ziviso
Chiitiko chemhepo chakabata nzvimbo yekutyisa uye kunetseka pakati pevatyairi kubva ipapo hama dzaWright akatanga aenda kumatenga. Sesimba remusikirwo, haifungidzike sezvairi kwese kwese, inokanganisa chikamu chose cherwendo rwendege kubva pakusimuka kuenda kumhara. Kuinzwisisa hakusi kungoitwa kwedzidzo yevatyairi vendege; chinhu chakakosha chehunyanzvi hwavo seti, inodiwa pakuona kuchengetedzeka uye kugona kwekuita kwendege.
Simba remusikirwo iri, kufamba kwemhepo kubva munzvimbo dzine simba repamusoro kuenda kunzvimbo dzepasi. Kunyange zvazvo zvichiita sezviri nyore, iyi meteorological factor inokanganisa mamiriro ekunze uye, nekuwedzera, kubhururuka kwendege. Maitiro acho anogona kuve akapfava uye anofanotaurwa kana kushanduka uye ane njodzi. Saka nekudaro, vatyairi vendege vanofanirwa kuwana ruzivo rwakadzama rwemafambiro ayo kuti vafambe mumatenga nemazvo.
Kune avo vari kunze kwendege, kukosha kunogona kusakurumidza kuoneka. Zvakadaro, zvinonetsa uye zvinopa simba vatyairi vendege zvakaenzana. Ndirwo ruoko rusingaoneki runogona kutungamirira ndege zvakanaka kwainoenda kana kuisa chipingamupinyi chikuru chinoedza unyanzvi hwomutyairi wendege. Hurukuro inoenderera mberi pamusoro pesimba rechisikigo ichi uye basa rayo mukubhururuka nendege ine simba sezvo yakakosha.
Kunzwisisa Zvinokosha
Usati wanyatsoongorora kuti mhepo inodyidzana sei nendege, munhu anofanira kutanga abata zvakakosha zvechiitiko chemuchadenga ichi. Simba remusikirwo iri rinogadzirwa nekudziya kusina kuenzana kwePasi nezuva, izvo zvinogadzira nzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzemuchadenga. Iyo misiyano yakakura mukumanikidza pakati penzvimbo mbiri, iyo yakasimba mhepo inogadzirwa semhepo inoyerera ichibva kune yakakwira-kumanikidza zone kuenda kune yakaderera-kumanikidza zone.
Mhedzisiro yeCoriolis, mhedzisiro yekutenderera kwePasi, inoitawo basa rakakosha munzira nekumhanya kwayo. Mhedzisiro iyi inoita kuti ichinje nzira kurudyi kuNorthern Hemisphere uye kuruboshwe kuSouthern Hemisphere, ichigadzira maitiro akasiyana anowanikwa pasi rose. Uyezve, nzvimbo dzakaita semakomo, mipata, uye mitumbi yemvura zvinogona kukanganisa hunhu hwayo hwenzvimbo, zvichiwedzera kuomarara kune maverengero ayo ane hukama.
Padanho rinokosha, inoyerwa maererano nekumhanya kwayo uye kwainoenda. Uhu hunhu huviri hwakakosha pakunzwisisa zvinogona kuitika pamashandiro endege. Kumhanya kwemhepo kunowanzo kuratidzwa mumapfundo (nautical mamaira paawa) mundege, nepo kwairi kupihwa mumadhigirii ane chekuita nekuchamhembe kwechokwadi. Kunzwisisa kwakadzama kweunhu uhwu kwakakosha kune vatyairi vendege vanofanirwa kududzira uye kujairana nekuchinja kwemamiriro.
Mhedzisiro paNdege Yendege: Maonero emutyairi
Kubva pachinzvimbo chemutyairi wendege, simba remusikirwo iri ishamwari yenguva dzose mudenga, iro rinogona kubatsira uye kudenha nzira yekubhururuka. Mhepo inovhuvhuta inogona kuwedzera nguva nemafuta anodiwa kuti usvike kwaunoenda. Sezvineiwo, matutu emuswe, ayo anoyerera achienda kudivi rimwe chete nendege, anogona kupa kusimudzira kunobatsira, kuderedza kushandiswa kwemafuta uye nguva yekufamba.
Crosswinds inopa dambudziko rakasiyana, kunyanya panguva yekusimuka uye kumhara. Kuvhuvhuta uku kwakanangana negwara rendege uye kunogona kuita kuti ndege isuduruke kana isina kunyatsotarisirwa. Vatyairi vendege vanofanirwa kushandisa hunyanzvi hwekutsinhanisa mhedzisiro yemhepo, kuve nechokwadi kuti ndege inoramba yakabatana nerunzira kana nzira yekubhururuka.
Wind shear ndiyo imwe pfungwa yakakosha kune vatyairi vendege. Chiitiko ichi chinosanganisira kuerekana kushanduka mukumhanya kwayo uye/kana kutungamira pamusoro pechinhambwe chipfupi, chinogona kuitika zvese zvakachinjika uye zvakadzika. Izvi zvinogona kuva nengozi zvakanyanya panguva dzakaoma dzekubhururuka, dzakadai sokusimuka nekumhara, uye zvinoda kubatwa nekukurumidza nemutyairi wendege kuti arambe achidzora ndege.
Mafungiro Akakosha kune Vatyairi vendege
Paunenge uchigadzirira kuenda nendege, vatyairi vendege vanofanira kufunga nezvezvinhu zvinokosha zvakawanda maererano nayo. Chekutanga uye chepamusoro, kupfupisa kwekutanga kwendege kunosanganisira kunyatsoongorora mamiriro azvino uye akafanofembera munzira yakarongwa uye pakusimuka uye kwekuenda nhandare dzendege. Ruzivo urwu runoumba sarudzo zhinji dzemutyairi wendege, kubva pakugadzirisa nzira yendege kusvika kuhuwandu hwehuwandu hwemafuta.
Imwe pfungwa isingakwanisi kuitwa nendege. Ndege dzakasiyana dzine zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvekuyambuka mhepo, izvo zvinoraira kumhanya kwemhepo kuyambuka kwadzinogona kubata zvakachengeteka panguva yekusimuka nekumhara. Vatyairi vendege vanofanira kunyatsoziva nezvemiganhu iyi kuti vadzivise kushanda nendege mumamiriro ezvinhu anopfuura simba rayo.
Altitude inewo basa mukufunga kwayo. Kazhinji, simba remusikirwo iri rakasimba uye rinoenderana pakakwirira, izvo zvinogona kubatsira pakufamba kwechikepe. Zvisinei, kushungurudzika kunokonzerwa nesimba iri rechisikigo rinogona kuitika chero pakakwirira, uye vatyairi vendege vanofanira kunge vakagadzirira kubata kunyaradzwa uye kuchengetedzeka kwevafambi nevashandi mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro.
Kukanganisa Kwemarudzi Akasiyana EMhepo paNdege
Kukanganisa kwemhando dzakasiyana dzekubhururuka kunogona kusiyana zvakanyanya, uye vatyairi vendege vanofanirwa kunge vakashongedzerwa kubata mamiriro ega ega. Marudzi ekutengeserana, semuenzaniso, imhepo dzakadzikama dzinogona kubatsira kune dzimwe ndege dzinofamba nedzimwe nzira, zvichigona kuderedza nguva yekubhururuka. Jet streams, kune rumwe rutivi, mabhande matete emhepo ine simba yakakwirira mumhepo inogona kusvika pakumhanya inopfuura 200 knots. Kubhururuka nejet stream kunogona kuwedzera kushanda zvakanaka, asi kubhururuka uchipikisa kunogona kuva chipinganidzo chikuru.
Mafungu emakomo, anokonzerwa nemhepo inoyerera pamusoro pemakomo, anogona kutungamirira kumhirizhonga yakakomba uye kuderera, zvichiita ngozi kukuchengetedzwa kwendege uye kunyaradza. Vatyairi vendege vanofanirwa kudzidziswa kuziva zviratidzo zvemafungu emakomo uye kuziva mafambiro kana kuatenderedza.
Mhando dzinopisa, dzinogadzirwa nekusiyana kwekudziya kwenzvimbo, dzinogona kugadzira mamiriro akaoma kune vatyairi vendege, kunyanya panguva yekusvika uye yekumhara kwendege. Izvi zvinogona kutungamirira kune zvisingatarisirwi updrafts uye downdrafts, zvichiita kuti zvive zvakakosha kuti vatyairi vendege vave vakangwarira uye vanoteerera kuchengetedza nzira yakagadzikana.
Mafambisirwo Evatyairi Vengarava Mafambisirwo Emhepo Yemhepo
Kufambisa mamiriro emhepo ine mhepo chiratidzo cheunyanzvi hwemutyairi wendege uye kudzidziswa. Vatyairi vendege vanoshandisa nzira dzakasiyana-siyana kurwisa mhedzisiro yesimba iri rezvisikwa. Somuenzaniso, kana vakatarisana nemhepo dzakachinjika panguva yekumhara, vatyairi vendege vanogona kushandisa nzira ye“gakanje,” vachitenderedza ndege mumhepo kuti irambe yakatwasuka yakananga kunzira. Pavanosvika pakubata, vatyairi vendege vanoita “de-crab” maneuver kuti vaenderane nendege nechepakati penzira.
Munyaya yemhepo inovhuvhuta uye tailwinds, vatyairi vanogadzirisa mhepo yavo yekumhanya kuti vachengetedze kukurumidza kwepasi kwakakodzera, kuve nechokwadi chekusvika panguva uye kuchengetedza kuparadzaniswa kwakachengeteka kubva kune dzimwe ndege. Flight kuronga software inobatsirawo vatyairi vendege kusarudza nzira dzinotora mukana wemhepo yakanaka, nekudaro kuchengetedza mafuta uye kuderedza kuburitswa.
Paunenge uchibata nemhepo-kuveura, vatyairi vanovimba nekudzidziswa uye nekukurumidza reflexes. Vanofanira kunge vakagadzirira kuwedzera simba reinjini uye kugadzirisa kukwirira kwendege kuti varwise kurasikirwa kwakamwe kamwe kana kuwana kwekumhanya kwemhepo kunokonzerwa newind-shear. Ndege dzemazuva ano dzinowanzova nemagadzirirwo ekuona mhepo idzo dzinopa nyevero pachine nguva mberi, zvichipa vatyairi vendege nguva inokosha yekuita chimwe chinhu.
Zvishandiso uye Matekiniki ekufanotaura
Sezvineiwo, vatyairi vendege havana kusiiwa kuti vatarisane nematambudziko emhepo vari voga. Sutu yezvishandiso uye matekiniki aripo kufanotaura mamiriro emhepo uye kutungamira kuita sarudzo. Mamiriro ekunze radar, mifananidzo yesatellite, uye zviteshi zvemamiriro ekunze zvinopa data chaiyo-nguva pazviri uye zvimwe zvinhu zvemamiriro ekunze. Vatyairi vendege vanogonawo kuwana Terminal Aerodrome Forecasts (TAFs) uye Yakakosha Mamiriro Ekunze Machati (SIGWX), ayo anopa kufanotaura nezvemamiriro emhepo panhandare dzendege uye munzira dzekubhururuka.
Zvirongwa zvekuronga ndege zvekombuta zvinobatanidza data remamiriro ekunze kuti vape nzira dzekufamba nendege dzakakwana, tichitarisa mamhanyiro emhepo nemakwairirwo munzvimbo dzakasiyana. Vatyairi vendege vanogona kushandisa ruzivo urwu kuronga nzira dzinodzivirira mhepo dzakaipa kana kushandisa mari pamhepo.
Chimwe chishandiso chakakosha mune arsenal yemutyairi iPilot Report (PIREP), iyo ine nhoroondo dzekutanga kubva kune vamwe vatyairi vendege nezvemamiriro ekunze avakasangana nawo. Mishumo iyi inogona kuve yakakosha pakunzwisisa maitiro enguva chaiyo yesimba remusikirwo uye mabatiro aro pamashandiro endege.
Basa muKusimuka uye Kudzika
Kusimuka uye kumhara ndiwo matanho akanyanya kuoma ekubhururuka, uye mhepo inoita basa repakati mune zvese. Pakusimuka, vatyairi vendege vanofanira kufunga nezvechikamu chinotenderedza mhepo kuti vaverenge hurefu hwenzira inodiwa kuti vakwire zvakanaka. Mhepo ine simba inogona kupfupisa chinhambwe chekusimuka, nepo mhepo yemuswe inogona kuwedzera zvakanyanya. Kunyatsoita uye kutarisisa kune zvakadzama kwakakosha mukuverenga uku kuona kuti ndege ine nzvimbo yakakwana yekubhururuka nendege.
Kudzika kunopa zvipingamupinyi zvayo. Vatyairi vendege vanofanirwa kuongorora mamiriro ayo kuti vatarise nzira yekumhara yakanyatsokodzera, vachifunga nezvezvinhu zvakaita sekumhanya kwayo, kwainoenda, uye kuvapo kwemhepo. Iyo nzira yekusvika ingangoda kugadziridzwa kuti iverenge mhepo inokukurwa, uye airspeed manejimendi inova yakanyanya kukosha kune yakatsetseka uye yakachengeteka kubata.
Crosswind kumhara kunoda hunyanzvi hwekuita mutyairi, sezvo vachifanira kuchengetedza kutungamira vachibata nekuvhuvhuta kunobvira. Matekiniki akaita seambotaurwa "gakanje" uye "de-crab" mafambisirwo akakosha kuti aenderane nendege nemazvo nenzira yekumhanya uye kuwana kumhara kwakachengeteka.
Dambudziko uye Mukana weVatyairi vendege
Iri simba rechisikigo idambudziko rinowanikwa kwese kwese mundege, rinoda kugara wakangwarira uye kuchinjika kubva kune vatyairi vendege. Nekudaro, inopawo mikana kune avo vanonzwisisa nuances yayo. Vatyairi vendege vanogona kufambisa zvine mhepo neunyanzvi vanogona kuvandudza mafambiro endege, kuderedza kushandiswa kwemafuta, uye kuona kugadzikana kwevatyairi.
Uyezve, kukanganisa kwemhepo pakubhururuka kwendege hakungori mumabasa ekufambisa ndege chete. Iyo inopesvedzera dhizaini yenhandare yendege, kusanganisira njanji yekufamba, iyo inowanzoenderana kuti igadzirise iyo iripo mhepo nzira yekusimuka kwakaringana uye kumhara. Iri simba remusikirwo rinoitawo basa mukuvandudza matekinoroji matsva ekubhururuka nendege, senge masisitimu anobatsirwa nemhepo anovavarira kushandisa simba rawo kuderedza kutsamira kwemafuta.
Mumaoko omutyairi wendege ane unyanzvi, mhepo inorega kungova denho; inova mubatsiri ane simba. Kubata kwehunyanzvi hune chekuita nemhepo chiratidzo chinosiyanisa chevatyairi vendege, zvichibatsira mukuchengetedzeka kwese uye kugona kweindasitiri yekubhururuka.
mhedziso
Simba remusikirwo iri isimba rekutanga rinoumba chiitiko chekubhururuka. Kubva panguva iyo ndege inosiya pasi kusvika pakudzoka kwayo, mhepo chinhu chinofanira kuremekedzwa uye kunzwisiswa. Vatyairi vendege vanopedza maawa asingaverengeki vachidzidza nezvemafambiro ayo, unyanzvi hwokugadzira kuti igone kurarama nokusiyana kwayo, uye kushandisa simba rayo kuvanakira.
Rwendo rwemunzvimbo ine simba remusikirwo iyi nderimwe rekugara uchidzidza uye kugadzirisa. Sezvo tekinoroji ichifambira mberi uye kunzwisisa kwedu kwemamiriro ekunze kunowedzera, nharaunda yezvendege inoenderera mberi nekugadzira nzira dzakasimba dzekufembera, kufamba, uye kuishandisa. Iko kuzvipira kusingadzoreki kune kunaka kunoita kuti matenga arambe ari nzvimbo yechengetedzo nemukana.
Kuvatyairi vendege, hachisi chipingamupinyi chete; chiyeuchidzo chinogara chiripo chehunyanzvi uye nemazvo anodiwa kukunda matenga. Nendege yega yega, vanoratidza kugona kwavo kushandisa simba, vachiishandura kubva padambudziko remamiriro ekunze kuita chinhu chakakosha muhunyanzvi hwekubhururuka.
Bata Florida Flyers Flight Academy Team nhasi pa (904) 209-3510 kuti udzidze zvakawanda nezve Private Pilot Ground School Course.
