Amaphiko eenqwelo-moya ahlukahlukene yaye antsonkothile njengenqwelo-moya ancamathele kuyo. Uyilo lwabo lungummangaliso lobunjineli, ukudibanisa i-physics, iAerodynamics, kunye nesayensi yezinto zokuphakamisa iitoni zesinyithi esibhakabhakeni. Kodwa asingawo onke amaphiko eenqwelo-moya adalwe alinganayo. Iindidi ezahlukeneyo zamaphiko zisebenza ngeenjongo ezahlukeneyo, kwaye ukuziqonda kubalulekile kuye nabani na onomdla kwibala lokubhabha. Kwesi sikhokelo sibanzi, siza kuphonononga ezona ntlobo zisibhozo zamaphiko enqwelomoya kunye nendlela eyahluke ngayo enye kwenye.
I-Aircraft Wings Overview
Amaphiko eenqwelo-moya yinxalenye echazayo nasiphi na isithuthi esisemoyeni. Zingowona mthombo uphambili wokuphakamisa, ovumela iinqwelomoya ukuba zinduluke, zihambe ngenqanawa umphakamo, nomhlaba ngokukhuselekileyo. Amaphiko ayizozinto nje ezimileyo; bona izindlu ulawulo imiphezulu ezifana amaphiko kwaye Iintsimbi, evumela abaqhubi beenqwelo moya ukuba balawule i isandi senqwelomoya, ukuqengqeleka, kunye nokuzamla kwenqwelomoya ngexesha lokubhabha. Ukongeza, amaphiko ahlala equlathe iitanki zamafutha kunye nezixhobo zokumisa, ezibonisa indima yazo eneenkalo ezininzi kuyilo lwenqwelomoya.
Ukubaluleka kwamaphiko eenqwelo-moya akunakubaxwa. Ziyilwe ngobuchule ukulawula ukuhamba komoya kunye noxinzelelo, zidala ukuphakama okufunekayo ukoyisa amandla omxhuzulane. Ngenxa yokwahlukana kweenqwelo-moya - ukusuka kwinqwelomoya yokulwa encinci, ekhawulezayo ukuya kwiinqwelomoya ezinkulu, ezithatha ixesha elide - ayingothusi into yokuba amaphiko eze ngokwemilo eyahlukeneyo, ubungakanani, kunye nolungelelwaniso.
Ukuqonda ukuntsonkotha kwamaphiko enqwelo-moya kubalulekile kubaqhubi beenqwelo-moya, iinjineli zeenqwelo-moya, kunye nabo bathanda iinqwelo-moya ngokufanayo. Bangumqolo wokoqobo nowomfuziselo wendlela yokusebenza kunye nobuchule benqwelo-moya, kwaye ukuvela kwazo ekuhambeni kwexesha kubonisa inkqubela kubuchwepheshe be-aerospace kunye nokuqonda kwethu ubuchwephesha bokubhabha.
Ukuqonda ukubaluleka koYilo lwamaphiko eenqwelomoya
Uyilo lwamaphiko enqwelo-moya luchaphazela kakhulu ukusebenza kwenqwelomoya, ukusebenza kakuhle, kunye nobuchule bayo. Indlela elimile ngayo iphiko, ubungakanani kunye nendlela elimile ngayo, njengokuphakama, ukutsala nokuzinza. Ezi mpawu zibalulekile kuba zichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ukukwazi kwenqwelo-moya ukubhabha, ukuyilawula, nokuthwala imithwalo.
Uyilo lwamaphiko lulungelelwano oluthambileyo lweemfuno ezikhuphisanayo. Umzekelo, amaphiko amade abonelela ngokuphakamisa ngakumbi kwaye asebenza ngakumbi kwizantya zokuhamba ngenqanawa, kodwa anokongeza ubunzima kunye nokunciphisa ukuhambahamba. Ngokuchasene noko, amaphiko amafutshane anokwandisa amandla kodwa anokufuna amandla amaninzi ukugcina ukuphakama. Iinjineli kufuneka ziqwalasele olu tshintsho xa ziyila amaphiko eentlobo ezahlukeneyo zeenqwelomoya.
Enye inkalo ebalulekileyo yoyilo lwephiko yi ifoyile yomoya, imilo enqamlezileyo yephiko. I-airfoil ichaza ukuhamba komoya okujikeleze iphiko, impembelelo yokunyusa kunye neempawu zokutsala. Uyilo olwahlukileyo lwe-airfoil lufanelekile kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zokubhabha, ezifana nezantya ezingaphantsi, ezidlulayo, okanye isantya esiphezulu, kwaye kufuneka zikhethwe ngokufanelekileyo ukuze zihambelane neprofayili yobuthunywa benqwelomoya.
Indlela Amaphiko eNqwelo-moya aluchaphazela ngayo uLawulo loMbhexeshi
Kumqhubi wenqwelo-moya, indlela amaphiko enqwelo-moya ayilwe ngayo iluchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ulawulo lwawo kwinqwelo-moya. Ukuphendula kwamaphiko kwigalelo elivela kwiindawo zokulawula kuyinkalo ebalulekileyo yokuphatha. Xa umqhubi wenqwelo-moya elawula ii-ailerons okanye iiflaphu, zitshintsha indlela iphiko elimile ngayo ukuze liguqule amandla alo abhabhayo, nto leyo evumela ulawulo oluchanekileyo kwintshukumo yenqwelo-moya.
Ukusasazwa kobunzima ecaleni kwephiko - eyaziwa ngokuba yi-wing loading - ikwachaphazela ulawulo. Amaphiko alayishwe kancinci anokubonelela ngokulawuleka ngakumbi kodwa anokuba sesichengeni ngakumbi isiphithi-phithi kwaye ifuna ukuphathwa ngononophelo. Amaphiko alayishwe kakhulu, kwelinye icala, anika ukubhabha okuthambileyo kwiimeko ezimagingxigingxi kodwa asenokungaphenduli kancinci kulawulo lwamagalelo.
Ngaphezu koko, ukuma kwamaphiko kwi ifuselage (iphiko eliphezulu, iphiko eliphakathi, okanye iphiko elisezantsi) kuchaphazela ukuzinza kwenqwelomoya kunye neempawu zokuqengqeleka. Ezi nkalo ziyadityaniswa ukuze zichaze amava omqhubi wenqwelo-moya, nto leyo egxininisa ukubaluleka koyilo lwamaphiko okulawula umqhubi wenqwelo-moya.
Indima yeeMpiko zeNqwelo-moya kwi-Flight Dynamics
Umsebenzi wamaphiko enqwelo-moya udlulela ngaphaya kokugcina inqwelo-moya iphezulu. Ziluncedo kumandla okubhabha, inzululwazi yemikhosi esebenza kwinqwelomoya xa ibhabha, kunye nendlela inqwelo-moya esabela ngayo kula mandla. Amaphiko afaka isandla kwimiba emithathu ephambili ye-flight dynamics: ukuphakamisa, ukutsala, kunye nomzuzu.
Ukuphakamisa amandla anyukayo avela ngamaphiko achasene nomxhuzulane. Ubungakanani bokuphakama obuvelisiweyo buxhomekeke kwi-engile yephiko lokuhlasela, ukumila, indawo kunye nokuxinana komoya. Ukutsala ngamandla okuxhathisa okuchasa ukuhamba kwenqwelomoya emoyeni, kwaye kuchatshazelwa kuyilo lwephiko kunye noburhabaxa bomphezulu.
Umzuzu ngumkhwa wenqwelo-moya ukujikeleza kumbindi wayo womxhuzulane, uchatshazelwa kukubekwa nokumila kwamaphiko. Uyilo lwamaphiko lunokomeleza uzinzo nolawulo, luvumela abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya ukuba bagcine iindlela ezinqwenelekayo zokubhabha kwaye benze uhlengahlengiso oluyimfuneko ngokulula.
Ukuchaza Iindidi ezisibhozo zamaphiko eenqwelomoya
Amaphiko eenqwelo-moya aziintlobo ngeentlobo, ngalinye lineempawu zalo kunye neengenelo zalo. Apha sichaza iintlobo ezisibhozo eziphambili zamaphiko enqwelomoya:
Amaphiko athe tye: Amaphiko athe tye, akwaziwa ngokuba ngamaphiko angxande, yeyona ndlela ilula kwaye idla ngokufumaneka kwinqwelomoya ecothayo. Inzuzo yabo ephambili kukulula kunye nokulula ukwakha. Iimpiko ezithe tye zibonelela ngokuphakamisa okulungileyo kwizantya ezisezantsi kwaye zigqwesile xa uthatha uhambo olufutshane kunye nokumisa (STOL) amandla. Nangona kunjalo, banokudala ukutsalwa okubalulekileyo kwizantya eziphezulu, ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwabo kwinqwelomoya ekhawulezayo.
Amaphiko e-Elliptical: Amaphiko e-elliptical ayabonakala ngokumila kwawo okugudileyo, oku-oval, okunciphisa ukutsalwa. Umzekelo odumileyo wephiko le-elliptical ufumaneka kwi-Supermarine Spitfire, i-World War II fighter. Amaphiko e-elliptical anikezela ngokusasazwa ngokuphakamisa okufanelekileyo, okunokubangela ukunyameka okugqwesileyo kunye nokunyuka kokusebenza. Nangona kunjalo, zintsonkothile kwaye zibiza imali eninzi ukuzenza.
Iiphiko ezitshayelayo: Iimpiko ezitshayelayo zijikelwe umva ukusuka kwiingcambu ukuya kwincam yazo, nto leyo enceda ukulibazisa ukuqala kwamaza othusayo ngesantya esidlulayo. Olu luyilo luxhaphakile kwiijethi zanamhlanje ezikhawulezayo kunye nezinye iinqwelomoya. Amaphiko atshayelweyo anciphisa ukutsala ngesantya esiphezulu, esenza ukuba alungele uhambo olude, oluhamba ngesantya esiphezulu. Nangona kunjalo, banokuchaphazeleka kwimiba efana ne-aeroelastic kwaye bafuna ukulawulwa ngononophelo kwiziko lomxhuzulane wenqwelomoya.
Delta Wings: Amaphiko e-Delta enza imilo engunxantathu omkhulu kwaye aqhele ukusetyenziswa kwiinqwelomoya eziphezulu, ezifana neConcorde. Badibanisa amandla aphezulu, ukutsala okuphantsi kwisantya esiphezulu, kunye nommandla omkhulu wokuphakamisa. Amaphiko eDelta anokulawulwa kakhulu ngesantya esiphezulu kodwa anokuba nesantya esisezantsi sokuphatha ngaphandle kweenkqubo zolawulo ezintsonkothileyo.
Amaphiko eCanard: Amaphiko eCanard abonisa i-forewing encinci okanye isethi yamaphiko amancinci abekwe kufuphi nomphambili wenqwelomoya. Olu luyilo lunokuphucula ukunyanzeliswa kunye nokubonelela ngokuphakamisa okongezelelweyo. Inqwelomoya enamaphiko e-canard, njenge-Eurofighter Typhoon, ihlala ibonisa ukusebenza kakuhle ngexesha lokulwa kunye nokuhamba kwe-aerobatic.
Amaphiko Okuguquguqukayo: Amaphiko okutshayela okuguquguqukayo, okwakwaziwa ngokuba ngamaphiko ajikayo, anokutshintsha i-engile yokutshayela ngexesha lokubhabha. Oku kuvumela inqwelomoya ukuba yandise ukusebenza kwephiko kuluhlu lwezantya. I-F-14 Tomcat ngumzekelo ophawulekayo wenqwelo-moya enamaphiko aguquguqukayo, okwenza ukuba iphumelele kuzo zombini ii-dogfights ezinesantya esiphantsi kunye ne-high-speed intercepts.
Amaphiko eTandem: Amaphiko eTandem anamaphiko amabini aphambili, elinye emva kwelinye. Olu lungelelwaniso lunokunikezela ngomlinganiselo ogqwesileyo wokunyuswa kokutsala kunye nokuzinza. Ngelixa ingasetyenziswanga ngokuqhelekileyo, amaphiko e-tandem angabonwa kwezinye iinqwelomoya zovavanyo kunye ne-ultralight, njenge-Quickie Q2.
Amaphiko e-Oblique: Amaphiko e-Oblique luhlobo olunqabileyo apho elinye iphiko litshayela phambili kwaye elinye litshayela ngasemva. Olu yilo lujolise ekunciphiseni i-supersonic drag ngelixa igcina ukusebenza kwe-subsonic. I-NASA AD-1 ngumzekelo wenqwelomoya enephiko le-oblique. Ngelixa zithembisa ngethiyori, amaphiko e-oblique awazange abone ukwamkelwa ngokubanzi ngenxa yobunzima kunye nemingeni yokulawula.
Ixabiso leephiko zeenqwelomoya ezohlukeneyo kubaqhubi beenqwelomoya
Kubaqhubi beenqwelo-moya, ukuqonda ixabiso leentlobo ezahlukeneyo zamaphiko kubalulekile ekulawuleni ukusebenza kwenqwelomoya. Uhlobo ngalunye lwephiko lunikeza isethi ekhethekileyo yeempawu ezinokuchaphazela indlela inqwelo-moya ephatha ngayo kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo zokubhabha.
Amaphiko aqondileyo kunye ne-elliptical axabiswa ngokusebenza kwawo okuzinzile kunye nokuqikelelwa kwisantya esisezantsi, okwenza kube lula ukuqeqeshwa kunye neenqwelomoya ezilula. Amaphiko okutshayela kunye ne-delta ayaxatyiswa ngabaqhubi beejethi ezikhawulezayo ngokusebenza kwabo kwisantya esiphezulu kunye nokukwazi ukugcina inqwelomoya ephezulu.
I-Canard kunye namaphiko okutshayela okuguquguqukayo anika abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya uluhlu lweendlela zokuhlengahlengisa ukusebenza kwenqwelomoya njengoko kufuneka, ukubonelela ngezinto ezahlukeneyo ngexesha lezigaba ezahlukeneyo zokubhabha. Amaphiko e-Tandem kunye ne-oblique, ngelixa engaqhelekanga, abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya babonisa iimpawu zokuphatha ezizodwa ezinokuba luncedo kwiimeko ezikhethekileyo zokubhabha.
Ukuqonda iingenelo kunye nemida yohlobo ngalunye lwephiko kunceda abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya benze izigqibo ezizizo malunga nokusebenza kwenqwelo-moya, nto leyo enegalelo ekuphepheni nasekuhambeni kakuhle ngakumbi.
Ukuphonononga iiphiko zeNqwelo-moya eziKhethekileyo
Ukuqonda ngcono ukuba zisetyenziswa njani iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zamaphiko, makhe sihlolisise iinqwelomoya ezithile kunye noyilo lwamaphiko ezilusebenzisayo:
I-Cessna 172-Amaphiko athe tye: I-Cessna 172 yinqwelomoya yoqeqesho edumileyo enamaphiko athe tye. Olu yilo lubonelela ngokuphathwa okuzinzileyo kunye nokusebenza kakuhle okunesantya esiphantsi, okwenza kube nokuxolela kubaqhubi beenqwelomoya.
I-Boeing 747-Swept Wings: I-Boeing 747, inqwelomoya eyaziwayo ngokubanzi yorhwebo, ineempiko ezitshayelayo ezivumela ukuba ihambe ngokufanelekileyo kwiindawo eziphakamileyo kunye nesantya, ukunciphisa ukudonsa kunye nokugcina amafutha.
F-22 Raptor – Delta kunye neCanard Wings: I-F-22 Raptor isebenzisa indibaniselwano yamaphiko e-delta kunye ne-canards ukufikelela kwi-agility ephawulekayo kunye nokusebenza kuzo zombini isantya esiphezulu nesisezantsi, ihambelana nendima yayo njengomqhubi womoya ophezulu.
B-2 Umoya-iphiko elibhabhayo: I-B-2 Spirit stealth bomber isebenzisa uyilo lwephiko elibhabhayo, eliluhlobo olukhethekileyo ngokwalo, ukunciphisa i-radar cross-section kunye nokwandisa ukusebenza kakuhle kwamafutha kwimishini yoluhlu olude.
Ngokuhlolisisa le mizekelo, ubani unokuyiqonda indlela uyilo lwamaphiko olulungelelaniswa ngayo neemfuno neendima ezithile zeenqwelo-moya ezahlukeneyo.
Abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya baziqhelanisa njani nePhiko leenqwelomoya ezahlukeneyo
Abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya bafanele balungelelanise ubuchule babo bokubhabha ukuze buhambelane neempawu ezahlukeneyo zamaphiko eenqwelo-moya ezahlukahlukeneyo. Ukutshintsha ukusuka kolunye uhlobo lwephiko ukuya kolunye kunokufuna uhlengahlengiso olubalulekileyo kwindlela abaqhubi beenqwelomoya abalawula ngayo isantya, amagalelo okulawula, kunye nokuziphatha kwenqwelomoya ngexesha lezigaba ezahlukeneyo zokubhabha.
Ngokomzekelo, ukusuka kwinqwelo-moya enamaphiko athe tye ukuya kwenye enamaphiko atshayelweyo kunokubandakanya ukufunda indlela yokuphatha isantya esiphezulu sokusondela kunye nokulawula ukuba nokwenzeka kwencam yamaphiko xa ujikajika. Ngokufanayo, ukutshintshela kwinqwelomoya enamaphiko e-canard kusenokufuna indlela eyahlukileyo yokunduluka kunye nokuhla ngenxa yeempawu zokuphakamisa ezizodwa zengaphambili.
Abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya bahlala befumana uqeqesho olukhethekileyo ukuze babe nobuchule kwiimpawu ezithile zokuphatha iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zamaphiko. Izifanisi kunye neenqwelomoya ezikhokelwa ngabafundisi zibalulekile ekuncedeni abaqhubi ukuba bakhe izakhono eziyimfuneko ukuze baqhube ngokukhuselekileyo nangempumelelo iinqwelomoya ezahlukeneyo.
isiphelo
Ikamva loyilo lwamaphiko eenqwelomoya libambe izinto ezinokwenzeka ezichulumancisayo. Ngenkqubela phambili yetekhnoloji kunye nemathiriyeli, iinjineli ziphonononga iikhonsepthi ezintsha ezinje nge-morphing wings, ezinokutshintsha imilo ekubhabha ukuze kuphuculwe ukusebenza kakuhle, kunye noyilo oluphefumlelweyo lwebhayoloji olulinganisa ukusebenza kakuhle kwamaphiko entaka.
Njengoko iinqwelo-moya ziqhubeka zityhala imida yesantya, ukusebenza kakuhle, namandla, ngokungathandabuzekiyo ukuyila kwamaphiko kuya kuba nendima ebalulekileyo kolu phuhliso. Ukwenziwa kwezinto ezintsha kubuchwephesha bamaphiko kunokukhokelela kwiindlela ezizinzileyo zokuhamba ngenqwelomoya, ukunciphisa impembelelo yokusingqongileyo, kunye nokhuseleko olomeleziweyo kunye nokuthuthuzela abakhweli.
Ukuvula iiMfihlo zoYilo lwephiko leNqwelomoya e Florida Flyers Flight Academy. Fumana amava okusebenza ngezandla ngeendidi zamaphiko ahlukeneyo kwaye uphathe iiNuances zeFlight Dynamics. Phakamisa izakhono zakho zokuLinga ukuya kuMda oMtsha. Bhalisa ngoku.
Qhagamshelana neFlorida Flyers Flight Academy Team namhlanje e (904) 209-3510 ukufunda ngakumbi malunga neKhosi yeSikolo saBucala esiLingayo.
