela.
Lungisa i-frequency ye-ILS kwirediyo yokukhangela
Itshaneli ye-DME ixhunywe kwi-frequency ye-VHF ngenkqubo yokubhangqa echazwe ngaphambili. Akukho mfuneko yokungena kwi-frequency ye-DME eyahlukileyo. Umamkeli uqala kwangoko ukukhangela isikhululo somhlaba esihambelanayo kwitshaneli yakhe ye-UHF ebhangqiweyo.
Isamkeli se-DME sitshixa kwitshaneli edityanisiweyo
Oku kwenzeka kwimizuzwana embalwa. Umphengululi wenqwelo-moya uqala ukuthumela ii-pulse pairs kwitshaneli ebekelwe yona ngelixa ephulaphule impendulo yesikhululo sasemhlabeni. Ukuba isikhululo sikwindawo ethile kwaye umgca wokubona ucacile, ukutshixa kwenzeka ngokuzenzekelayo.
Isikhululo somhlaba siphendula ngee-pulse pairs
Emva kokulibaziseka okumiselweyo kwe-50-microsecond, i-ground transponder ithumela ii-pulse pairs kwi-frequency eyi-63 MHz ngqo kwi-frequency yokubuza imibuzo. I-receiver yenqwelo-moya izichonga ezi njengeempendulo ezichanekileyo ngokufanisa isithuba se-pulse kunye nexesha.
Inqwelo-moya ibala umgama ize iwubonise
Ikhompyutha ekwibhodi isusa ukulibaziseka komhlaba okwaziwayo kwixesha elipheleleyo lohambo oluya nokubuya, yahlule kabini, kwaye iguqula isiphumo sibe ziimayile zaselwandle. Elo nani livela kwisalathisi se-DME okanye libekwe ngaphezulu kwi-HSI. Uchonga indawo yokusondela ephosiweyo ngokujonga apho umgca ongqindilili ujika ube ngumgca oqhekekileyo kwiprofayili okanye umbono wesicwangciso kwi ipleyiti yokusondela.
Olu landelelwano luphela, ukusuka ekungeneni rhoqo ukuya ekufundeni umgama ozinzileyo, kuthatha ixesha elincinci kunelithathayo ukufunda esi siqendu. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukuziqhelanisa. Kukukhulula ukuba ugxile kwindlela ngokwayo kunokulawula imithombo eyahlukeneyo yokuhambahamba.
Imida Efanele Yaziwe Ngumqhubi Wenqwelo-moya Wonke
I-DME sisixhobo esithembekileyo, kodwa inemida enzima yomzimba kunye nokusebenza ekufuneka wonke umqhubi wenqwelo moya ayiqonde ngaphambi kokuba athembele kwisifundo esibalulekileyo kwizigaba ezibalulekileyo zokubhabha. Eyona mpazamo iyingozi kukuphatha umboniso womgama njengenyaniso epheleleyo ngaphandle kokuqonda into enokuyigqwetha.
- Imfuneko yokujonga umgca ithintela ukwamkelwa kwindawo esezantsi emva komhlaba
- Impazamo yoluhlu lwe-Slant iyanda ngokuphakama, igqithisa umgama womhlaba
- Ukuxinana rhoqo kwindawo exakekileyo yomoya kunokubangela ukuphazamiseka kwentliziyo
- Ukususwa kwesikhululo somoya kunciphisa ukugubungela kwezinye iindawo
- Ukubonakalisa izinto ezininzi kwizakhiwo okanye ezintabeni kudala ukufundwa okungachanekanga
- Ukungabikho kwesignali ye-DME kuthetha ukuba akukho lwazi lomgama konke konke
Okutyhilwa lolu luhlu kukuba ubuthathaka be-DME buxhomekeke kwiimeko ezichanekileyo apho abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya bayidinga kakhulu, ukuhamba ngesantya esiphezulu, ukusondela kumhlaba, kunye neendawo zesiphelo ezinabantu abaninzi. Le teknoloji ixhomekeke kakhulu kwifiziksi, kungekhona kwiziphene zoyilo.
Jonga umgama we-DME ngokuchasene neminye imithombo ekhoyo ngexesha ngalinye lokungena. Xa ubhabha kwindawo ongayaziyo okanye kwindawo exakekileyo yomoya, xelela umgama imida ethile ye-DME ezisebenza kweso sikhululo seenqwelo-moya ngaphambi kokuba ulufune ulwazi. Phatha oku kufundwayo njengenqaku elinye ledatha, kungekhona igama lokugqibela.
Indlela Ukuchaneka kwe-DME Okuhlala Ngayo Kwiimeko Zokwenyani
Uninzi lwabaqhubi beenqwelo moya lucinga ukuba ukuchaneka kwe-DME linani elimiselweyo elifakwe kwi-spec sheet. Inyani yile yokuba ukuchaneka kuyahluka ngokweemeko, kwaye ukusebenza kwenkqubo kuxhomekeke kwizinto ezingabhalwanga ngokupheleleyo yincwadi yemiyalelo.
Ukuchaneka kwexesha lokubetha kwentliziyo sisiseko. Iwotshi yangaphakathi yesikhululo somhlaba kufuneka igcine ukuchaneka kwinqanaba le-microsecond ukuze ukubalwa kohambo oluya nokubuya kusebenze. Iimeko zomoya ezifana nemvula enkulu okanye ukuguqulwa kobushushu zinokusasaza isignali yokubetha kwentliziyo, zivelise iimpazamo ezincinci zexesha ezihlangana kwiindawo ezinde.
Ukuphazamiseka kweendlela ezininzi yinguqu efihlakeleyo. Iimpawu zomhlaba, iintaba, izakhiwo, kwaneenqwelo-moya ezinkulu emhlabeni, zinokubonakalisa isignali ye-DME, nto leyo ebangela ukuba umamkeli avaleleke kwi-echo ebambezelekileyo endaweni ye-pulse ethe ngqo. Oku kudala ukufundwa komgama ongeyonyani okunokususwa ngee-10 zeemayile, ingakumbi ngexesha lemisebenzi yokuphakama okuphantsi kufutshane nezikhululo zeenqwelo-moya ezineendawo ezinzima.
Isikhululo somhlaba ngokwaso sinemida yokuchaneka. Isikhululo ngasinye siyalinganiswa ngexesha lokufakwa, kodwa icandelo liyatshintsha ngokuhamba kwexesha kunye nemijikelo yobushushu bexesha lonyaka iyatshintsha isiseko. Iiyunithi ze-DME zanamhlanje zigcina ukunyamezelana okuqinileyo kuneenkqubo ezindala ezisekelwe kwiityhubhu, kodwa ifiziksi esisiseko ye umlinganiselo womgama werediyo kuthetha ukuba akukho kufunda kugqibeleleyo.
Ukuchaneka kweGPS kudla ngokuba ngcono kwiimeko ezifanelekileyo, kodwa i-DME iyazimela apho i-GPS inzima khona. Isignali ye-DME kunzima ukuyidibanisa, ayixhomekekanga kwi-geometry yesathelayithi, kwaye isebenza ngokuthembekileyo kwiintlambo zasezidolophini apho imiqondiso ye-GPS ibonisa izakhiwo. Ezi nkqubo zimbini ziyahambelana, enye ayingcono kakhulu.
I-DME kwi-Cockpits zanamhlanje: Isasebenza okanye ayisebenzi?
Lo mbuzo ngokwawo utyhila ukungaqondi kakuhle indlela ezisebenza ngayo izixhobo zokwenyani zokubhabha. I-GPS ayizange yenze i-DME yaphelelwa lixesha, yenze i-DME yaba luncedo ngakumbi njengokujonga okunqamlezileyo kunye nokugcina idatha.
Iinkqubo ze-FMS zanamhlanje zidibanisa ukufundwa kwe-DME kunye ne-GPS kunye nokuhamba nge-inertial. Le nkqubo ayikhethi mthombo omnye kuneminye. Iyawadibanisa, iwalinganisela nganye ngokusekelwe kumgangatho wesiginali kunye nejometri. Xa i-GPS iwela kwindawo ekude okanye ngexesha lokuphazamiseka kwesathelayithi, i-DME igcina isisombululo sendawo siphila ngaphandle kokuba umqhubi aphakamise umnwe.
Iindlela ezithile zisafuna i-DME ukuze kulungiswe izinto ezingalunganga kunye neenkqubo zendlela ezingafanelekanga. Indlela ye-ILS ene-DME arcs ifuna izixhobo ezingenakuphindwa yi-GPS yodwa ngaphandle kwe-receiver eqinisekisiweyo. I-FAA ayizange iyicime i-DME ngesantya esifanayo nezinye ii-navaids ezisemhlabeni kuba nje igcwalisa esi sikhewu.
I-Florida Flyers Flight Academy iqeqesha abafundi kwindlela yokusebenza yesiqhelo ye-DME kunye nokuhamba nge-GPS. Injongo ayikokukhetha inkqubo oyithandayo. Kukwakha abaqhubi beenqwelo moya abanokungena nakweyiphi na i-cockpit, nokuba ngumqeqeshi we-steam-gauge onebhokisi ye-DME ezimeleyo okanye iphaneli yeglasi esebenzisa i-FMS edibeneyo, kwaye bazi kakuhle ukuba kuthetha ukuthini ukufundwa komgama kunye nokuba nini ukuyithemba.
I-DME ayisiyonkqubo endala elinde umhlala-phantsi. Yileya eyongezelelekileyo kwi-navigation stack ekufuneka wonke umqhubi wenqwelo moya oyingcali ayiqonde kwinqanaba lesekethe, kungekuphela nje kwinqanaba lokucinezela amaqhosha. Ukuqonda iziseko ze-DME yahlula abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya abalandela imigca ye-magenta kubaqhubi beenqwelo-moya abasebenzisa iindlela zokuhamba.
I-Master DME kunye neBhabha ngokuzithemba
Ukuqonda indlela esebenza ngayo i-DME kuguqula ukufundwa kwe-cockpit ukusuka kwinombolo oyithembayo ngokungaboniyo ibe yindawo yedatha onokuqinisekisa, ucelomngeni, kwaye uyisebenzise ngokuchanekileyo. Umahluko phakathi komqhubi wenqwelo moya oyaziyo indlela yokubuza imibuzo kunye nomntu ofunda nje umboniso ngumahluko phakathi komntu ohambahambayo nomntu olandela.
Yonke indlela yesixhobo exhomekeke ekuhlolweni komgama we-DME iba luvavanyo lokuqonda oku. Ukuphoswa kwempazamo yoluhlu lwe-slant kwindawo ephakamileyo kunye nendawo yendlela ephosiweyo iyatshintsha. Ukungawuqondi kakuhle umba wokudityaniswa kwemvamisa kwaye umboniso womgama uhlala umnyama. Ezi azizo iingxaki zemfundo. Zihlobo lweempazamo ezahlula umqhubi wesixhobo esiqinileyo kumntu osokola kuqeqesho lwe-IFR.
I-Florida Flyers Flight Academy yakha ubuchule be-DME kuzo zonke izixhobo kunye neenkqubo zorhwebo kuba ii-cockpits zokwenyani zisafuna oko. Ziqhelise iinkqubo de umjikelo wokubuza ube yinto yesibini. Abaqhubi beenqwelo moya abaziingcali ezisisiseko ngabo babhabha ngokuzithemba xa i-GPS ingaphumeleli kwaye inani elilodwa kwisikrini livela kwi-pulse ehamba ngesantya sokukhanya.
Imibuzo Eqhelekileyo Malunga Nendlela Esebenza Ngayo I-DME
Isebenza njani i-DME?
I-DME isebenza ngokulinganisa ixesha lokujikeleza kwee-radio pulses ezithunyelwa phakathi kwenqwelo moya kunye nesikhululo sasemhlabeni, ize isuse ukulibaziseka okumiselweyo kwe-50-microseconds eyakhelwe kwimpendulo yesikhululo sasemhlabeni. Ikhompyutha ekwibhodi iguqula elo xesha libe ziimayile zaselwandle, ibonisa umgama womgama othe tyaba ngqo kwisixhobo se-cockpit.
Zithini iintsilelo ze-DME?
I-DME ifuna umgca othe ngqo wendlela eya kwisikhululo somhlaba, oko kuthetha ukuba umhlaba okanye izakhiwo zinokuvala isignali kwiindawo eziphakamileyo ezisezantsi kwaye zibangele ukuba ukufunda kunyamalale. Impazamo yomgama othe tyaba ikwathetha ukuba umgama obonisiweyo uhlala umde kunomgama womhlaba wokwenyani, umahluko okhula ngokuphakama kwaye ube mkhulu ekusebenzeni xa usondela.
I-DME ihambelana njani nee-frequency ze-VOR?
Iitshaneli ze-DME zidityaniswa ngabom neefrikhwensi ze-VOR kunye ne-ILS ukuze ukukhetha ifrikhwensi yokuhambahamba ngokuzenzekelayo kutshintshe i-DME ehambelanayo ngaphandle kwesenzo esongezelelweyo sovavanyo. Olu qhagamshelo lusebenzisa isithuba seetshaneli ze-X kunye ne-Y ukuthintela ukuphazamiseka phakathi kwezitishi ezikufutshane, kwaye isikhululo somhlaba se-DME sihlala sibekwe kunye ne-VOR okanye i-ILS transmitter.
