Nhanganyaya kune Mhando dzeMakore
Denga riri pamusoro pedu i canvas ine simba, inogara ichishanduka uye ichishanduka nemaitiro anogara achichinja emakore. Kubva kune tambo dzakachena dzecirrus kusvika kune akareba maumbirwo emucumulus, kusiyana kwemhando dzemakore chiratidzo chekushanda kwakaoma kunzwisisa kwemhepo yedu. Kunzwisisa marudzi akasiyana-siyana emakore hakusi kungodzidza kunonakidza mukati mamiriro ekunze asi zvakare ine zvakakosha kune vatyairi vendege, zvikoro zvekubhururuka, uye vanoda mamiriro okunze zvakafanana.
Makore anoumbwa apo mhute yemvura iri mumhepo inomonereka kuita tudonhwe twuduku kana kuti tukristaro tweaizi, zvichiita kuti vanhu vakawanda vaonekwe zvinoratidzira nekuparadzira chiedza chezuva. Kuonekwa, kukwira, uye maitiro emakore aya anogona kupa ruzivo rwakakosha nezvemamiriro ekunze, mafambiro emhepo, uye anogona kuchinja mamiriro ekunze. Nekuziva mhando dzakasiyana dzemakore, vatyairi vendege vanogona kuita sarudzo dzine ruzivo nezve kuronga kwendege, kufamba, uye kuchengeteka, nepo zvikoro zvendege zvichigona kugadzirira vadzidzi vavo zviri nani mamiriro epasirese.
Mhando dzeMakore: Kukosha kune Vatyairi vendege uye Ndege Zvikoro
Kuziva mhando dzemakore hunyanzvi hwakakosha kune vatyairi vendege uye chinhu chakakosha chekudzidziswa kwendege kuzvikoro zvekubhururuka. Makore anopfuura kungoita zvinyoro-nyoro mudenga - anopa ruzivo rwakakosha nezvemamiriro ekunze uye njodzi dzinogona kuitika dzemamiriro ekunze. Nekunyatsoona mhando dzakasiyana dzemakore, vatyairi vendege vanogona kuita sarudzo dzine ruzivo dzinovimbisa kubhururuka kwakachengeteka uye kwakanaka. Ruzivo urwu rwakakosha pakufamba kuburikidza nekuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze uye kutarisira njodzi dzinogona kuitika dzinogona kukanganisa kuchengetedzeka kwendege nevanogara mairi.
Kune vatyairi vendege, kunzwisisa mhando dzemakore chikamu chakakosha chekudzidziswa kwavo kuzvikoro zvekubhururuka. Varairidzi vane ruzivo vanovatungamira kuburikidza nezvidzidzo zve theoretical uye maekisesaizi anoshanda, vachivadzidzisa kududzira akasiyana hunhu hweakasiyana magadzirirwo emakore. Kubva pashongwe cumulonimbus makore iyo inoratidza mabhanan'ana angangoita makore kumakore ane rima anoratidza mamiriro ekunze akanaka, mhando yega yega yegore inotaura nyaya nezvemamiriro ekunze. Nekugona ruzivo urwu, vatyairi vendege vanokudziridza kugona kuongorora uye kuronga mamiriro ekunze, vachiona kuti vakagadzirira kubata chero matambudziko angamuka panguva yavo yekubhururuka.
Zvakare, kuziva mhando dzakasiyana dzemakore kunoita basa rakakosha mukuronga kwendege nekuita sarudzo kune vatyairi vendege vane ruzivo. Nekuongorora maitiro emakore, vanogona kutarisira shanduko yemamiriro ekunze, kugadzirisa nzira dzavo zvinoenderana, uye kuita sarudzo dzine ruzivo nezvehurefu, kumhanya, uye kutonga kwemafuta. Hunyanzvi uhwu haungokwidziri kuchengetedzwa chete asiwo hunobatsira mukushanda zvakanaka, zvichideredza mukana wekunonoka kana kutsauka nekuda kwezviitiko zvekunze zvisingatarisirwi. Pakupedzisira, kugona kududzira mhando dzemakore hunyanzvi hwakakosha uhwo vatyairi vendege vanofanira kuramba vachikwenenzvera mumabasa avo ese, vachiona kuti vanokwanisa kufamba mumatenga nechivimbo uye nehunyanzvi.
Mhando dzeMakore: Basa reFAA muKuronga Kwemakore
The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) inoshanda sedare rine chiremera rinotarisira kumisikidza nekuchengetedza yakamisikidzwa sisitimu yekuisa makore mukati meindasitiri yezvendege. Nekupa nhungamiro dzakajeka uye tsananguro, iyo FAA inova nechokwadi chekuti vatyairi, vanodzora traffic mumhepo, uye dzimwe nyanzvi dzendege dzinogona kutaurirana zvinobudirira uye nemazvo nezvemhando dzemakore uye mamiriro ekunze anoenderana. Iyi yunifomu nzira yekuisa makore yakakosha mukusimudzira kuchengetedzwa nekubudirira mukufamba kwendege muUnited States.
Iyo FAA's Cloud classification system inotsanangurwa zvine hungwaru mune Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM), chitubu chakakwana chinodonongodza marudzi akasiyana-siyana emakore, maitiro awo, uye zvaanoreva pamashandiro endege. Bhuku rino rinoshanda sereferensi yakakosha yevatyairi vendege, varairidzi vendege, uye vadzidzi vekubhururuka nendege, zvichiita kuti vakwanise kukudziridza kunzwisisa kwakadzama kwemaumbirwo emakore uye kukosha kwawo mumeteorology yendege. Nekutevedzera nhungamiro yeFAA, vatyairi vendege vanogona kuita sarudzo dzine ruzivo maererano nekuronga ndege, mafambisirwo, uye njodzi dzinogona kuitika dzemamiriro ekunze zvichienderana nemhando dzemakore dzinoonekwa.
Uyezve, iyo FAA's cloud classification system inopindirana nemaitiro anozivikanwa pasi rose akagadzwa ne World Meteorological Organisation (WMO). Uku kuwirirana kunogonesa kuwirirana uye kutaurirana pasina musono pakati pevashandi vendege pasi rose, kufambisa mabasa ekuyambuka uye kuwedzera kuchengetedzwa kwendege pasi rese. Kuzvipira kweFAA kutora nekusimudzira mazinga anogamuchirwa pasi rose kunosimbisa kuzvipira kwayo kuchengetedza mwero wepamusoro wekuchengeteka uye kushanda zvakanaka muindasitiri yekubhururuka nendege, uku ichikurudzira kushandira pamwe nekushandira pamwe nemasangano endege dzepasi rose nemasangano anodzora.
Makore-Yepamusoro Makore: Cirrus, Cirrostratus, Cirrocumulus
Makore epamusoro-soro, anowanzo kuwanikwa pakakwirira pamusoro pe 20,000 mamita (6,000 mamita), anoumbwa nekristaro echando uye anowanzobatanidzwa nemamiriro ekunze akanaka. Makore aya anosanganisira:
cirrus: Makore akangwara, ane minhenga akafanana nemiswe yebhiza kana tambo dzakatetepa, dzakamonana. Makore eCirrus anoumbwa nemakristasi echando uye kazhinji ndiwo chiratidzo chekutanga chekuuya kunodziya kumberi.
Cirrostratus: Chidzitiro chakatetepa, chakapararira chemakore chinokwanisa kuburitsa maruva akatenderedza zuva kana mwedzi. Makore aya anowanzo kutangira kusvika kwenzvimbo dzinodziya uye anogona kuratidza kusvika kwekunaya kwemvura.
Cirrocumulus: Madiki, akatenderedzwa kana maburi akaita semakwande ehove. Makore e Cirrocumulus anowanzo onekwa mumamiriro ekunze akanaka uye anogona kuratidza kusvika kwekudziya kwekumberi.
Mid-Level Makore: Altostratus, Altocumulus, Nimbostratus
Makore epakati-mwero, anowanzo kuwanikwa pakati pe6,500 ne20,000 tsoka (2,000 kusvika 6,000 metres), anoumbwa nemadonhwe emvura kana musanganiswa wemadonhwe emvura uye makristasi echando. Makore aya anosanganisira:
Altostratus: Makore ane pfumbu kana kuti bluish-grey anogona kuvhara denga rose. Makore eAltostratus anowanzo buritsa kunaya kwechiedza uye anogona kuratidza kusvika kweinodziya kumberi.
Altocumulus: Yakatenderedzwa, masaisai ane fluffy kana mikunguru yemakore inogona kufanana nekuonekwa kwemasaisai kana makwande ehove. Makore eAltocumulus anowanzoonekwa mumamiriro ekunze akanaka asi anogona zvakare kutangira kusvika kwekudziya kwekumberi.
Nimbostratus: Makore gobvu, akasviba kuti ndoo anounza kunaya kwakadzikama, semvura kana sinou. Makore eNimbostratus anowanzo kubatanidzwa nemhepo inodziya uye anogona kuunza nguva yakareba yekunaya.
Makore Akaderera: Stratus, Stratocumulus, Cumulus
Makore ane mwero wakaderera, anowanzo kuwanikwa ari pasi pe 6,500 tsoka (2,000 metres), anoumbwa nemadonhwe emvura uye anogona kukanganisa zvakanyanya kuoneka uye mamiriro ekunze pedyo nepamusoro. Makore aya anosanganisira:
stratus: Makore akati sandara, ane pfumbu anogona kufukidza denga rose uye anowanzo budisa mvura inonaya kana mhute. Makore eStratus anowanzo kubatanidzwa nemhute uye anogona kuderedza kuoneka zvakanyanya.
Stratocumulus: Zvimedu zvakadzikira kana zvigamba zvemakore zvingaita segumbeze rine mapundu kana patani yezinga reuchi. Makore eStratocumulus anowanzo kubatanidzwa nemamiriro ekunze akanaka asi anogonawo kuburitsa kunaya kwemvura.
Cumulus: Fluffy, chena, uye kazhinji kacho cauliflower-shape makore anogona kukura akatwasuka. Makore eCumulus anowanzoonekwa pamazuva emamiriro ekunze akanaka uye anogona kuratidza mukana wekukura kwemabhanan'ana kana akareba uye akasimudzwa.
Vertical Development Clouds: Cumulonimbus
Gore recumulonimbus igore rakareba, rakasimudzwa uye rinokwanisa kusvika kureba zvinodarika 60,000 feet (18,000 metres). Makore aya ane chekuita nemabhanan’ana uye anogona kuburitsa kunaya kwemvura, mhepo ine simba, mheni, uye kunyange chamupupuri.
Makore eCumulonimbus anowanzo kuve nepamusoro-soro, akaumbwa nekupararira kwechikamu chepamusoro chegore nekuda kwemhepo yakakwirira-yakakwirira. Vatyairi vendege uye zvikoro zvendege vanonyatso tarisisa kukudziridzwa uye kufamba kwemakore ecumulonimbus, sezvo vachigona kuunza njodzi dzakakura kundege uye zvinoda kunyatsofamba kana kudzokororwa.
Mazano eKuziva Mhando dzeMakore
Nepo kuzivikanwa kwegore kuchigona kunetsa, kune akati wandei matipi uye matekiniki anogona kubatsira mukuziva mhando dzakasiyana dzemakore:
Tarisa urefu: Kukwirira panoonekwa gore kunogona kupa ruzivo rwakakosha nezverudzi rwaro. Makore epamusoro-soro anowanzo kuwanikwa pamusoro pemamita 20,000, makore epakati-soro ari pakati pe 6,500 ne 20,000 tsoka, uye makore epasi-pasi pasi pe 6,500 tsoka.
Cherechedza kutaridzika kwegore: Nyatsocherechedza chimiro, magadzirirwo, uye ruvara rwemakore. Makore eCirrus ane wispy uye ane minhenga, ukuwo cumulus makore ane fluffy uye cauliflower yakaita. Ruvara rwemakore runogonawo kuratidza kuumbwa kwawo, nemakore echando ekristaro achionekwa akachena uye makore emvura anodonha achiratidzika kuchena kana kusviba.
Funga nezvemamiriro ekunze: Dzimwe mhando dzemakore dzinowanzobatanidzwa nemamiriro ekunze chaiwo kana masystem epamberi. Semuyenzaniso, makore ecirrostratus anogona kuratidza kusvika kwenzvimbo inodziya yekumberi, nepo makore enimbostratus achiwanzobatanidzwa nekunaya kwakadzikama.
Ona kukura kwegore: Tarisa kushanduka uye kusimukira kwakamira kwemakore, sezvo izvi zvichigona kupa ruzivo rwekugona kwawo kwekunaya kwemvura kana mamiriro ekunze akaipa. Kukura nekukurumidza cumulonimbus makore, semuenzaniso, anogona kuratidza mukana wekutinhira.
Mhando dzeMakore: Zvishandiso uye Zvishandiso zveVatyairi vendege uye Ndege Zvikoro
Kuwedzera hunyanzvi hwekuzivikanwa kwegore uye kugara uine ruzivo nezvemamiriro ekunze, vatyairi vendege uye zvikoro zvekubhururuka vanogona kukwirisa maturusi akasiyana uye zviwanikwa:
Aviation Weather Reports: Mishumo yemamiriro ekunze endege, yakadai seMETAR (Meteorological Aerodrome Report) uye TAF (Terminal Aerodrome Forecast), inopa ruzivo rwakadzama nezvemhando dzemakore, kureba, uye mamiriro ekunze ane hukama panhandare dzendege kana nzvimbo.
Mufananidzo weSatellite: Mifananidzo yesatellite inogona kupa maonero akajeka pamusoro pemafuti nemagadzirirwo emakore, zvichibvumira vatyairi vendege uye vanoongorora mamiriro ekunze kuti vatarise mafambiro nekuvandudzwa kwemafu system pamusoro penzvimbo huru.
Radar Data: Mamiriro ekunze radar data inogona kuona uye kuratidza nzvimbo uye kusimba kwekunaya kwemvura kwakabatana nemhando dzakasiyana dzemakore, zvichibatsira kuronga ndege uye kuita sarudzo.
Aviation Weather Briefings: Mamiriro ekunze emamiriro ekunze ehunyanzvi, anopihwa nevanoziva nezvemamiriro ekunze kana masevhisi emamiriro ekunze endege, anopa ongororo yakazara yemamiriro ekunze azvino uye akafanofembera, kusanganisira mhando dzemakore uye zvazvinoita pamashandiro endege.
Cloud Identification Guides uye Zvishandiso zvekudzidzisa: Zvikoro zvendege nemasangano endege anowanzo kupa madhiraivha ekuzivikanwa kwegore, mabhuku ekudzidzisa, uye zviwanikwa zvinodyidzana kubatsira vatyairi vendege nevadzidzi kudzidza nekusimbisa ruzivo rwavo rwemhando dzemakore uye mamiriro ekunze anoenderana.
mhedziso
Kuziva nekunzwisisa mhando dzakasiyana dzemakore hunyanzvi hwakakosha kune vatyairi vendege, zvikoro zvekubhururuka, uye chero munhu anofarira mamiriro ekunze uye nendege. Nekugona kuzivikanwa kwegore, vatyairi vendege vanogona kuita sarudzo dzine ruzivo nezve kuronga kwendege, kufamba, uye kuchengeteka, nepo zvikoro zvendege zvichigona kugadzirira vadzidzi vazvo zvirinani mamiriro epasirese.
Kubva kune wispy cirrus kusvika kune yakakwirira cumulonimbus, yega yega gore rinopa yakasarudzika kupenya mukushanda kwakaoma kwemhepo yedu. Nekutarisa makore mapatani, urefu, uye akabatana mamiriro ekunze, vatyairi vendege uye nyanzvi dzendege vanogona kuramba vari pamberi penjodzi dzinogona kuitika uye kuona mashandiro akachengeteka uye anoshanda.
Kana uri mutyairi wendege kana shuviro yemutyairi wendege uchitsvaga kusimudzira hunyanzvi hwako hwekuzivikanwa gore, funga kunyoresa Florida Flyers Flight Academy's chirongwa chakakwana chekudzidzisa ndege. Vadzidzisi vedu vane ruzivo vanokutungamirira kuburikidza nemhando dzakasiyana dzemakore, maitiro avo, uye zvaanoreva pakushanda kwendege. Nemaoko-pamaekisesaizi uye chaiwo-epasirese mamiriro, iwe uchawana kusatya uye nehunyanzvi hunodiwa kufamba mumatenga nechivimbo.
Bata Florida Flyers Flight Academy Team nhasi pa (904) 209-3510 kuti udzidze zvakawanda nezve Private Pilot Ground School Course.
