Shintsha Amaphiko Emahoreni Ama-5 Kuya Kwayi-10: Izinto Ezibalulekile Zephiko Eliphezulu vs Eliphansi Kwabashayeli Bezindiza

Amaphiko aphezulu alengisa i-fuselage ngaphansi kwe-airfoil, enikeza abashayeli bezindiza umbono ocacile womhlaba, uphethiloli odonswa amandla adonsela phansi, kanye nokuziphatha okunonya endaweni evulekile. Amaphiko aphansi aphakama ngaphansi kwekhabhini, eshintsha ukubonakala kanye nokususwa komhlaba ukuze kube nokusebenza kahle kohambo lokuhamba ngesikebhe, impendulo ebukhali yokugoqa, kanye nokufinyelela kalula kwenjini. Akukho zilungiselelo eziphumelelayo: abashayeli bezindiza basehlathini kanye nabafundisi bezindiza bathanda amaphiko aphezulu, kuyilapho abagibeli bezindiza abahamba ngezinyawo kanye nabaqeqeshi abaningi bezindiza bethanda amaphiko aphansi.

TL; DR:

• Amaphiko aphezulu avumela ukuhlolwa kukaphethiloli okulula phansi futhi ahlinzeke ngokuqina kwe-pendulum, okunikeza amatafula athambile kanye nokufika okubikezelwayo.
• Amaphiko aphansi enza kube lula ukufaka uphethiloli ngokushesha, ukuphendula okubukhali kokugoqa, kanye nokususwa komhlaba okungcono ukuze kusebenze kahle ezindaweni ezimazombezombe.
• Ukushintsha phakathi kwezinhlobo zamaphiko ngokuvamile kuthatha amahora ama-5 kuya kwayi-10 okuzijwayeza okuzinikele, lapho ukuchayeka kusenesikhathi ekuqeqeshweni kusiza intuthuko yomsebenzi.
• Ukukhetha iphiko kuncike emsebenzini: amaphiko aphezulu afanela ukundiza nokubuka ehlathini, kuyilapho amaphiko aphansi ezuzisa ukusebenza kahle kokunqamula izwe kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezentengiselwano.
• Abashayeli bezindiza kufanele bashayele zombili lezi zindlela ngaphambi kokuphothula umbono, bagxile ezinhlotsheni zemikhumbi abahlose ukuyijoyina noma ukuyisebenzisa ngobungcweti.

Okuqukethwe

• Iphiko Eliphezulu Neliphansi: Umehluko Wokwakheka Okuyinhloko Nezinhlelo
• I-Aerodynamics: Ukuzinza, Umphumela Womhlabathi, Nokuziphatha Kokumisa
• Ukundiza Nokunakekela Uhlobo Lwamaphiko Usuku Nosuku
• Ukufanisa Uhlobo Lwephiko Nomsebenzi
• Kusho ukuthini Ukukhetha Iphiko Kumugqa Wakho Wokuqeqeshwa
• Ukukhetha Iphiko Akukhona Mayelana Nemibono, Kumayelana Nomsebenzi
• Imithombo
• Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa

Iphiko Eliphezulu Neliphansi: Umehluko Wokwakheka Okuyinhloko Nezinhlelo

Umehluko uncike esinqumweni esisodwa sokwakheka: ingabe iphiko linamathela ngaphezu kophahla lwekhabhinethi noma ngaphansi kwephansi? Lokho kukhetha okukodwa kungena ekuqondisweni kokuhamba kukaphethiloli, ukwakheka kwegiya lokufika, ngisho nendlela olayisha ngayo imithwalo.

Endizeni enamaphiko aphezulu njengeCessna 172, iphiko lihlala ngaphezu kwe-fuselage, futhi amathangi kaphethiloli ahlala ngaphakathi kwephiko ngokwalo, ngaphezu kwenjini. Amandla adonsela phansi adonsela uphethiloli phansi ohlelweni lwe-carburetor noma uhlelo lokujova uphethiloli ngaphandle kwepompo elenza umsebenzi. Izindiza ezinamaphiko aphansi ziphendula leyo geometry. Amathangi ahlala ekuphakameni kwenjini noma ngaphansi kwayo, ngakho-ke injini ivame ukuncika kumaphampu kaphethiloli kagesi noma aqhutshwa yinjini ukuze asunduze uphethiloli phezulu, okwengeza ukuxhumana komshini phakathi kwakho nenjini esebenzayo.

Lowo mehluko phakathi kwesistimu kaphethiloli uyabonakala ngesikhathi uhambahamba ngaphambi kokundiza. Izindiza ezinamaphiko aphezulu zikuvumela ukuthi uhlole inani likaphethiloli futhi ukhiphe amanzi angaphansi komhlaba usendaweni yokuma eduze kwempande yephiko, yize ukuvala amathangi kuvame ukusho ukukhwela ileli noma ukunyathela ithayi ukuze ufinyelele esivalweni sokugcwalisa. Izindiza ezinamaphiko aphansi ziguqula indlela ojwayele ukuyenza ngayo: ukugcwalisa kulula kusukela phansi, kodwa ukuhlola amanzi angaphansi komhlaba kusho ukugoba noma ukufinyelela phansi kwephiko, abashayeli bezindiza abasebenzisa i-movement babize ngokuthi “ukuhamba kwedada,” ngokusho kuka- I-AOPA.

Ukunamathiselwa kwegiya lokufika kulandela umqondo ofanayo. Imiklamo yamaphiko aphezulu ivame ukufaka igiya eliyinhloko ku-fuselage noma isakhiwo se-strut ngaphansi kwekhabhinethi, igcina isakhiwo samaphiko sihlanzekile futhi ikhulula isikhala sangaphakathi seminyango yempahla noma imithwalo emikhulu. Imiklamo yamaphiko aphansi ivame ukwakha igiya ephikweni ngokwalo, okugcina i-fuselage incane kodwa ibeka ibhokisi lesakhiwo sephiko phansi ekhabhinethini, ngezinye izikhathi ngaphezu kwendawo yemithwalo, ngayinye Ukundiza Okulula.

Ngaphambi kwanoma yikuphi ukundiza, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kuhlelwe kanjani, bheka uhlu lokuhlola olufanayo oluyinhloko:

• Hlola ubungako bukaphethiloli ngokubonakalayo bese ukhipha amanzi endaweni ephansi kakhulu yethangi ngalinye.
• Hlola impande yephiko kanye nezinamathiselo ze-strut ukuze ubone imifantu, ama-rivets axegayo, noma amabala kaphethiloli.
• Qinisekisa ukuthi izinti zegiya lokufika, amathayi, kanye nezintambo zamabhuleki azibonisi ukuvuza noma ukuguguleka okungavamile.
• Qinisekisa ukuthi izindawo zokulawula zihamba ngokukhululeka futhi ububanzi obugcwele buhambisana nencwadi yemiyalelo yokundiza.

I-Aerodynamics: Ukuzinza, Umphumela Womhlabathi, Nokuziphatha Kokumisa

Ukubekwa kwamaphiko kushintsha indlela indiza ezwa ngayo ngokushesha nje lapho uthinta izilawuli, kanye ne-physics ngemuva kwalokho yehlela lapho isikhungo samandla adonsela phansi sihlala khona uma siqhathaniswa nephiko.

Izindiza ezinamaphiko aphezulu zibonisa lokho onjiniyela abakubiza ngokuthi ukuzinza kwe-pendulum. I-fuselage ilenga ngaphansi kwephiko njengesisindo entanjeni, ngakho-ke indiza ngokwemvelo ifuna ukubuyela endaweni eqondile ngemva kokuphazamiseka. Izindiza ezinamaphiko aphansi azitholi lokho kukhushulwa kokuzinza kwamahhala, ngakho abaklami bavumelana ne-dihedral, i-engeli ephezulu oyiqaphelayo lapho amaphiko endiza enaphiko aphansi ehlala phezulu kunempande yephiko. I-Dihedral yenza indiza eshelela eceleni ikhiqize ukuphakama okwengeziwe ephikweni elingezansi, iyibuyisele emuva ezingeni.

Umphumela womhlaba udlala ngendlela ehlukile. Njengoba indiza enamaphiko aphansi yehla emafidini ambalwa okugcina ngaphambi kokufika phansi, ukusondela kwephiko endaweni yokugijima kuphazamisa ama-vortices asemaphethelweni ephiko futhi kunciphisa ukuhudula, yingakho abafundi abashayela abaqeqeshi abanamaphiko aphansi bevame ukubona indiza "intanta" isikhathi eside ngesikhathi sokuqhuma. Izindiza ezinamaphiko aphezulu zihlala kude nomhlaba, ngakho-ke azizizwa zibonakala kahle kakhulu futhi zivame ukuhlala endaweni yokugijima ngendlela ebikezelwayo.

Ukuziphatha kwe-stall kuyahluka ngezindlela ezicashile. Ngenxa yokuthi izindiza ezinamaphiko aphezulu zithwala isisindo sazo ngaphansi kwephiko, zivame ukubonisa ukuphuka kwe-stall okuthambile nokuthambekela kokuphonsa phansi, okukunikeza isexwayiso esengeziwe. Izindiza ezinamaphiko aphansi, ikakhulukazi lezo ezinemithwalo ephezulu yamaphiko, zingama ngokushesha, okuyingxenye yesizathu sokuthi zakha izici ezifana nemichilo ye-stall noma imiphetho eholayo enama-cuff.

Amathiphu okusebenza ngesikebhe abheke emaphikweni aphansi ngesizathu esisodwa esilula: ukudonswa okuncane lapho iphiko lihlangana khona ne-fuselage, kanye nezinzuzo ze-aerodynamic zokulayisha okuphezulu kwamaphiko Isikhala Sezindiza Se-RV ihlobene nokusabela okubukhali kokugoqa emiklamweni egxile ekusebenzeni. Lokho kuzuza kokusebenza kahle yingakho izindiza eziningi ezisebenzisa umoya kanye nezindiza ezigxile kwisivinini zikhetha ukwakheka kwamaphiko aphansi.

Umehluko obalulekile we-aerodynamic okufanele ukhunjulwe:

• Iphiko eliphakeme: ukuqina kwe-pendulum, izitebele ezithambile, umphumela womhlabathi ongacaci kahle.
• Iphiko eliphansi: ukuzinza okuqhutshwa yi-dihedral, igunya lokugoqa eliqinile, ukuntanta okunamandla komphumela womhlabathi.
• Kokubili: inani le-dihedral kanye nomthwalo wephiko kuyahlukahluka ngokwemodeli, ngakho-ke lokhu kuyimikhuba, hhayi ama-absolute.

Uma ufuna ukujula ngokuthi kungani i-dihedral kanye ne-wing load ziziphatha ngale ndlela, ireferensi eqinile ye-aerodynamics ihlaziya izibalo ngaphandle kokukumboza ngezibalo.

Ukundiza Nokunakekela Uhlobo Lwamaphiko Usuku Nosuku

Umehluko owufunda encwadini yesikole samabanga aphansi uba yinkumbulo yemisipha ngesikhathi uqala ukundiza iphethini bese uphendula ama-wren endizeni.

Ukubonakala kushintshana indawo eyodwa engaboni kahle nenye. Abashayeli bezindiza abaphezulu bathola umbono ovulekile womhlaba, indawo, kanye nethrafikhi engezansi, okuchaza ukuthi kungani abaningi kangaka abathwebula izithombe zasemoyeni kanye nabasebenzi basehlathini bekhetha amaphiko aphezulu. Kodwa lelo phiko elifanayo livimba isibhakabhaka esingaphezulu kanye nohlangothi ngesikhathi sokujika, lapho kanye udinga ukubona ithrafikhi ingena ephethini. Abashayeli bezindiza abaphansi babona isibhakabhaka ngokucacile ngesikhathi sokujika nokukhuphuka, kodwa iphiko lifihla umhlabathi kanye nendawo yendiza ngesikhathi sokwehla, ikakhulukazi ebhange eliqongile ekugcineni.

1. Skena ngamabomu indawo ongaboni kuyo. Abashayeli bezindiza abaphezulu kufanele baphakamise iphiko isikhashana ngaphambi kokujika ukuze bahlole ukuthi izimoto zikuphi ngenhla; abashayeli bezindiza abaphansi kufanele bacwile kancane noma basebenzise ama-S-turn lapho behla ukuze basuse indawo yendiza engezansi.
2. Hlola ukungcola kukaphethiloli ngendlela indiza yakho ekudinga ngayo. Ama-sump anamaphiko aphezulu akhipha amanzi kalula eduze kwempande; ama-sump anamaphiko aphansi adinga ukufinyelela ngaphansi kwephiko, ngakho-ke hlela isikhathi esengeziwe kunokusheshisa ukuhlola.
3. Hlonipha indawo evulekile emhlabathini ezindaweni ezingakathuthukiswa. Izindiza ezinamaphiko aphansi zihlala eduze kwamatshe, utshani obude, kanye nemfucumfucu, okwandisa ingozi yokulimala kwezinto zangaphandle ezindaweni ezigobile kanye nezindawo zokulawula ngesikhathi sokusebenza endaweni enzima.
4. Hlela ukufinyelela kokulungisa okuzungeze i-geometry yamaphiko. Imiklamo enamaphiko aphansi ngokuvamile inikeza ukufinyelela okungcono phansi enjinini nasezinhlelweni zokulungisa umugqa, kuyilapho imiklamo enamaphiko aphezulu ivame ukudinga indawo yokuma noma ileli ukuze kuhlolwe okufanayo, iphuzu I-Pilot Institute izinto ezivelele uma kuqhathaniswa nezindleko zokunakekela ezivamile.

Ithiphu le-Pro: Zinike isikhathi ngesikhathi sokundiza kwakho okulandelayo ngaphambi kokundiza. Uma ukuhlolwa kwe-sump noma ukuhlolwa kokubona kwephethiloli kudla imizuzu eyengeziwe ngenxa yokuphakama kwephiko, yakha leso sivikelo esimisweni sakho esijwayelekile sangaphambi kokundiza esikhundleni sokujaha ukudlula ngesikhathi esimatasa.

Ukufanisa Uhlobo Lwephiko Nomsebenzi

Ukukhetha amaphiko empeleni kuyindlela yokuzikhethela egqoke isifihlo se-aerodynamic. Qondanisa indiza nomsebenzi, bese iphiko "elihle kakhulu" liba sobala kulolo hambo.

Amaphiko aphezulu abusa ukundiza emahlathini, ukubuka emoyeni, kanye nokusebenza kwezindiza zasolwandle ngoba indawo evulekile yomhlabathi namanzi ivikela iphiko ezinkingeni, futhi ukulayisha imithwalo noma abagibeli ngaphansi kwephiko elivulekile kulula kunokusebenza eduze kwesakhiwo sephiko eliphansi. Abasebenzi bezinsizakusebenza abathutha imithwalo emikhulu kakhulu, abahloli bezilwane zasendle abazungeza phansi endaweni, kanye nezikole zezindiza eziqhuba ukuqeqeshwa okuyisisekelo kubaqeqeshi abathethelelayo bonke bancike phezulu ngezizathu ezifanayo.

Amaphiko aphansi athola ukubekelwa kwawo emisebenzini egxile ohambweni kanye neyezentengiselwano. Ukusebenza kahle kwezindiza emoyeni kuhumusha ukonga uphethiloli ezinyaweni ezinde, kanye nokufinyelela okulula kwezinjini phansi kusheshisa ukulungiswa kwemikhumbi ematasa yokuqeqesha kanye nabaqhubi bezimoto eziqashiwe. Lokho kuyingxenye yesizathu esenza i-Simple Flying iveze ukuthi ukwakheka kwamaphiko aphansi kubusa izindiza ezinkulu zezentengiselwano, lapho ukusebenza kahle kwezindiza zangaphakathi kanye nezimpahla kubaluleke kakhulu njenge-aerodynamics.

Ngaphambi kokukhetha ithrekhi yokuqeqesha noma indiza yakho, bheka lolu hlu lokuhlola:

• Iyini inhloso eyinhloko: ukubona indawo nokubuka, noma ukusebenza kahle kwezwe lonke?
• Udinga ukufinyelela okungakanani ekunakekelweni kwe-hangar eceleni?
• Yiluphi uhlobo lwephiko olubusayo eqenjini lokuqeqesha olihlose ukuliqeqesha ngokomsebenzi?
• Yini elindelwe yimakethe yokuthengisa kabusha esifundeni sakho kuleso sigaba sezindiza?

Akuzona zonke izindiza ezifanelana kahle kunoma yiliphi ikamu. Imiklamo yephiko eliphakathi nephiko lamahlombe ikhona ukuze ihlukanise umehluko phakathi kokubonakala nokusebenza kahle kwesakhiwo, okuhlukile Ukufakwa kokucushwa kwephiko le-Wikipedia amakhathalogi kanye namalungiselelo avamile aphezulu naphansi.

Kusho ukuthini Ukukhetha Iphiko Kumugqa Wakho Wokuqeqeshwa

Ukushintsha phakathi kwezinhlobo zamaphiko akuyona into ekhuphuka kakhulu. Iningi labashayeli bezindiza libika ukuthi lizizwa likhululekile ngokuphelele zingakapheli amahora ama-5 kuya kwayi-10 lokuzijwayeza, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi lisuka kumqeqeshi wamaphiko aphezulu liye endizeni eyinkimbinkimbi yamaphiko aphansi noma libuyela emuva.

Leso sikhathi sokuguquka akusona isikhathi esichithwayo. Ukufunda ukuphatha umphumela womhlaba oqinile wephiko eliphansi ngesikhathi sokuvutha kwakha ukuthinta okunembile okuzuzisa ngqo ekuqeqeshweni kwezentengiselwano, lapho ukubekezelelana okuqinile ebangeni lokufika kanye nokulawula isivinini somoya kubalulekile ezindinganisweni zokuhlola. Ukushelela komoya onqamulayo, ukuskena kwephethini yethrafikhi okulungiselelwe indawo engaboni yephiko lakho, kanye nokuhlolwa kwe-fuel-sump okuqondene nendiza yakho konke kufanelwe ukuphindwa kuze kube yilapho kuba okuzenzakalelayo, hhayi nje amabhokisi ahlolwe ekhadini langaphambi kokundiza.

Abafundisi bezindiza bahlala bebona iphethini efanayo: abafundi abazijwayeza ngamabomu kuzo zombili izimo, kunokuba banamathele endizeni eyodwa ngenxa yokuzizwa bekhululekile, bathuthukisa imizwa ebukhali yokunamathela nokuqondisa iyonke. Uma umgomo wakho ukhomba esihlalweni sendiza, ukuchayeka esimweni esijwayelekile samaphiko endiza ekuqaleni kokuqeqeshwa kususa enye engaziwa ekushintsheni ibe yindiza eyinkimbinkimbi, esebenza kahle kakhulu.

Ithiphu le-Pro: Uma umgomo wakho wesikhathi eside kuyisihlalo sezentengiselwano noma sezindiza, buza isikole sakho sezindiza ukuthi yiluphi uhlobo lwephiko olulawula imikhumbi yaso ethuthukisiwe nenezinjini eziningi, bese ucela isikhathi kulolo hlobo kusenesikhathi kunokuba kamuva ekuqeqeshweni kwakho.

Ukukhetha Iphiko Akukhona Mayelana Nemibono, Kumayelana Nomsebenzi

Akukho phiko "elingcono" emhlabeni wonke, futhi abashayeli bezindiza abaphikisana ngenye indlela bavame ukundiza uhlobo olulodwa futhi abakaze bachithe isikhathi esibalulekile kolunye. Impendulo eqotho incike kulokho okwenzayo ngempela ngendiza: ukudonsa imishini uyifake edwaleni, ukwakha amahora okudlula izwe ngendlela ephumelelayo, noma ukuqeqeshwa kohlobo oluthile lwendiza emgwaqweni.

Iseluleko sami silula. Yishayele zombili lezi zindlela ngaphambi kokuba wakhe imibono eqinile, bese ucela umqeqeshi wakho ukuthi achaze ukuthi kungani indiza yakho yokuqeqesha ikhethelwe lowo msebenzi. Uma usebenza enkampanini yezindiza noma emsebenzini wezohwebo, qaphela ukuthi yiluphi uhlobo lwephiko olubusa imikhumbi ohlose ukuyisebenzela, ngoba lokho kujwayelana kunciphisa ukuguquka kwakho uma usufikile lapho. Umzila wokuqeqesha ubaluleke kakhulu kunephiko.

— uRainer

Uma uhlela indlela yakho yokuqeqesha kulezi zinkinga zezindiza, Uhlelo Lwesikole Sezindiza Sezindiza Esingenamanani Anqunyelwe lwe-Flightschoolusa yakha isikhathi esihleliwe ezinhlotsheni eziningi zezindiza sibe yindleko eyodwa ebikezelwayo, ngakho-ke ukuvezwa kohlobo lwephiko kwenzeka ngomklamo hhayi ngengozi. Abafundi bashintsha ekuqeqeshweni kwabashayeli bezindiza abazimele ngokusebenzisa izilinganiso zezentengiselwano nezinsimbi besebenzisa ama-checkrides angaphakathi e-FAA, okunciphisa ukubambezeleka kokuhlela okwelula isikhathi sokuqeqeshwa kwenye indawo. Kubashayeli bezindiza abaqondisa ngqo isihlalo sendiza, Uhlelo lwe-US Airline Pilot Career Programme igoqa lokho kuvezwa kwemikhumbi efanayo ibe yikharikhulamu yomsebenzi eyakhelwe ezinhlotsheni zezindiza ozondiza kuzo ngempela.

Imithombo

• Iphiko elingenhla, iphiko elingezansi – AOPA
• Indiza enamaphiko aphezulu vs aphansi - Ukundiza okulula
• Izinzuzo Nobubi Bendiza Enephiko Eliphansi Uma Iqhathaniswa Nendiza Enephiko Eliphezulu – Isikhungo Sokushayela Abashayeli Bezindiza
• Ukucushwa kwephiko – i-Wikipedia
• Ukuqonda izindiza ezinamaphiko aphansi - i-RV Airspace

Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa

Ingabe Indiza Enephiko Eliphezulu Noma Elinephiko Eliphansi Kunzima Ukuyindiza?

Akukho okunzima ngokweqiniso. Amaphiko aphezulu avame ukuzwakala ekhululekile kakhulu ngesikhathi sokuma kanye nokufika komoya ovunguzayo, kuyilapho amaphiko aphansi edinga isikhathi esinembile kakhulu sokuphuma komlilo ngenxa yomphumela onamandla womhlaba.

Kungani Izindiza Eziningi Zisebenzisa Amaphiko Aphansi?

Amaphiko aphansi enza kube lula ukuhlelwa kwephansi lekhabhini kanye nelempahla, agcina ibhokisi lephiko likude nekhanda labagibeli, futhi anikeza ukufinyelela okulula kwenjini ezingeni eliphansi kwabasebenzi bokulungisa, njengoba i-Simple Flying iphawula.

Ingabe Izindiza Ezinezimpiko Eziphezulu Zinezinhlelo Zikaphethiloli Ezingcono Ngempela?

Amathangi anamaphiko aphezulu ondla injini ngamandla adonsela phansi kuphela, asusa iphuzu elilodwa lokwehluleka komshini uma kuqhathaniswa nezinhlelo ezincike empompini izindiza ezinamaphiko aphansi ezivame ukuzidinga.

Kuthatha Isikhathi Esingakanani Ukushintsha Phakathi Kwezinhlobo Zephiko?

Iningi labashayeli bezindiza lizizwa likhululekile ngokuphelele ngemva kwamahora amaningana okundiza okuzinikele esimweni esisha, ngokusho kolwazi lomqeqeshi oluhlanganyelwe kuzo zonke izinhlelo zokuqeqesha izindiza.

Yiluphi uhlobo lwephiko oluphephile kakhulu lapho ufika endaweni ephuthumayo?

Izindiza ezinamaphiko aphansi zinganikeza indlela yokuphuma efinyeleleka kalula kanye nokusekelwa okuthile kwesakhiwo kusuka ephikweni ngesikhathi sokufika phezulu, kuyilapho amaphiko aphezulu angadinga indlela yokuphuma engavamile ngaphansi kwephiko, ngokusho kwe-AOPA.

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