Ukuguqulwa Kwegumbi Lokuhlala Ngengilazi: Umhlahlandlela Owusizo Wabashayeli Bezindiza

Ukushintsha kwe-cockpit yengilazi akuyona into yokusunduza izinkinobho. Kungushintsho endleleni oskena ngayo, indlela ophatha ngayo ukunaka, kanye nendlela ocabanga ngayo ngokwehluleka. Abashayeli bezindiza abakuphatha njengokuhlola imishini bavame ukufunda amamenyu bese bephuthelwa yi-logic yesistimu. Abashayeli bezindiza abakuphatha njengokuqeqeshwa okuhlelekile bagcina benokuskena abangakwethemba lapho isibonisi siziphatha kabi. Lo mhlahlandlela uhlanganisa ukuthi yini ngempela eshintshayo, indlela yokuziqeqesha, ukuthi yimaphi amahora okulingisa abawabalayo, kanye nendlela yokukhetha uhlelo olufanele kanye nemiyalelo.

TL; DR

• Ingxenye enzima iwukuqonda, hhayi okokusebenza: usuka ekufundeni izinaliti ngazinye uye ekuchazeni amatheyiphu ahlanganisiwe, amamephu kanye nohlelo ngenkathi usabheka ngaphandle.
• The Ucwaningo lokuphepha lwe-NTSB lwango-2010 akutholanga ukuthuthuka kwesilinganiso sezingozi esilinganiswayo ezindizeni ezilula ezifakwe ingilazi, yingakho ukuqeqeshwa kubaluleke kakhulu kunehadiwe.
• I-FAA isikisela ukuzijwayeza nomfundisi wakho cishe kabili ngesonto ngesikhathi sokushintsha, endaweni yakho yokusebenza.
• Amadivayisi okuqeqesha avunyelwe yi-FAA kuphela akhiqiza isikhathi esingabhalwa phansi. I-simulator yedeskithophu iyindlela enhle kakhulu kodwa ayibalwa yodwa.
• Ukuguqula ngesandla kanye nezinqubo ezingavamile kuqala; yilapho ubunzima bokubonisa buba yingozi khona.

Okuqukethwe

• Yini eshintshayo ngempela uma ushiya iphakethe lesithupha
• I-cockpit yengilazi uma iqhathaniswa namaphaneli endabuko
• Qala ngengqondo: aviate kuqala
• Funda ukwakheka kwesistimu, hhayi amamenyu kuphela
• Indlela yokuziqeqesha ukuze uphumelele ekushintsheni i-cockpit yengilazi
• Izingibe ezivamile ngesikhathi sokuguquka
• Yisiphi isikhathi sokulingisa esibalelwa ekuqeqeshweni kwakho
• Ukukhetha uhlelo lwe-cockpit yengilazi kanye nemiyalelo
• Umbono wethu: ukuguquka kuyikhono lomsebenzi
• Lapho izinhlelo zethu zifanela khona
• Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa
• Imithombo

Yini eshintshayo ngempela uma ushiya iphakethe lesithupha

Ephepheni, ingilazi ibukeka njengento elula. Izinsimbi eziyisithupha eziyindilinga ziba yisikrini esisodwa noma ezimbili, imephu ehambayo ihlezi phambi kwakho, futhi i-autopilot ivame ukuba sezinkinobho ezimbalwa. Empeleni, ulwazi lufana, kodwa isethulo salo nendlela okufanele uluphathe ngayo kuhlukile.

Iyaskena. Ngama-gauge omusi uhlola ama-dial ahlukene bese wakha isithombe ngokwakho. Esibukweni sokuqala sokundiza, isivinini somoya kanye nokuphakama kuyi-tapes eqondile, isimo sigcwalisa ingemuva, futhi izitayela zidwetshwa ngawe. Umhlahlandlela we-Kitplanes wokushintsha kwengilazi ichaza ugibe oluvamile lokuqala: ukuphishekela izinombolo zedijithali kanye nokulawula ngokweqile iphimbo esikhundleni sokubamba isimo sengqondo sephimbo, noma ukugxilisa amehlo esibukweni nokulahlekelwa ukuqaphela isimo.

Ukunakwa. I-FAA Isiqondiso Sokuqeqeshwa Kokuguquka iqhathanisa ushintsho nokushintsha kusuka emotweni ezenzakalelayo kuya ekushintsheni kwenduku: kuseyimoto, kodwa kumele wazi ukuthi ungayisebenzisa kanjani into entsha. Ikhono langempela ukugcina ukuskena kwangaphandle okubonakalayo ngenkathi uphatha ulwazi oluhlanganisiwe esikrinini.

Ukuzenzekelayo. Izindlela zokuqondisa izindiza ezizenzakalelayo nezendiza zengeza ungqimba amaphaneli e-analog ayengavamile ukuba nalo. Kumelwe wazi ukuthi uhlelo lwenzani, kungani, nokuthi ungalubuyisela kanjani emuva.

Ukuziphatha kokwehluleka. Igeyiji ehlulekile ku-six-pack iyigeyiji eyodwa ehlulekile. Isibonisi esihlulekile, inzwa noma umthombo wedatha kuphaneli yengilazi kungashintsha lokho okubonayo ezindaweni eziningana ngesikhathi esisodwa, futhi impendulo efanele incike ekuqondeni ukwakheka kwayo.

I-cockpit yengilazi uma iqhathaniswa namaphaneli endabuko

Abashayeli bezindiza bavame ukubuza ukuthi ingilazi ingcono yini. Ingcono kwezinye izinto futhi ifuna okwengeziwe kuwe kwezinye.

Izinzuzo zengilazi zingokoqobo: ukuvezwa okucacile, isimo sezulu esihlanganisiwe kanye nendawo, kanye nokuhlelwa okuhambisanayo kuzo zonke izindiza. Kodwa ucwaningo lwe-NTSB olucashunwe ngenhla luthole ukuthi izindiza ezifakwe ingilazi azibonisanga ukuthuthuka okulinganiselwe emazingeni ezingozi ezijwayelekile uma kuqhathaniswa nalezo ezifakwe i-analog. Ucwaningo luphawula ukuthi lezi zindiza zazivame ukundiza ngomshayeli oyedwa, ohambweni olude, kanye nasezinhlelweni zezindiza ze-IFR, ngakho-ke ukuqhathanisa akulula. Isifundo esiwusizo yilesi i-NTSB ngokwayo esibonisa: ukuboniswa okungcono akuthathi indawo yokuqeqeshwa, futhi ithuluzi lihle kuphela uma umshayeli eqonda ngalo.

Qala ngengqondo: aviate kuqala

Indinganiso ewusizo kakhulu kunoma yiluphi uhlelo lokushintsha yileyo endala kunazo zonke: hamba, zulazula, xhumana, ngaleyo ndlela. Zonke izikrini, ikhasi kanye nemodi zikhona ukuze zifeze leyo misebenzi emithathu. Uma isibonisi siba nzima kakhulu, awuqali ukuxazulula izinkinga ze-avionics. Undiza indiza, bese ubuyela ekucushweni kwesikrini okwaziwayo.

Yingakho sitshela abafundi ukuthi bakhe imikhuba emithathu ngaphambi kokuthinta izici ezithuthukisiwe:

1. Bamba isimo sengqondo, bese uqinisekisa ngamatheyipu. I-pitch kanye namandla kusetha ukusebenza; izinombolo ziyakuqinisekisa lokho.
2. Yazi isikrini sakho sasekhaya. Ungakwazi ukubuyela ekucushweni okulula nokujwayelekile ngokushesha, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi wawukuphi ikhasi.
3. Kafushane ngokwehluleka ngaphambi kokuba indiza iqale. Nquma kusengaphambili ukuthi uzokwenzani uma isibonisi noma umthombo wedatha uphuma.

Funda ukwakheka kwesistimu, hhayi amamenyu kuphela

I-NTSB ixwayisa ngokuthi ukujwayelana namamenyu ezikrini kulula ukuphambanisa nobuchwepheshe bendiza. Ucwaningo lwayo lokuphepha lugcizelela ukuthi izinqubo eziphuthumayo akusona isikhathi sokufunda i-logic yesistimuNgakho-ke ngaphambi kohambo lokuqala lokundiza, kufanele ukwazi ukuchaza, ngaphandle kwesikrini esiphambi kwakho:

• Kuvelaphi isimo sengqondo, isihloko kanye nedatha yomoya, nokuthi kwenzekani esibukweni lapho umthombo ngamunye wehluleka.
• Indlela ama-avionics asebenza ngayo kanye nalokho okunikezwa yizinsimbi zokusekela kanye namandla okusekela.
• Lokho okwenziwa yimodi ngayinye yokuzenzakalela, okushiwo ukumemezela, nokuthi unganqamula kanjani.
• Indlela okusetshenziswa ngayo ikhodi yombala, izexwayiso kanye nezimpawu zendawo noma zethrafikhi.

Lona ugibe "lwebhokisi elimnyama": ukuthembela esikrinini kukho konke ngaphandle kokwazi ukuthi kungani sibonisa lokho esikubonisayo. Abashayeli bezindiza abakugwemayo bafunda i-logic ngokungathi sína njengezinkinobho.

Indlela yokuziqeqesha ukuze uphumelele ekushintsheni i-cockpit yengilazi

Isiqondiso se-FAA mayelana nokuqeqeshwa kokushintsha sincoma ishejuli ehlelekile kanye nezihloko zokufunda ezijwayelekile: imikhawulo yokusebenza njengesisindo kanye nebhalansi kanye nesivinini somoya, izinqubo ezingavamile neziphuthumayo, kanye nemikhawulo yokusebenza ethile ohlelweni. Siphakamisa futhi ukuzijwayeza nomfundisi wakho. cishe kabili ngesonto, ngoba amakhono ayaphela ngokushesha phakathi kwezikhathi lapho isikhombikubona sisisha.

Uchungechunge olunengqondo lubukeka kanje:

1. Ucwaningo oluyisisekelo lwesistimu. Funda umhlahlandlela womshayeli wendiza ukuze uthole i-avionics suite yakho kanye nesengezo sendiza yakho. Funda ngemikhawulo ngaphambi kwezici.
2. Umkhuba wenqubo phansi. Sebenzisa umqeqeshi wedeskithophu noma i-simulator yomenzi ukuze uzilolonge ukuqala, ukufaka uhlelo lwendiza, izindlela kanye nokushintsha imodi. Lokhu kuncane ukucindezeleka futhi kushibhile.
3. Umsebenzi wezindiza oyisisekelo endizeni. Iqondile futhi ileveli, ijika, ikhuphuka futhi yehla isebenzisa amatheyipu, bese indiza kancane futhi imise ngesethulo esisha.
4. Ukuzulazula kanye nokwenza izinto ngokuzenzakalela. Izinguquko zohlelo lokundiza oluqondile, izindlela zokushayela ngokuzenzakalela kanye nezindlela ezihlangene, njalo nohlelo lokuthatha izintambo ngesandla.
5. Okungavamile. Ukwehluleka kokubonisa, ukulahlekelwa umthombo wedatha, ukubuyela kumathuluzi okusekelayo, kanye nokubuyela esikrinini esilula.
6. Ukuzijwayeza ukufeza izinhloso. Thuthukisa izinombolo zakho zokusebenza kanye nezilinganiso zakho zokusebenza ezilinganiselwe endaweni yakho yokusebenza.

Umsebenzi wezemfundo ngalesi sihloko ukhomba indlela efanayo. Ucwaningo mayelana nokunyakaza kwe-analog-to-digital lubonisa ukuthi ukwehla kokusebenza kwasekuqaleni kuhlobene ne-interface entsha kunokuba kube nomsebenzi omningi, okusho ukuthi uhlelo olusemthethweni lusiza ukwehla kokusebenza kudlule ngokushesha. Phatha noma yikuphi ukwehla emahoreni akho okuqala njengokujwayelekile, bese uhlela uhlelo oluzungezile esikhundleni sokuthemba ukuthi uzodlula kulo.

Izingibe ezivamile ngesikhathi sokuguquka

• Ukulungisa esibukweni. Uma ungakhumbuli ukuthi wagcina nini ukubheka ngaphandle, ukuskena kuphelile. Yakha inqubo yokubheka ngamabomu.
• Ukujaha izinombolo. Bamba isimo sephimbo, bese uhlola amatheyiphu.
• Ukuqhekeka kwesici. Ukufunda ikhasi ngalinye ngaphambi kokufunda izinqubo zokwehluleka. Guqula lokho kuhleleka.
• Ukuthembela ngokweqile ezenzakalelayo. I-autopilot iyithuluzi; uhlala unesibopho sendlela yendiza.
• Ukuzijwayeza okungajwayelekile. Iseshini eyodwa ngenyanga ngeke ibambe iphethini entsha yokuskena.
• Uma sicabanga ukuthi i-suite eyodwa ilingana nenye. Izakhiwo ziyafana kuzo zonke izinhlelo, kodwa izindlela, imikhawulo kanye nokuziphatha kokuhluleka kuyahluka. Hlola ngayinye.

Yisiphi isikhathi sokulingisa esibalelwa ekuqeqeshweni kwakho

Abashayeli bezindiza bavame ukucabanga ukuthi amahora okulingisa indiza yasekhaya angabhalwa phansi. Abakwazi, ngaphandle kokuthi idivayisi ivunyelwe. Isekhula Sezeluleko se-FAA 61-136B, ikhredithi yezitifiketi kanye nezilinganiso idinga idivayisi yokuqeqesha yezindiza eyisisekelo noma ethuthukisiwe evunyelwe yi-FAA (i-BATD noma i-AATD), futhi kufanele uqinisekise incwadi yokugunyaza yedivayisi kanye nesimo samanje ngaphambi kokubhalisa noma yini. Isofthiwe yedeskithophu yabathengi isabalulekile ekuzijwayezeni ukugeleza kanye nokulandelana kwezinkinobho, kodwa kuwumkhuba, hhayi isikhathi sokubhalisa.

Ngokuqeqeshwa kwezinsimbi zeNgxenye 141, imikhawulo icacile. Ngokusho kwe- Isifinyezo se-LegalClarity semithetho yeNgxenye 141, kufika ku-40% wamahora okuqeqesha aphelele angaba ku-FTD noma ku-AATD, ikhredithi ye-BATD inqunyelwe ku-10%, futhi wonke amadivayisi ahlanganisiwe awakwazi ukudlula u-50% wamahora esifundo. Leso sakhiwo singenye yezizathu ezenza uhlelo lweSigaba 141 lube ikhaya lemvelo lokuqeqeshwa kwengilazi: amadivayisi avunyiwe akhelwe ngaphakathi kwesifundo kunokuba aboshwe. Uma ulinganisa imizila emibili, iziqondiso zethu zokuthi Ingxenye 141 uma kuqhathaniswa neNgxenye 61 futhi ukuthi iNgxenye 141 isho ukuthini chaza umehluko, kanye nekhasi lethu ku- amahora okulingisa izinsimbi ihlanganisa indlela ikhredithi esebenza ngayo ngokoqobo. Ukuze uthole udaba olubanzi lokulingisa, bheka izinzuzo zokuqeqeshwa kwe-flight simulator.

Ukukhetha uhlelo lwe-cockpit yengilazi kanye nemiyalelo

Uma uqasha noma uthenga, uhlelo olufanele yilolo ozoqeqesha kulo futhi undiza njalo. Sebenzisa lezi zindlela:

• Ukutholakala kwemfundo. Uhlelo olunomqeqeshi oqeqeshiwe kanye nomqeqeshi ovunyiwe eduze ludlula uhlelo olungcono ngokwengqondo ngaphandle kokusekelwa.
• Isimo Ukundiza endaweni efanayo ngokuphindaphindiwe kwakha ikhono ngokushesha kunokweqa phakathi kwezakhiwo.
• Isipele kanye nokuguqulwa. Yazi ukuthi izindiza zinaziphi izinsimbi ezilindile, amandla kanye nemithombo yedatha, bese uziqeqesha kuzo.
• Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-Autopilot. Uma undiza nge-IFR, qinisekisa ukuthi i-autopilot kanye nomqondisi wendiza bayingxenye yokukhokhwa, hhayi ukucabanga kamuva.
• Umsebenzi wakho. Ukushintshela endizeni ye-VFR kuthatha isikhathi esincane kunokuqeqeshwa kokusetshenziswa kwe-IFR. Nquma umgomo wakho kuqala, bese uhlanganisa ukuqeqeshwa.

Ukuze uthole imiyalelo, funa uhlelo lokufundisa kunochungechunge lwezindiza ezingahleliwe, umfundisi okhululekile ukwehluleka kokufundisa kanye nezici, kanye nokufinyelela kudivayisi yokuqeqesha evunyelwe ukuze amahora okuzijwayeza nawo abe ngamahora okubhalwa phansi.

Umbono wethu: ukuguquka kuyikhono lomsebenzi

Siqeqesha abashayeli bezindiza bezentengiselwano, futhi cishe wonke umfundi ongena kufanele asebenzise kahle ingilazi ngaphambi kokuba afike enkampanini yezindiza. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uqale ngama-steam gauges futhi uyathuthuka, noma ufunde ngengilazi futhi ubuyela emuva ku-analog ukuze uqashe, isiyalo siyafana: ndiza indiza, uqonde ukwakheka kwayo, bese uzijwayeza ukwehluleka ngaphambi kokuba kwenzeke.

Esikubonayo ukuthi abafundi abaphatha ingilazi njengohlelo okufanele luqondwe, kunokuba kube isikrini okufanele sisetshenziswe, badlula ezindleleni zokuhlola ngaphandle kokucindezeleka okuncane futhi bathwale lowo mkhuba emsebenzini wezinjini eziningi kanye nezindiza. Ukulinganisa imitha ye-Hobbs nakho kuyindlela yesabelomali, ngakho ukulungiselela okuhlelekile kubalulekile ngokwezimali: ukufika esifundweni ngasinye ngemuva kokuzijwayeza ukuhamba komqeqeshi ovunyelwe noma wedeskithophu kusho ukuthi ihora lendiza lichithwa ekundizeni, hhayi ekutholeni amakhasi.

Iseluleko sethu silula. Hlela umkhuba njalo, funda ukwehluleka ngaphambi kwezici, bese ugcizelela umfundisi ozokuvumela ukuthi usebenze ngezingxenye ezingakhululekile. Ubuchwepheshe lapha buvela ekuziphatheni kahle, hhayi ekhwalithini yesibonisi.

— uRainer

Lapho izinhlelo zethu zifanela khona

E-Florida Flyers Flight Academy, ikhono lokusebenza e-cockpit ngengilazi liyingxenye yendlela eya emsebenzini wobungcweti. ikhasi lokuqeqesha i-cockpit yengilazi ichaza umzila wamasonto ayi-8 ukusuka ekusebenzeni kwedeskithophu kuya ku-AATD yabashayeli bezindiza base-US. Uma wakhela ezinkampanini zezindiza, i- Uhlelo Lwesikole Sendiza Yendiza Yentengo Engaguquki ishicilelwe ngo-$85,900 ngesikhathi esisodwa, kanti Uhlelo lwe-US Airline Pilot Career Programme ngo-$49,950 ngesikhathi esisodwa. Ukuze uthole izilinganiso endleleni, bheka eyethu uhlelo lokuqeqesha isilinganiso sezinsimbi kanye nohlu oluphelele lwe izifundo zokuqeqesha umshayeli.

Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa

Kuthatha isikhathi esingakanani ukushintsha i-cockpit yengilazi?

Kuncike ohlelweni, ulwazi lwakho kanye nokuthi uzondiza i-IFR yini. Ukushintshela ekusebenziseni i-VFR kuthatha isikhathi esincane kakhulu kunokuqeqeshwa kwe-IFR, lapho imisebenzi yokushayela indiza ngokuzenzakalelayo kanye nendlela yokusebenza idlala khona. Esikhundleni sokuhlose inani elinqunyiwe lamahora, hlose izinga: ungandiza indiza ngesimo, usebenzise uhlelo ngaphandle kokulungisa, futhi uphathe ukwehluleka kokubonisa ngokuthula.

Ingabe i-cockpit yengilazi iphephile kunezinsimbi zomculo zendabuko?

Hhayi ngokuzenzakalelayo. Ucwaningo lwe-NTSB Akutholanga ukuthuthuka okulinganiselwe emazingeni ezingozi ezijwayelekile zezindiza ezilula ezifakwe ingilazi. Izibonisi zinikeza ulwazi olungcono, kodwa inzuzo yokuphepha incike ekuqeqeshweni, ikakhulukazi ezimweni eziphuthumayo kanye nokuphathwa okuzenzakalelayo.

Ngingakwazi yini ukubhalisa isikhathi ku-simulator yendiza yedeskithophu?

Kuphela uma idivayisi iyi-BATD noma i-AATD evunyelwe yi-FAA enencwadi yokugunyazwa evumelekile, njengoba kuchaziwe ku I-AC 61-136BIsofthiwe yedeskithophu yabathengi iwusizo ezinqubweni zokuzijwayeza kodwa ayikhiqizi isikhathi esibhalwe phansi ngokwayo.

Kufanele ngizijwayeze kangaki ngesikhathi sokushintsha?

I-FAA isiqondiso sokuqeqeshwa kokuguquka Kusikisela ukuzijwayeza nomfundisi wakho cishe kabili ngesonto. Izikhathi ezimfushane ezivamile zisiza iphethini entsha yokuskena ukuthi ihlale, futhi ukuzijwayeza phansi nge-simulator kugcwalisa izikhala phakathi kwezindiza.

Yiliphi iphutha elikhulu elenziwa abashayeli bezindiza ngokuya engilazini?

Ukuphatha njengokufunda ukuthi izinkinobho zikuphi. Ukwehluleka okuvamile ukugxilisa amehlo esibukweni, ukuphishekela izinombolo zedijithali, kanye nokwazi amamenyu ngaphandle kokwazi i-logic yesistimu. Funda ukwehluleka nokubuyela emuva ngaphambi kwezici ezithuthukisiwe.

Imithombo

• I-NTSB: Ukwethulwa kwe-Glass Cockpit Avionics ezindizeni ezilula
• I-FAA: Ukuqeqeshwa Kokuguquka
• Izindiza zeKitplanes: Zulazula Ushintsho Lwengilazi
• I-FAA AC 61-136B: Amadivayisi Okuqeqesha Ezindiza
• I-LegalClarity: Izidingo Zokulinganisa Izinsimbi, Izindleko, Nokuqeqeshwa

Kunconywe

• Ukuqeqeshwa Kwegumbi Lokuhlala Ngengilazi Lamaviki Ayi-8 Kwabashayeli Bezindiza Base-US: Ideskithophu kuya ku-AATD
• Ukwenza Izinqumo ze-Cockpit: #1 Ultimate Guide on The Science
• I-Aircraft Cockpit: Okubalulekile Okubalulekile Kwezindiza Eziyisi-7 Ezingcono Kakhulu