Intshayelelo ye-ETOPS
I-ETOPS, isishunqulelo seMigangatho yokuSebenza yokuSebenza kwe-Twin-injini eYandisiweyo, sisikhokelo solawulo esibalulekileyo kuphapho. Imele uthotho lwemigangatho ebekwe nguMbutho weZizwe ngeZizwe woPhapho lwezoLuntu (ICAO) ukulawula ukusebenza kweenqwelo-moya ezineenjini ezimbini kwiindlela apho isikhululo seenqwelomoya esikufutshane esifanelekileyo sokumisa ngexesha likaxakeka sikumgama ongaphezu kwemizuzu engama-60. Eyona njongo yayo kukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko nokusebenza kakuhle kweenqwelo-moya ezineenjini ezimbini, ngakumbi ezo ndlela zibhabha zihamba umgama omde phezu kweelwandle nakwimimandla ekude yomhlaba.
Imithetho yeMigangatho yokuSebenza yokuSebenza eyongezelelekileyo ye-Twin-injini ibonelela ngomnatha wokhuseleko, iqinisekisa ukuba nokuba injini enye iyasilela, inqwelo-moya isenako ukubhabha nge-injini eseleyo iye kwesinye isikhululo seenqwelomoya esifanelekileyo. Lo mthetho, onokuthi ubonakale ulula ekuqaleni, unempembelelo enkulu kwishishini leenqwelomoya, uphembelela uyilo lweenqwelomoya, iinkqubo zokulondolozwa, ukucwangciswa kwenqwelomoya, kunye noqoqosho lweenqwelomoya.
Lo mbono wavela ngaphandle kwemfuneko, uqhutywa kukuqhubela phambili kobuchwepheshe kunye nemfuno ehlala ikhula yokuhamba ngenqwelomoya ixesha elide. Kula macandelo alandelayo, siza kungena nzulu kwimbali, ukuqonda, ukubaluleka, kunye nefuthe kushishino lwezophapho.
Imbali ye-ETOPS Regulations
Imvelaphi inokulandwa emva ngeminyaka yoo-1950s, ixesha apho uninzi lweenqwelomoya zentengiso yayiziijethi ezine, okuthetha ukuba zineenjini ezine. Ezi nqwelo-moya zazigqalwa zikhuselekile kwiinqwelo-moya ezihamba ixesha elide phezu kolwandle nakwiindawo ezikude kuba ukuba injini enye ayiphumelelanga, ezi zintathu ziseleyo zisenokuyigcina inqwelo-moya isemoyeni.
Noko ke, ngeminyaka yee-1980 kwavela iinqwelo-moya ezineenjini ezimbini ezonga amafutha, ezazinokuhamba umgama ofanayo neejethi ezineejethi ezinexabiso eliphantsi. Ezi nqwelomoya zintsha zenza umngeni kwimigaqo ekhoyo, ekhokelela ekusungulweni kweMigangatho yokuSebenza kweMigangatho yokuSebenza kwe-Twin-injini eyongezelelweyo yi-Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) ngo-1985. kwimizuzu engama-60 yesinye isikhululo seenqwelomoya.
Njengoko iinqwelo-moya ezineenjini ezimbini zibonakalise ukuthembeka kwazo, i-FAA yayandisa kancinane umda, yaqala yaya kutsho kwimizuzu eli-120 ngo-1988, yaza yaya kutsho kwimizuzu eli-180 ngo-1989. iimeko ezithile.
Ukuqonda iMithetho
Imithetho ye-ETOPS ixhalatyelwe ikakhulu lixesha eliphezulu apho inqwelo-moya yeenjini ezimbini inokusuka kwesona sikhululo sikufutshane nesifanelekileyo kwimeko yokusilela kwenjini enye. Oku kubhekiselwa kulo njengexesha lomdlalo kwaye libonakaliswa ngemizuzu. Ngokomzekelo, inqwelo-moya enomlinganiselo we-ETOPS wemizuzu eli-180 inokubhabha kwiindlela eziyigcina kwimizuzu eli-180 ngexesha lokubhabha (kwi-injini enye) kwesona sikhululo sikufutshane sifanelekileyo.
Ukuthotyelwa kwemigaqo kubandakanya okungakumbi kunokuthembeka kwenjini yenqwelo-moya. Ikwaquka izinto ezinjengokufumaneka kwezikhululo zeenqwelo-moya ezifanelekileyo ecaleni kwendlela, ukungafuneki kweenkqubo zenqwelo-moya, iinkqubo zokusebenza kwenkampani yeenqwelo-moya, noqeqesho lwabasebenzi.
Inkampani yeenqwelomoya ifuna isiqinisekiso se-ETOPS sohlobo oluthile lwenqwelomoya kufuneka ibonise kugunyaziwe olawulayo ukuba inokusebenza inqwelomoya ngokukhuselekileyo ngexesha elibekiweyo lokuphazamiseka. Oku kubandakanya uvavanyo olungqongqo kunye novavanyo lwendlela yokusebenza kwenqwelomoya kunye neenkqubo, kunye nokugcinwa kwenqwelomoya kunye neenkqubo zokusebenza.
Ukubaluleka kwezoPhapho
I-ETOPS iye yaliguqula ishishini lophapho ngokuvumela iinqwelomoya ezineenjini ezimbini ukuba zibhabhe kwiindlela ezihamba umgama omde ebezigcinelwe iinqwelomoya ezineenjini ezintathu nezine. Oku kubangele ukongiwa kweendleko zeenqwelo-moya, ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kwamafutha aphantsi kunye neendleko zokuyigcina inqwelo-moya eneenjini ezimbini.
Ngaphezu koko, iye yavula iindlela ezithe ngqo zenqwelo-moya, inciphisa ixesha lokuhamba kubakhweli. Oku kunenzuzo ngakumbi kwiindlela ezinqumla ulwandlekazi okanye ezinqumla kwiindawo ezikude, apho ukufumaneka kwezikhululo zeenqwelo-moya ezifanelekileyo kulinganiselwe.
Ngokwembono yokhuseleko, iye yakhokelela kwimilinganiselo engqongqo ngakumbi yoyilo, ukulungiswa nokusebenza kweenqwelo-moya. Oku akuphuculanga nje ukuthembeka kweenqwelo-moya ezineenjini ezimbini kodwa kukwaphucule ukhuseleko lulonke lokuhamba emoyeni.
ETOPS ezahlukeneyo Amanqaku Ichazwe
Iireyithingi ze-ETOPS zimiselwa lelona xesha liphezulu lophambuko apho inqwelomoya iqinisekiswa ukuba inokubhabha ngenjini enye engasebenziyo. Okwangoku kukho iireyithingi ezine ezisemgangathweni ze-ETOPS: ETOPS-120, ETOPS-180, ETOPS-240, kunye ne-ETOPS-330.
Umlinganiselo we-120 uvumela inqwelo-moya ukuba ibhabhe kwiindlela eziyigcina kwimizuzu eli-120 yexesha lokubhabha (kwi-injini enye) yesona sikhululo sikufutshane sifanelekileyo. Ngokufanayo, i- -180, -240, kunye ne -330 yokureyitha ivumela amaxesha aphezulu okuguqula i-180, 240, kunye ne-330 imizuzu ngokulandelelanayo.
Ireyithingi ye-ETOPS yenqwelomoya ayixhomekekanga kuphela kubuchule benqwelomoya. Inkampani yeenqwelomoya esebenza kwinqwelomoya kufuneka nayo ihlangabezane neemfuno ezingqongqo zokusebenza kunye nokugcinwa kweemfuno ezinxulumene nomgangatho ofunekayo.
Indlela Iinqwelomoya ezihlangabezana ngayo neeMfuno ze-ETOPS
Iinkampani zeenqwelomoya ezifuna isatifikethi se-ETOPS kufuneka zingene kwinkqubo yemvume engqongqo ebandakanya zombini inqwelomoya kunye nomsebenzisi. Inqwelo-moya kufuneka ibonise ukuthembeka kwayo ngothotho lweemvavanyo, kubandakanywa iinqwelomoya ezithatha ixesha elide ngenjini enye engasebenziyo.
Inkampani yeenqwelomoya kufuneka ibonise amandla ayo okuhlangabezana neemfuno zokusebenza kunye nokugcinwa. Oku kuquka ukuphuhlisa iinkqubo ezineenkcukacha zokucwangciswa kwenqwelo-moya kunye nokuthunyelwa, abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya abaqeqeshelwa ukuphatha ukusilela kwe-injini kunye nezinye iimeko ezingxamisekileyo, kunye nokuphunyezwa kwenkqubo yokulondoloza eqinisekisa ukuqhubeka kwenqwelomoya ukuhlala emoyeni.
Emva kokuba isatifikethi se-ETOPS sinikezelwe, i-airline kufuneka igcine ukuthobela iimfuno ngokuphicothwa rhoqo kunye nokuhlolwa ngugunyaziwe olawulayo.
Impembelelo kwiiNdlela zeFlight
I-ETOPS ibe nempembelelo enkulu kwiindlela zokuhamba ngenqwelomoya, ivula iindlela ezithe ngqo nezisebenzayo ukunqumla iilwandlekazi nakwiindawo ezikude. Oku kukhokelele kumaxesha amafutshane okuhamba kunye neendleko eziphantsi zokusebenza kweenqwelo-moya.
Ngaphambi kwe-ETOPS, iinqwelo-moya ezihamba umgama omde kwafuneka zilandele iindlela ezijikelezayo ukuze zihlale kwindawo efanelekileyo kwizikhululo zeenqwelo-moya. Ngayo, iinqwelo-moya zinokubhabha iindlela ezithe ngqo, ezaziwa ngokuba ziindlela “zesangqa esikhulu,” ezilandela igophe lomhlaba zize zicuthe umgama wokubhabha.
Nangona kunjalo, iingenelo azikho ngaphandle kwemingeni. UkuCwangcisa Uluhlu oloNgezelelweyo lwe-Twin-injini yokuSebenza yeMigangatho yokuSebenza iinqwelomoya zifuna ukuqwalaselwa ngononophelo imiba efana nokusetyenziswa kwamafutha, iimeko zemozulu, kunye nokufumaneka kwezikhululo zeenqwelomoya ezifanelekileyo. Oku kufuna isoftware yokucwangcisa inqwelomoya ephucukileyo kunye nabahambisi benqwelomoya abaqeqeshwe kakhulu.
Iimeko zoBomi bokwenyani ezibonisa imilinganiselo yoKhuseleko ye-ETOPS
Uluhlu olwandisiweyo lweMigangatho yokuSebenza yeTwin-injini ingqina ukhuseleko lwayo ngeziganeko zobomi bokwenyani. Thatha isiganeko se-'Gimli Glider' ngo-1983: i-Air Canada Boeing 767, ejongene ne-fuel miscalculation, yaphelelwa amafutha phakathi kwenqwelomoya. Kodwa ngobuchule abasebenzi bakhwela inqwelo-moya bayibeka kwindawo ekhuselekileyo kwibala leenqwelomoya elidala eGimli, eManitoba.
Emva koko kukho iBritish Airways Flight 9 ngo-1982. IBoeing 747 yabhabha kuthuthu lwentaba-mlilo, ibangela ukuba zonke iinjini zingasebenzi. Iqela labasebenzi lehla, lazivuselela iinjini, laza lafika ngokukhuselekileyo eJakarta.
Nangona zinganxulumananga ngokuthe ngqo, ezi ziganeko zigxininisa undoqo we-ETOPS: ukuqinisekisa ukuba iinqwelomoya zifika kwisikhululo seenqwelomoya ngokukhuselekileyo ukuba injini ayisebenzi.
IMimiselo yekamva
Ikamva lemigaqo ye-ETOPS libukeka lithembisa, kunye nenkqubela phambili eqhubekayo kubuchwepheshe beenqwelomoya kunye neenkqubo zokusebenza. Njengoko iinqwelomoya ezineenjini ezimbini zithembeka ngakumbi kwaye zikwazi, kusenokwenzeka ukuba amaxesha okuphambuka aya kwandiswa ngakumbi.
Kukwakho iingxoxo malunga nokusebenzisa imigaqo yeMigangatho yokuSebenza yokuSebenza yoluhlu olwandisiweyo lwe-Twin-injini kwinqwelomoya ezineenjini ezintathu nezine, kuqondwa ukuba ukuthembeka kwe-injini akuxhomekekanga kuphela kwinani leenjini.
Nangona kunjalo, eyona njongo iphambili ihlala ifana: ukuqinisekisa elona nqanaba liphezulu lokhuseleko kwimisebenzi yenqwelomoya yeenjini ezimbini.
isiphelo
Uluhlu olongeziweyo lweMigangatho yokuSebenza ye-Twin-injini imele isiganeko esibalulekileyo kwinguquko yophapho lwangoku. Imithetho nemigaqo yayo ayivumelanga nje kuphela ukuba iinqwelo-moya ezineenjini ezimbini zibhabhe ngendlela efanelekileyo kwiindlela ezihamba umgama omde, kodwa iye yamisela nemigangatho emitsha yokuthembeka kwenqwelo-moya, iinkqubo zokusebenza nokhuseleko.
Njengoko sijonge kwikamva, kucacile ukuba le mithetho iya kuqhubeka ukudlala indima ebalulekileyo ekubumbeni ishishini lezophapho. Imigaqo yayo yokhuseleko, ukusebenza kakuhle, nokuthembeka iya kukhokela ukuphuhliswa kweenqwelo-moya ezintsha, ukwandiswa kweendlela zokuhamba ngenqwelomoya, nokuphuculwa kweenkqubo zokusebenza.
Inene, Uluhlu oloNgezelelweyo lweMigangatho yokuSebenza ye-Twin-injini lungaphezulu nje koluhlu lwemithetho; bubungqina bobuchule kunye nokomelela koshishino lwezophapho kumzamo walo wokwenza uhambo ngenqwelomoya lukhuseleke kwaye lusebenze ngakumbi.
Ngaba ukulungele ukubhabha kwihlabathi le-ETOPS? Phonononga iSikhokelo esiPheleleyo kwiMithetho ye-ETOPS kwaye ufumanise inqanaba elitsha lokhuseleko lwenqwelomoya kunye nokusebenza kakuhle. Nokuba ungumqhubi wenqwelomoya onamava okanye usaqala uhambo lwakho, Florida Flyers Flight Academy ilapha ukukukhokela kwihlabathi elintsonkothileyo le-ETOPS. Masinyuke kunye kwikamva lokuhamba ngomoya olukhuselekileyo nolusebenzayo!
Qhagamshelana nathi okanye ufowunele iQela leFlyers yaseFlorida + 1 904 209 3510 ukuze ube ngumqhubi wenqwelomoya oqinisekisiweyo ophumeleleyo.
