Eyona nqwelo-moya ikhawulezayo emhlabeni igqabhuka esibhakabhakeni malunga neekhilomitha ezingama-7,000 ngeyure. Inokubhabha ukunqumla ilizwekazi laseUnited States ngemizuzu nje engama-30. Iinqwelomoya zorhwebo zifuna ngaphezulu kweeyure ezintlanu kuhambo olufanayo. La manani abonisa inkqubela engakholelekiyo okoko abazalwana bakwaWright baqala ukubhabha nge-6.8 mph.
Iinjineli nabayili baqhubeka bezama ukwandisa isantya ngokwakha ezona nqwelo-moya zikhawulezayo. Iijethi zomkhosi, iinqwelomoya zokulinga kunye neenqwelomoya zorhwebo zonke zilwela iirekhodi ezahlukeneyo zesantya. I-icon ye-SR-71 Blackbird kunye nenqwelomoya ye-hypersonic yale mihla imi njengemizekelo ephambili yokuyila i-aerospace ngokugqwesileyo kwayo.
Iinqwelomoya eziphezulu ezili-10 ezikhawulezayo ze-2024 zibonisa imisebenzi emangalisayo yobunjineli. Esi siqwenga sintywila kwitekhnoloji eyothusayo eyenza ezi zantya zingaqhelekanga. Abantu abathanda ukuhamba ngenqwelomoya kunye neengqondo ezinomdla ngokufanayo baya kufumana ukuba yintoni eyenza ezi nqwelo-moya zibe zezona zikhawulezayo ezakha zanweba amaphiko azo. Umdyarho wokwakha iinqwelomoya ezikhawulezayo uyaqhubeka njengoko iinjineli zityhalela kwimiqobo emitsha yesantya.
Ukuqonda iiRekhodi zesantya seenqwelomoya
Esona nqwelo-moya sikhawulezayo ehlabathini sifikelela kwizantya ezimangalisayo ezifuna iisistim zomlinganiselo eziphucukileyo kunye nemithetho yomthetho esemgangathweni ukulandelwa kunye nokuqinisekisa. Makhe sijonge ukuba ezi izantya zimangalisayo zilinganiswa kwaye zirekhodwa njani.
Silinganiswa njani isantya senqwelomoya
Iinkqubo ezininzi ezintsonkothileyo zisebenza kunye ukulinganisa isantya senqwelomoya. Inqwelomoya isebenzisa iintlobo ezintathu eziphambili zemilinganiselo yesantya somoya:
-Isantya somoya (TAS): Esona santya senqwelomoya ngobunzima bomoya
-I-Airspeed ebonisiwe (IAS): Ukufundwa ngokuthe ngqo kwizixhobo ze-cockpit
-I-Calibrated Airspeed (CAS): Isantya somoya esibonakalisiweyo silungelelaniselwe iimpazamo zesixhobo
Iindidi ezahlukeneyo zeeRekhodi zesantya
Iirekhodi zesantya zilandela indlela ethile yokumisela eyona nqwelo-moya ikhawulezayo kwihlabathi. Nalu ucazululo olupheleleyo lweendidi zerekhodi zesantya:
| Uhlobo lwendiza | Isantya (km / h) | Isantya (mph) | Umphathi weRekhodi |
|---|---|---|---|
| Imoto Engafakwanga | 21,245 | 13,201 | HTV-2 |
| Crewed Rocket-Powered | 7,270 | 4,520 | X-15A-2 |
| Crewed Air-Ukuphefumla | 3,529.56 | 2,193.17 | SR-71A Blackbird |
| Ipropeller-Iqhutywa | 927.4 | 576.3 | Piaggio P.180 Avanti |
IiRekhodi ezisemthethweni vs ezingekho semthethweni
I-Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI) ingqina kwaye iqinisekisa iirekhodi zesantya sophapho ngokusemthethweni. Iinqwelomoya ezininzi zibanga ukuba zezona nqwelo-moya zikhawulezayo kwihlabathi, kodwa ziirekhodi eziqinisekisiweyo ze-FAI kuphela ezibalwa njengezisemthethweni.
Ukuqinisekiswa kwesantya kufuna imilinganiselo echanekileyo kusetyenziswa:
Iinkqubo zePitot-static zokubala isantya somoya
-Iinkqubo ezininzi zokulinganisa ezizimeleyo zokuqinisekisa
-Iimeko zovavanyo ezisemgangathweni kunye neenkqubo
Umahluko phakathi kweerekhodi ezisemthethweni nezingekho semthethweni ubaluleke kakhulu xa sijonga amabango malunga neyona nqwelo-moya ikhawulezayo kwihlabathi. Ukwenza umzekelo, iMe 163A yafikelela kwisantya esingekho semthethweni se-1,004 km/h ngo-Oktobha 1941. Ukanti inqwelomoya kaChuck Yeager iBell X-1 yophula ngokusesikweni olu phawu ngokubetha i-1,434 km/h ngoNovemba 1947.
Iirekhodi zesantya senqwelomoya zale mihla kufuneka zichaphazele izinto ezahlukeneyo ezichaphazela ukuchaneka komlinganiselo. Isantya somoya sokwenyani sinokuba phezulu kakhulu kunesibonisiwe sesantya somoya kwindawo ephakamileyo. Ukwahluka kunokugqithisa i-50% kwi-30,000 ft. Le nkqubo yokulinganisa eyinkimbinkimbi kunye nenkqubo yokuqinisekisa ithetha amabango malunga nenqwelomoya ekhawulezayo yehlabathi ejongene nokuhlolwa ngokucokisekileyo ngaphambi kokuba ayenze kwiirekhodi ezisemthethweni.
Ukuzivelela kweNqwelo-moya eKhawulezayo eHlabathini
Ukunyuka kweyona nqwelo-moya ikhawulezayo yehlabathi kuphawula amava amangalisayo ngembali yophapho kunye nempumelelo eyothusayo kunye nokuphumelela kobuchwepheshe. Ukuzimisela nobunjineli obugqwesileyo kuye kwachaza kwakhona imida yesantya sokubhabha ngaphaya koko kwakubonakala kungenakwenzeka.
Ukwaphula umqobo wesandi
Umzuzu oyimbali xa eyona nqwelo-moya ikhawulezayo kwihlabathi yaqala yaphula umqobo wesandi umi njengeyona ndawo ibalulekileyo kwimbali yophapho. I-Bell X-1 iphumelele lo msebenzi umangalisayo Oktobha 14, 1947, ukufikelela kuMach 1.06 (iikhilomitha ezingama-700 ngeyure). Le nqwelomoya ithathe nje imizuzu eli-14 ukusuka ekukhululweni ukuya kuthi xhaxhe.
Iziganeko zeSupersonic
Isantya seenqwelomoya saqhubela phambili ngokukhawuleza emva kokuphumelela kwesandi sesithintelo. Esona nqwelo-moya sikhawulezayo ehlabathini siphuhliswe ngezi ziganeko zibalulekileyo:
| Unyaka | inqwelo-moya | Ukuphumelela ngesantya |
|---|---|---|
| 1953 | Douglas Skyrocket | Indiza yokuqala kaMatshi 2 |
| 1956 | Bell X-2 | Mach 3.196 (2,094 mph) |
| 1961 | Douglas DC-8 | Inqwelomoya yokuqala yorhwebo ukophula umqobo wesandi |
| 1967 | X-15 A2 | Mach 6.72 (5,156 mph) |
Iimpumelelo ngesantya zale mihla
Esona nqwelo-moya sikhawulezayo ehlabathini siyaqhubeka nokuchaza imida yobuchwepheshe. I-NASA X-43 ibambe isihloko seyona nqwelo-moya ikhawulezayo eyakha yakhiwa kwaye iphumelele ingqondo ephazamisayo iMach 9.6 (7,366 mph).
Isantya senqwelomoya sanamhlanje sibone olu phuhliso lubalulekileyo:
*I-SR-71 Blackbird igcina iwonga layo njengeyona nqwelo-moya ikhawulezayo ukuphefumla umoya, enesantya esiphezulu se-Mach 3.3 (2,532 mph)
*I-MiG-25 Foxbat ibonise amandla amangalisayo kunye nezantya ezifikelela kuMach 3.2 (2,190 mph)
*Iijethi zokulwa zanamhlanje ziqhele ukusebenza phakathi kweMach 1.8 kunye neMach 2.35 (1,190-1,650 mph)
Ukusukela eyona nqwelo-moya ikhawulezayo kwihlabathi kuqhubela phambili ubuchwepheshe be-aerospace. Iijethi zomkhosi zanamhlanje ezifana ne-F-22 Raptor kunye ne-F-35 Lightning II zimele isizukulwana sangoku seenqwelomoya ze-supersonic kwaye zinokufikelela kwizantya ngaphezu kwe-Mach 2. Ezi mpu melelo zesantya ziye zaguqula amandla omkhosi kunye nokuqonda kwethu amandla e-flight dynamics.
Uphuhliso olusuka kwimbali yokubhabha yeBell X-1 ukuya kwinqwelomoya yanamhlanje ye-hypersonic ibonisa indlela eyona nqwelomoya ikhawulezayo yehlabathi ihambele phambili ngayo kumashumi eminyaka yenkqubela phambili yetekhnoloji. Irekhodi nganye entsha yesantya iye yachaza kwakhona imida yamathuba okuhamba ngenqwelomoya kwaye ikhokelele kwimpumelelo kwiinkqubo zokuqhubela phambili, i-aerodynamics, kunye nesayensi yezinto.
Top Military Aircraft Isantya Records
Ummandla weerekhodi zesantya sokuhamba ngeenqwelomoya zomkhosi utyhila iinqwelomoya ezima entloko namagxa ngaphezu kwezinye. Aba matshini bamangalisayo bandise oko kunokwenzeka esibhakabhakeni. Iirekhodi zabo ziyaqhubeka nokuthakazelisa abathandi beenqwelomoya kwihlabathi liphela.
SR-71 Blackbird: Intshatsheli eLawulayo yeyona nqwelo-moya ikhawulezayo eHlabathini
I-SR-71 Blackbird yasentsomini iseyeyona nqwelo-moya inomtsalane kweyakhe yadalwa. Le nqwelo-moya ikhawulezayo ehlabathini ibeke irekhodi yesantya esipheleleyo se 2,193.2 mph (Mach 3.3) nge-28 kaJulayi, 1976. Impumelelo yeBlackbird ibandakanya:
-Ukugubungela iikhilomitha ezingama-15,000 kwiiyure nje ze-10 kunye nemizuzu engama-30
-Ukubeka irekhodi laseNew York ukuya eLondon ngesantya seyure eli-1 lemizuzu engama-54
-Ukufikelela kwi-airtitude eqhubekayo ye-85,069 yeenyawo
Ilifa leMiG-25 Foxbat
I-MiG-25 Foxbat ibonisa ukugqwesa kwezobunjineli baseSoviet njengomnye okhuphisana neyona nqwelo-moya ikhawulezayo kwiwonga lehlabathi. Izakhono zayo ziyamangalisa ngokwenene:
| Impumelelo | irekhodi |
|---|---|
| Isikhululo soBanzi | Mach 3.2 (2,190 mph) |
| Inkonzo yesilingi | 125,000 ft |
| Iirekhodi zehlabathi | 29 (kubandakanywa 7 ngokupheleleyo) |
IFoxbat iphumelele isantya esichukumisayo se-avareji ye-1,609.9 knots ngaphezulu kwe-500 km yesekethe evaliweyo. Ihlala iyeyona nqwelo-moya ikhawulezayo eveliswa ngokulandelelanayo esetyenziswayo, ekhoyo kwiinqwelomoya zabemi abaphezulu.
IiJets zomkhosi zanamhlanje kunye nezantya zazo
Iinqwelomoya zale mihla ziyaqhubeka nokwandisa amathuba emfazwe yasemoyeni. Isizukulwana sangoku sabona bagqatswa benqwelomoya abakhawulezayo baqokelelana ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
| inqwelo-moya | Isikhululo soBanzi |
|---|---|
| F-15 Ukhozi | Mach 2.5 (1,650 mph) |
| Su-27 Flanker | Mach 2.35 (1,553 mph) |
| F-14 Tomcat | Mach 2.3 (1,544 mph) |
| MiG-29 Fulcrum | Mach 2.3 (1,520 mph) |
Irekhodi lokulwa le-F-15 leKhozi libonisa ngaphezu kwe-100 yoloyiso kunye nelahleko eyi-zero. Ezi nqwelo-moya zisenokungahambelani nesantya sabanduleli bazo, kodwa zibonelela ngobuchule obuphezulu bokuhamba kunye nobuchule bokulwa obuphambili obubenza boyikeke kwiimeko zemfazwe zanamhlanje.
I-MiG-31 Foxhound, nangona icotha kancinci kuneyandulelayo, yenzelwe ukuba bukhali kwaye kuphuculwe ukusebenza komgangatho ophantsi. Olu phuhliso lubonisa indlela iinqwelomoya zomkhosi zanamhlanje zilungelelanisa ngayo isantya esisulungekileyo kunye nempumelelo yomlo wokwenyani.
IiRekhodi zoKuphula iiNqwelo-moya zoMfuniselo
Makhe ndikuse kwihlabathi elimangalisayo leenqwelomoya zokulinga. Le mimangaliso yezobugcisa ibonisa indlela abantu abaye bawandisa ngayo ulwazi lwethu ngesantya esisikelwe kwinqwelo-moya. Bamele ukuqhuba kwethu okungapheliyo ukwenza eyona nqwelo-moya ikhawulezayo emhlabeni.
I-NASA X-43A: Ukwandisa iMida yeNqanaba eliKhawuleza kwihlabathi
I-NASA X-43A ibonisa ukuba yintoni enokwenziwa bubuchule bomntu. Le nqwelo-moya ingenamntu i-scramjet yaphula zonke iirekhodi zangaphambili ngokubetha into engakholelekiyo Mach 9.6 (malunga ne-7,000 mph) kwi 109,000 iinyawo. Uhlobo lwento endiyithandayo malunga nale nqwelomoya ikhawulezayo yitekhnoloji ye-scramjet eguqukayo eyivumela ukuba ibhabhe phantse. Amaxesha ali-10 isantya sesandi.
Iimpumelelo eziphambili ze-X-43A ziquka:
-Inqwelomoya yokuqala ephumelele i-scramjet-powered ngesantya sehypersonic
-Kubonakaliswe ukusebenza kwimeko yenqwelomoya ephantsi
-Isebenza malunga nemizuzwana ye-10 ngexesha lokubhabha kwerekhodi
Impumelelo yeMbali yeX-15
I-X-15 igqame njengenye yezona nqwelo-moya zibalulekileyo kwimbali yerekhodi yesantya. Le nqwelomoya ikhawulezayo yexesha layo yafikelela:
| Impumelelo | irekhodi | umhla |
|---|---|---|
| Isikhululo soBanzi | Mach 6.7 (4,520 mph) | Oktobha 3, 1967 |
| Eyona ndawo iPhakamileyo | 354,200 iinyawo | |
| IiFlights zizonke | 199 zesithunywa |
Inkqubo ye-X-15 izise impumelelo eninzi kwezobuchwephesha:
-Okokuqala ukusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kokulinganisa njengesixhobo sobunjineli
-Isuti yokuqala yoxinzelelo olugcweleyo ukukhusela abaqhubi beenqwelomoya emajukujukwini
-Ukusetyenziswa kokuqala kwethiyori ye-hypersonic kwisithuthi sokubhabha
IiRekhodi zesantya soMfuniselo zakutsha nje
Inqwelomoya yale mihla ibone impumelelo engakholelekiyo eyandisa oko besicinga ukuba kunokwenzeka. I-Boeing X-51 Waverider, omnye umntu okhuphisana neyona ndawo ikhawulezayo yenqwelomoya, yabetha Mach 5.1 for 210 imizuzwana ngo-2013. Le nqwelo-moya iphawulekayo yasebenzisa uyilo lwayo olulodwa lwe-warider ukukhwela amaza ayo othusayo kunye nokunciphisa ukudonsa kakhulu.
I-XB-1 ifikelele kwinqanaba elitsha ngo-2024 nge Mach 0.69 (324 KIAS) ngexesha lokubhabha kwayo kwesihlanu. Ngelixa ingekafikeleli kwizantya ze-hypersonic, le nqwelo-moya ikhokelela kwisizukulwana esilandelayo sophuhliso lwenqwelomoya yovavanyo.
I-DARPA Hypersonic Test Vehicle 2 ijolise phezulu kwaye yayifuna ukuba yeyona nqwelomoya ikhawulezayo ngokujolisa. Oomatshini 20 isantya. Zombini iinqwelomoya zovavanyo ziphele kwangoko, kodwa olu vavanyo lusinceda ukuba sikuqonde ngcono ukubhabha kwe-hypersonic.
Ezona ziNqwelo zoRhwebo ezikhawulezayo
Ukufunda ngeerekhodi zesantya sokuhamba ngenqwelomoya kurhwebo kubonisa indlela iphulo lokwakha eyona nqwelo-moya ikhawulezayo ehlabathini liphumeze imida ebalaseleyo kuhambo lwabakhweli. Makhe singene kwindlela iinqwelomoya ezithe zahambela phambili ngayo ukusuka kubuchule obuphezulu ukuya kuyilo lwale mihla olugxile ekusebenzeni kakuhle.
ILifa eliGcina kaConcorde
IConcorde edumileyo isebenza njengobungqina bokufuna kwenqwelomoya yorhwebo kweyona nqwelo-moya ikhawulezayo ehlabathini. Lo mmangaliso we-supersonic ufikelele kwisantya esiphezulu se-Mach 2.04 (1,565.23 mph), esenza ukuba ibe yeyona moya ikhawulezayo yorhwebo kwinkonzo. Abakhweli babenokubhabha ukusuka eLondon ukuya eNew York kwisithuba nje esingaphezu kweeyure ezintathu ebudeni benkonzo yayo ukususela ngo-1976 ukuya ku-2003.
| Concorde Statistics | iinkcukacha |
|---|---|
| Ukungena kwiNkonzo | January 21, 1976 |
| Iinqwelomoya zizonke ezakhiweyo | units 20 |
| Iinqwelomoya eziLondoloziweyo | units 18 |
| Isikhululo soBanzi | Mach 2.04 (1,565.23 mph) |
IiNkokheli zale mihla zoRhwebo
Iinqwelomoya zentengiso ngoku zibeka phambili ukusebenza kakuhle kunesantya esingasetyenziswanga. Ezi ntshatsheli zesantya zibonelela ngeendlela eziqhelekileyo:
-I-Airbus A380: Isantya esiphezulu sokuhamba nge-634 mph (1,020 km / h)
-Boeing 747-8i: Isantya esiphezulu se-614 mph (988 km/h)
-Convair 990 Coronado: Isantya sembali se610 mph (980 km/h)
Ikamva leFlight yoRhwebo ngokukhawuleza
Iinjineli kunye nabavelisi bahlala bebaleka ukwenza eyona nqwelomoya ikhawulezayo yorhwebo. Ziliqela izinto ezichulumancisayo eziqhubekayo:
I-Boom Overture
-Yenzelwe ukuthwala abakhweli abangama-64-80
-Isantya sokuhamba ngenqanawa esicwangcisiweyo seMach 1.7
-Kuchongwe ngaphezulu kwe-600 yeendlela ezinengeniso kwihlabathi jikelele
Ukubanakho kweMarike Uphononongo lwakutsha nje lutyhila iinkcukacha-manani ezinyanzelisayo malunga nohambo lwe-supersonic:
*I-97% yabakhweli babonakalisa umdla kwinqwelomoya ebaleka phezulu
*I-87% ingatshintsha iinkampani zeenqwelomoya ukuze zifikelele kwinkonzo ye-supersonic
Ingqikelelo yebhongo ye-Boeing ye-hypersonic ijolise ekubeni yeyona nqwelomoya ikhawulezayo yorhwebo, ijolise kwiMach 5 emangalisayo (3,800 mph). Le nqwelo-moya yotshintsho inokuvumela abakhweli ukuba bagqibezele uhambo lokuya nokubuya phesheya kolwandle ngosuku olunye.
Uxanduva lokusingqongileyo ludlala indima ebalulekileyo kuyilo lwangoku. I-Boom Overture iza kusebenza nge-100% yamafutha eenqwelomoya azinzileyo (SAF), kunye nezibophelelo eziqinisekisiweyo ze-10 lezigidi zeelitha ze-net-zero carbon SAF ngonyaka.
Inkqubela phambili yezorhwebo ngeenqwelo moya iyaqhubeka nokucela umngeni kwimida ngelixa ilinganisa izinto ezininzi ezibalulekileyo:
1.Ukuphumelela kwezoqoqosho
2.Uzinzo lokusingqongileyo
3.Ukuthuthuzela kwabagibeli
4. Ukusebenza kwendlela
Olu phuhliso lubonisa ukuba ngelixa eyona nqwelo-moya ikhawulezayo isenokungahambelani neerekhodi zesantya ze-Concorde kungekudala, ikamva lophapho lwezorhwebo lithembisa isantya kunye nozinzo.
Itekhnoloji ngasemva kweyona Nqwelo ikhawulezayo kwihlabathi
Itekhnoloji ye-state-of-the-art inika amandla yonke impumelelo yokwaphula irekhodi echaza ngokutsha imida yokubhabha. Ubunjineli obusemva kweyona nqwelo-moya ikhawulezayo yehlabathi idibanisa izinto ezintathu ezibalulekileyo ezisebenza ngokuhambelana ngokugqibeleleyo.
IiNkqubo zePropulsion eziPhezulu zeNqwelo-moya ekhawulezayo kwihlabathi
Ii-injini ezixhobisa ezi nqwelo-moya zimangalisayo zisebenzisa itekhnoloji entsonkothileyo ukuphumeza isantya esingaqhelekanga. Iinkqubo zale mihla zokuqhubela phambili zisebenzisa ii-injini ze-turbofan ezinee-afterburners ezibonelela ngokutyhala okuyimfuneko.
| Uhlobo lweNjini | Ezona mpawu | Isantya Ukukwazi |
|---|---|---|
| I-Turbojet | Akukho kudlula, ukutyhala okumsulwa | Matshi 2.2-2.4 |
| I-Turbofan yokudlula ephantsi | Ukudlula umoya obandayo olinganiselweyo | Mach 2.5+ |
| Injini yomjikelo oxubeneyo | Iindlela zokusebenza eziguquguqukayo | Mach 3.0+ |
Iinjini zePratt & Whitney J58 zibonise ukuguquguquka okumangalisayo kwi-SR-71 yasentsomini. Ezi zixhobo zombane zisebenza njenge turbojets ngexesha lokumka kwaye zitshintshela kwitekhnoloji yokudlula ngesantya esiphezulu.
Iinguqulelo zeAerodynamic
Uyilo lweAerodynamic ludlala indima ebalulekileyo ekufezekiseni ezi zantya zimangalisayo. Inkqubela phambili yamva nje ibandakanya:
*I-Bell-shape Spanload: Yehlisa ukutsalwa nge-12% xa kuthelekiswa noyilo oluqhelekileyo
*Iiflephu zeCamber eziguquguqukayo: Ibonelela ngokuphakamisa okufanelekileyo kunye nokutsalwa okusezantsi
*Umda wokulandela oqhubekayo: Ukunciphisa i-vortices ukwenzela ukuphuculwa komsebenzi
Iindlela ezintsonkothileyo zokulawula ukothuka kwamaza zichaza ezi nqwelo-moya zimangalisayo. I-aerodynamics yeSupersonic ifuna ingqalelo ecokisekileyo kwiipateni zokuhamba komoya, kwaye abayili basebenzise umthetho wendawo yeWhitcomb ukunciphisa utshintsho lobungakanani ngequbuliso.
Izixhobo kunye noKwakha
Iinjineli zikhetha izixhobo ezimelana neemeko ezinzima. Ezi mpumelelo zeteknoloji ziyaqhubeka zimangalisa:
| imathiriyeli | isicelo | Ukunyamezela ubushushu |
|---|---|---|
| Titanium | Ulwakhiwo oluphambili | Ngaphezulu kwe-315°C (600°F) |
| Iindibano | Ulwakhiwo lweSekondari | Amanqanaba obushushu obuqhelekileyo |
| I-Duralumin | Ukusetyenziswa okulinganiselweyo | Ukuya kuthi ga kuMatshi 2.2-2.4 |
Izixhobo kufuneka zilawule ubushushu obukhulu obuveliswe ngexesha lokubhabha ngesantya esiphezulu. Ukukhankanya nje umzekelo omnye, ulwakhiwo lwe-SR-71 Blackbird lwalusebenzisa i-titanium ukumelana namaqondo obushushu angaphezu kwe-315°C.
Inzululwazi yezinto eziphathekayo ihlala ihambela phambili:
1.I-Graphite-epoxy composites inobunzima besiqingatha njenge-aluminiyam
2.Iinqwelomoya zanamhlanje njengeBoeing 787 zisebenzisa izinto ezidityanisiweyo ngaphezulu kwe50% yolwakhiwo lwazo.
Imingeni emininzi ebalulekileyo idinga izisombululo kwezi nqwelomoya ziphambili. Ulawulo lobushushu luba yimfuneko ngesantya esiphezulu, kwaye iinkqubo zokupholisa ezikhethekileyo zibamba ukufudumeza kwe-aerodynamic. Ubume besakhiwo kufuneka buhlale buqinile ngelixa ulawula amaqondo obushushu kunye noxinzelelo olugqithisileyo.
Ukudala ezi nqwelomoya zingaqhelekanga kufuna ukulungelelanisa ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-propulsion, ukusebenza kwe-aerodynamic, kunye nezinto eziphathekayo. Iinjineli zihlala zisenza izisombululo zokoyisa imiceli mngeni yenqwelomoya ye-supersonic kunye ne-hypersonic, ukwandisa amathuba etekhnoloji yokubhabha.
Imicelimngeni yenqwelo-moya enesantya esiphezulu
Ukwakha eyona nqwelomoya ikhawulezayo emhlabeni kuthetha ukujongana nemingeni yobunjineli kunye nefiziksi emangalisayo. Makhe singene kwindlela ezi nqwelo-moya zimangalisayo eziyiphatha ngayo imiqobo emithathu engundoqo: ubushushu obugqithisileyo, iimfuno zesakhiwo, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwepetroli.
Ulawulo loBubushushu kwiNqwelo-moya eKhawulezayo eHlabathini
Ukwakha eyona nqwelo-moya ikhawulezayo kuzisa ulawulo lobushushu ngaphambili. Ubushushu besikhumba senqwelomoya ekhawulezayo bunokubetha into engakholelekiyo 3000 ° C ngoMach 8. Inkqubo yolawulo lobushushu ifuna ubunjineli obukrelekrele:
| Isantya senqwelomoya | Impembelelo yobushushu |
|---|---|
| Oomatshini 6 | 600°C ubushushu bomhlaba |
| Oomatshini 8 | 3000°C ubushushu benjini |
| I-subsonic | Ulawulo oluncinci lobushushu luyafuneka |
Eyona jethi ikhawulezayo yehlabathi idinga iimpendulo ezikrelekrele zokupholisa. Nantsi into esebenzayo:
-Iinkqubo zokupholisa zokutshiza kwizixhobo zekhabhinethi
-Izibaso njengesona sinki yobushushu (njengakwi-F-22 kunye ne-F-35)
-Iinkqubo zokutshiza ezisebenza ngeelophu zamafutha
Ulungelelaniso lwesakhiwo
Esona nqwelo-moya sikhawulezayo ehlabathini sidinga ulwakhiwo oluqinileyo. Ezi nqwelomoya zijongene nemingeni yoyilo olulodwa:
| Mngeni | Impembelelo kuYilo |
|---|---|
| IiMfuno zoMphakamo | Iinyawo ezingama-50,000 obona buphakamileyo bokuhamba ngenqanawa |
| Uxinzelelo Lwezinto eziphathekayo | I-20x yokukhutshwa kwexesha elide ehlala kwindawo ephakamileyo |
| Ukulayishwa koLwakhiwo | Iimfuno zenjini yomjikelo oguquguqukayo |
Eyona nqwelo-moya ikhawulezayo kufuneka ibe:
-Izakhiwo ezikwaziyo ukumelana nomonakalo
-Iindlela zomthwalo ezininzi zokhuseleko
-Iiprothokholi zokuhlola ezikwinqanaba eliphezulu
URhwebelwano ngokuFaneka kweFuel
Esona nqwelo-moya sikhawulezayo ehlabathini sitshiswa ngamafutha ngathi siyaphambana. Isantya siza kwixabiso - ezi nqwelomoya zisebenzisa 2-3 amaxesha amaninzi amafutha kwisitulo ngasinye kunenqwelomoya eqhelekileyo.
Nantsi into ebalulekileyo:
1.Amandla amaninzi afunekayo kwinqwelomoya ephezulu
2.Ipetroli engaphezulu itshiswe kwiindawo eziphakamileyo
3.Iziphumo zokusingqongileyo onokucinga ngazo
Eyona nqwelo-moya ikhawulezayo emhlabeni kufuneka ilinganise isantya kunye nokusebenza kakuhle. Iinyani zibonisa:
Ukukhutshwa kwe-NOx kudala iingxaki ezikhethekileyo phezulu
-Umphunga wamanzi osuka kwiinjini uhlala ujikeleza 20 amaxesha ngaphezulu kwi 50,000 iinyawo
-I-Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) ijongene nemingeni yehlabathi yokwenyani
Ukunciphisa ukutsalwa kwenza wonke umahluko ekusebenzeni kwamafutha kwezi nqwelo-moya zikhawuleza kakhulu. Izibalo zibonisa:
-Ukuphakama okuphezulu kuthetha ukutsalwa okuncinci kunye nokutshiswa kwepetroli
-Amabala amnandi akhona elona xesha liphezulu lokubhabha
-I-Cost Index inceda ukulinganisela amafutha ngokuchasene neendleko zokusebenza
Eyona nqwelo-moya ikhawulezayo ehlabathini ijongana nale miba ngezilungiso ezithile ezikrelekrele. Itekhnoloji entsha ihlala isiza:
*Iinjini zomjikelo eziguquguqukayo ezinciphisa ingxolo
*Iziqhoboshi ezingcono ezinekhabhoni composite
*Izixokelelwano zolawulo lobushushu ngobuchule
Ezi phazili zobunjineli zihlala zityhalela phambili iteknoloji ye-aerospace. Eyona nqwelo-moya ikhawulezayo ehlabathini isibonisa indlela isantya, ukhuseleko kunye nokuba luhlaza zonke kufuneka zisebenzisane. Isisombululo ngasinye sinceda ukwandisa into esinokuyenza kwinqwelomoya.
Ikamva leeRekhodi zesantya sokuhamba ngeenqwelomoya
Siphila kwixesha lenguquko kwezomoya. Ugqatso lokwakha eyona nqwelo-moya ikhawulezayo ehlabathini luqhubeka nokwandisa oko besicinga ukuba kunokwenzeka. Ishumi leminyaka elizayo liza kuzisa uphuhliso oluya kutshintsha ukuqonda kwethu isantya esibhakabhakeni.
Ubuchwephesha obusakhulayo bubumba eyona nqwelo-moya ikhawulezayo eHlabathini
Ikamva leerekhodi zesantya sokuhamba ngenqwelomoya libukeka lithembisa. Itekhnoloji entsha iyayitshintsha indlela esisondela ngayo kwinqwelomoya enesantya esiphezulu. Uphuhliso lwemeko yezobugcisa ludibanisa isantya esingazange sibonwe ngaphambili kunye nokuzinza ukucela umngeni kwinqwelomoya yangoku ekhawulezayo kwihlabathi.
| Technology | Isantya ekujoliswe kuso | Inqanaba loPhuhliso |
|---|---|---|
| Iinjini zeScramjet | Mach 5+ | Isigaba sovavanyo |
| Injini yeChimera | Oomatshini 4 | Uhlobo lokukhusela |
| Ukuqhutywa koMbane | 555.9 km / h | Iyasebenza |
Iisistim zokuqhubela phambili zibonisa inkqubela phambili emangalisayo:
-Injini yeChimera itshintsha phakathi kweendlela ze-turbojet kunye ne-ramjet, evumela ukusebenza ngokufanelekileyo ukusuka ekuphumeni ukuya kwisantya se-hypersonic
-Izixokelelwano zokupholisa ezikwinqanaba eliphezulu zilawula amaqondo obushushu angaphezu kwe-3000°C
-Izenzo eziluhlaza ngokusebenzisa amafutha eenqwelomoya ezizinzileyo zinciphisa impembelelo yokusingqongileyo
IiRekhodi ezinokuthi zenzeke: Inqwelomoya elandelayo ekhawulezayo kwihlabathi
Iinqwelomoya ezininzi ezithembisayo zinokuba yeyona nqwelomoya ikhawulezayo emhlabeni:
Inkqubo yoPhuhliso lwekota yaseHermeus
-MK2 ukwahluka kujolise kwiMach 2.5 (1,918 mph)
-MK3 ijolise kuMach 4 (3,069 mph)
-Isebenzisa iteknoloji yeChimera eguqukayo
SpaceX X1 Fighter Le nqwelo-moya yenguqu ithembisa:
-Izantya ze-hypersonic ze-4,600 mph
-30% iphucule ukusebenza kakuhle kwamafutha xa kuthelekiswa neenqwelomoya zomkhosi zemveli
-I-propulsion ephuculweyo evela kwi-Merlin kunye neenjini zeRaptor
| Inkqubo yeenqwelomoya | Isantya Injongo | Eziphawulekayo |
|---|---|---|
| Hermeus MK3 | Oomatshini 4 | Ukukwazi ukuzimela |
| I-SpaceX X1 | Mach 6+ | Ukuqhubela phambili |
| Umoya woMbane | 555.9 km / h | Zero ezikhutshwayo |
Impembelelo kuShishino loPhapho
Olu phuhliso luza kubumba ngokutsha uphapho lwezorhwebo nomkhosi. Eyona nqwelo-moya ikhawulezayo yangomso iya kuguqula uhambo:
Uguqulo loPhapho lwezoRhwebo
-97% yabakhweli babonisa umdla kwinqwelomoya ebaleka phezulu
-87% iya kutshintshela iinkampani zeenqwelo moya ukuze zifikelele kwinkonzo ye-supersonic
-Ngaphezu kwama-600 eendlela ezinengeniso ezichongiweyo kwihlabathi jikelele
Ukuqwalaselwa kwendalo Eyona nqwelo-moya ikhawulezayo kufuneka ilinganise isantya kunye nozinzo:
-Ukudityaniswa kwamafutha eenqwelomoya azinzileyo
-Iinkqubo zolawulo oluphezulu lwe-thermal
-Ukunciphisa impembelelo yokusingqongileyo kwiindawo eziphakamileyo
Umda wexesha lophuhliso ubonisa iinjongo zamabhongo:
-Ikota yeHashe MK2 yophula umqobo wesandi
-Imiboniso ye-Autonomous supersonic flight
-Ukutshintshela kuhambo lwabakhweli be-hypersonic
Esona nqwelo-moya sikhawulezayo ehlabathini siyaqhubeka siqhubela phambili ngeendlela ezintsha:
Iinkqubo zokubhabha ezinikwe amandla e-1.AI zomeleza ukhuseleko
2.Ukugcinwa kwangaphambili kunciphisa iindleko zokusebenza
I-3.Iteknoloji ye-Biometric ihambisa imisebenzi
Iinkampani ezinje ngoHermeus ziyayitshintsha indlela ezenza ngayo eyona nqwelomoya ikhawulezayo emhlabeni:
-Ukudibanisa amacandelo angaphandle kweshelufu kunye neetekhnoloji zesiko
-Iprototyping ekhawulezileyo kunye novavanyo
-Ukuphuhlisa izakhono zokubhabha ezizimeleyo
Eyona jethi ikhawulezayo yangomso izakuzuza koku:
-Uphuhliso lwenzululwazi yezinto eziphambili
-Ukuphuculwa koyilo lwe-aerodynamic
-Ukwandiswa kobuchule bokuqhuba
Ikamva lokuhamba nge-hypersonic lijongeka lifumaneka ngakumbi kunangaphambili. Ishishini lokuhamba ngeenqwelomoya lilungele ixesha elitsha. Esona nqwelo-moya sikhawulezayo ehlabathini asisayi kwaphula iirekhodi zesantya kuphela kodwa siya kumisela imigangatho emitsha yokusebenza kakuhle kunye noxanduva lokusingqongileyo.
isiphelo
Ukufuna kweAviation ukwakha i eyona nqwelo-moya ikhawulezayo ehlabathini yandisa imida yesantya sangaphambili. Iinqwelomoya ziye zavela ngokumangalisayo kumashumi eminyaka. Ubabukele beqhubeka ukusuka ukwaphula umqobo wesandi ukufikelela izantya zehypersonic ukuba ngaphaya kweMach 9. I I-SR-71 iBlackbird Ijethi yasemkhosini yangqina ukuba inqwelomoya ezinzileyo isebenza ngesantya esiphezulu, kwaye inqwelomoya yovavanyo yeNASA X-43A yabonisa ukuba singahamba ngokukhawuleza.
Eyona nqwelo-moya ikhawulezayo emhlabeni iza kubetha iirekhodi ezintsha zesantya. Iiprojekthi ezifana neHermeus Quarterhouse kunye ne-SpaceX X1 Fighter zidibanisa isantya esikhethekileyo kunye nezicelo zomhlaba. Ezi projekthi zijongana nemiceli mngeni ebalulekileyo yolawulo lobushushu, imfezeko yolwakhiwo, kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwamafutha ngelixa zihlala zilungele ukuphilisana kwendalo.
Ikamva lenqwelomoya enesantya esiphezulu lijongeka liqaqambile ngobuchwepheshe obuvelayo kunye nezisombululo ezibhetyebhetye. Inqwelomoya yorhwebo ilungele isahluko esitsha apho eyona nqwelo-moya ikhawulezayo ehlabathini inokwenza uhambo oluya kwelinye ilizwekazi luthathe iiyure nje. Oku kuya kuguqula amava akho okubhabha.
Qhagamshelana neFlorida Flyers Flight Academy Team namhlanje e (904) 209-3510 ukufunda ngakumbi malunga nendlela yokuhlawulela isikolo sokubhabha.
