Intshayelelo kuMacala aNgaphakathi kwiNqwelo-moya
Xa sikhwela inqwelo-moya, kulula ukuba singabahoyi oomatshini abantsonkothileyo abangaphaya kwethu. Amalungu angaphakathi kwinqwelo-moya abubungqina bobunjineli obuphambili, kunye necandelo ngalinye liyilwe ngobunono ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko kunye nokuthuthuzela ngexesha lokubhabha. Ukusuka kokuntsonkothileyo Iinkqubo zombane zenqwelomoya kwizakhiwo ezomeleleyo, yonke indawo engaphakathi kwinqwelomoya ibalulekile kumsebenzi wayo uwonke.
Kwesi sikhokelo sineenkcukacha, siya kutyhila ubunzima obusemva kweendawo zangaphakathi zenqwelomoya, sivavanya ukuba iqhekeza ngalinye lisebenzisana njani ukwenza amava okubhabha angenamthungo. Ngokuziqonda ezi nkqubo, abakhweli banokufumana uxabiso olunzulu ngobugcisa obenza kube lula ukuhamba ngenqwelomoya.
Ngaphakathi kweNdawo zeNqwelo-moya: I-Cockpit - Ubuchopho beNqwelo-moya
Embindini wayo nayiphi na inqwelo-moya kukho i-cockpit, edla ngokubizwa ngokuba yindawo yokubhabha. Kulapho abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya balawula khona inqwelo-moya baze babeke iliso kwiinkqubo zayo. Amalungu angaphakathi egumbi labaqhubi benqwelo-moya abubungqina bokuntsonkotha kweenqwelo-moya zale mihla.
Igumbi labahambi ligcina uluhlu lwezixhobo kunye nolawulo, ngalinye lisebenza injongo ethile. Eyona idyokhwe yolawulo okanye icala-intonga ivumela abaqhubi ukuba balawule inqanaba kunye nokuqengqeleka kwenqwelomoya. The umkhonto iipedals, ezibekwe emgangathweni, zilawula intshukumo yokuzamla kwenqwelomoya. Okungqonge olu lawulo luphambili lwenqwelomoya yimiboniso emininzi kunye neegeyiji ezibonelela ngolwazi olubalulekileyo malunga nobume benqwelomoya kunye nokusebenza kwayo.
Enye yezona zinto zibalaseleyo kwii-cockpits zale mihla yi Inkqubo ye-Electronic Flight Instrument (EFIS). Le nkqubo ithatha indawo yezixhobo ze-analog zemveli kunye neziboniso zedijithali, inika abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya imbono ebanzi kunye ne-intuitive yedatha yendiza. ISiboniso seFlight esiPhambili (PFD) ibonisa ulwazi olubalulekileyo olunje isantya somoya, umphakamo, kunye nesimo sengqondo, ngelixa iSiboniso sokuHamba (ND) sibonelela ngemephu efana nemephu yendawo yenqwelomoya kunye nendlela ecwangcisiweyo.
Amalungu angaphakathi kwi-cockpit yenqwelomoya ikwabandakanya I-injini ebonisa kunye neNkqubo yokulumkisa abasebenzi (EICAS) or I-Electronic Centralized Aircraft Monitor (ECAM). Ezi nkqubo zibeka iliso kwiinjini zenqwelomoya kunye nezinye iinkqubo ezibalulekileyo, zilumkisa abasebenzi ngazo naziphi na izinto ezingaqhelekanga okanye imiba enokwenzeka.
Unxibelelwano lubalulekile kwinqwelo-moya, yaye indawo yokukhwela inqwelo-moya ineenkqubo ezininzi zikanomathotholo ukulungiselela le njongo. Irediyo ye- Very High Frequency (VHF) ivumela abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya ukuba banxibelelane nabo Ukulawulwa kwezithuthi zomoya kunye nezinye iinqwelo-moya, ngelixa i-High Frequency (HF) irediyo yenza unxibelelwano lomgama omde phezu kweelwandle kunye neendawo ezikude.
IFuselage: Elona Ziko leNqwelo-moya
Ukuhamba ngaphaya kwe-cockpit, singena kwi-fuselage, eyenza umzimba oyintloko wenqwelo-moya. Iinxalenye zangaphakathi zefuselage yenqwelomoya ziyilelwe ukwandisa ukukhululeka komkhweli kunye nokhuseleko ngelixa kusetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo indawo ekhoyo.
I-passenger cabin yeyona ndawo ibonakalayo ye-fuselage yangaphakathi. Yahlulwe ngokweendidi ezahlukeneyo (ezinje ngeyokuqala, ishishini, kunye noqoqosho) kwaye iqwalaselwe ngemiqolo yezihlalo. Imigqomo engaphezulu, eyona nto ibalulekileyo yokugcina imithwalo, idityaniswe kwicandelo eliphezulu lekhabhinethi.
Ngaphantsi komgangatho we-cabin ebonakalayo kukho inethiwekhi eyinkimbinkimbi yeenkqubo kunye nezakhiwo. Indawo yokugcina impahla, apho imithwalo ejongiweyo kunye nempahla igcinwa khona, ihlala kwindawo esezantsi yefuselage. Le ndawo inoxinzelelo kwaye ilawulwa ngamaqondo obushushu, njengendlu yabakhweli engentla.
Ukubaleka kulo lonke ubude be-fuselage ziinkqubo ezahlukeneyo ezibalulekileyo. I-air conditioning kunye ne-pressurization systems iqinisekisa indawo ekhululekile kunye nekhuselekileyo kubakhweli kunye nabasebenzi. Ezi nkqubo zitsala umoya kwii-injini, ziwupholise, kwaye ziwujikeleze kwikhabhinethi ngelixa ugcina amanqanaba afanelekileyo oxinzelelo.
Amalungu angaphakathi kwinqwelo-moya akwanawo neenkqubo zehydraulic, ezinika amandla amacandelo omatshini ahlukeneyo afana nala izixhobo zokumisa, Iintsimbi, kunye neengcango zempahla. Imigca ye-hydraulic ihamba nge-fuselage, idibanisa iimpompo kwii-actuators ezihambisa la macandelo.
Iingcingo zombane yenye into ebalulekileyo efihlwe kwiindonga zefuselage. Ezi ngcingo zidibanisa iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zombane kunye namacandelo kuyo yonke inqwelomoya, ukusuka ekukhanyeni kunye neenkqubo zokuzonwabisa ukuya kwii-avionics ezibalulekileyo kwi-cockpit.
Ngaphakathi kweNdawo zeNqwelo-moya: Amaphiko-Ngaphezu kokuPhakamisa nje iiJenereyitha
Ngelixa amaphiko ubukhulu becala ayizakheko zangaphandle, agcina amacandelo amaninzi angaphakathi abalulekileyo angaphakathi kwinqwelomoya. Amaphiko asebenza imisebenzi emininzi ngaphaya kokunyusa ukuvelisa.
Ngaphakathi kwamaphiko, uya kufumana iitanki zamafutha. Uninzi lweenqwelomoya zentengiso zigcina inxalenye enkulu yamafutha azo ngaphakathi kwamaphiko, zisebenzisa indawo ekhoyo ngokufanelekileyo. Ezi tanki zakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi, zohlulwe kwiiseli ezininzi kwaye zixhotyiswe ngeepompo kunye neevalve ukulawula ukuhanjiswa kwamafutha.
Amaphiko aphinde afake iindlela zeendawo zokulawula, ezifana amaphiko kwaye Iintsimbi. Ezi zixhobo, zibalulekile ekulawuleni ukuqengqeleka kwenqwelomoya kunye nokunyuswa kokunyuswa kwenqwelomoya ngexesha lokunduluka nokuhla, ziqhutywa zii-actuators ezibekwe ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo sephiko.
Enye into ebalulekileyo efunyenwe ngaphakathi kwamaphiko yinkqubo yokukhupha i-icing. Kwiinqwelo-moya ezininzi, umoya oshushu ophuma kwiinjini ujikeleziswa ngemibhobho esemacaleni amaphiko ukuze uthintele ukugcwala komkhenkce, nto leyo enokuchaphazela kanobom iimpawu zephiko lokubhabha.
Ngaphakathi kweNdawo zeNqwelo-moya: i-Empennage – iCandelo lomsila
I-empennage, okanye icandelo lomsila, likhaya kwiindawo ezininzi zolawulo ezibalulekileyo kunye neendlela ezinxulumene nazo. Uzinziso oluthe nkqo luhlala i umphini, ngelixa i-horizontal stabilizer ibandakanya i izinyusi. Le miphezulu yokulawula ibalulekile ukuze inqwelo-moya izinze kwaye ikwazi ukushukuma.
Ngaphakathi kwe-empennage, uya kufumana ii-activators kunye neendlela zokulawula le miphezulu. Kwiinqwelomoya ezininzi zanamhlanje, iinkqubo fly-by-wire buyisela amakhonkco onxibelelwano oomatshini, usebenzisa imiqondiso yombane ukulawula le miphezulu ngokuchanekileyo ngakumbi.
Ngaphakathi kweNdawo zePlanethi: Isityalo sombane-Intliziyo yeNqwelomoya
Ngelixa ii-injini zixhonywe ngaphandle, ziqhagamshelwe ngokuntsonkothileyo kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo ngaphakathi kwinqwelomoya. Iinxalenye zangaphakathi zenqwelomoya ezinxulumene nesixhobo sombane ziquka imigca yamafutha, iijenereyitha zombane, kunye iinkqubo zomoya wokopha.
Ii-injini azinikeli nje ukutyhala kodwa zikwavelisa amandla ombane kwiinkqubo zenqwelo-moya. Bakwabonelela ngomoya woxinzelelo kunye neenkqubo zokupholisa umoya. Unxulumano oluntsonkothileyo phakathi kweenjini kunye neenkqubo zangaphakathi zenqwelo-moya ngumba obalulekileyo wobunjineli bezophapho.
Isixokelelwano soLawulo lokusiNgqongileyo: Ukuqinisekisa ukuThuthuzelwa kwabakhweli
I-Environmental Control System (ECS) yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yeendawo ezingaphakathi kwinqwelo-moya. Le nkqubo ilawula uxinzelelo lomoya, ubushushu, kunye nomgangatho ngaphakathi kwenqwelomoya.
I-ECS itsala umoya kwizigaba ze-compressor ze-injini. Lo moya woxinzelelo oluphezulu, wobushushu obuphezulu uyapholiswa kwaye ulungiswe ngaphambi kokuba ujikelezwe kwikhabhinethi. Le nkqubo ikwalawula ukunyanzeliswa kwenqwelo-moya, igcine umphakamo otofotofo wenqwelo-moya naxa inqwelo-moya ibhabha kwindawo ephakamileyo.
Umgangatho womoya ugcinwa ngoluhlu lwezihluzi, kubandakanywa izihluzi ze-High-Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA), ezisusa uthuli, izinto ezithintekayo, kunye namanye amasuntswana emoyeni ojikelezayo.
Ngaphakathi kweeNdawo zeNqwelo-moya: I-Avionics - Inkqubo yeNervous yeNqwelo-moya
Ii-avionics, ezimfutshane kwii-elektroniki ze-aviation, zenza inxalenye ebalulekileyo ngaphakathi kwenqwelomoya. Ezi nkqubo ziphatha ukuhamba, unxibelelwano, ulawulo lwenqwelomoya, nokunye okuninzi.
I-avionics bay, ehlala iphantsi kwe-cockpit, igcina iikhomputha ezininzi kunye neenkqubo zombane. Ezi ziquka i Inkqubo yoLawulo lweFlight (FMS), encedisa ukuhamba kunye nokucwangciswa kweenqwelo-moya, kunye neNkqubo yokuNqanda ukuNgqogqa kweTrafikhi (TCAS), enceda ukuthintela ukungqubana komoya phakathi.
Ezinye iinkqubo ze-avionics ziquka i-radar yemozulu, evumela abaqhubi ukuba babone baze baphephe iimeko zemozulu ezimbi, kunye ne-Inertial Reference System (IRS), enika ulwazi oluchanekileyo malunga nokuma kunye nokuhamba kwenqwelomoya.
IiNkqubo zeHydraulic: Ukushukuma koMbane
Iinkqubo zeHydraulic zibalulekile ngaphakathi kwiindawo ezithile zenqwelomoya, zinika amandla afunekayo ukuze kusetyenziswe oomatshini abahlukeneyo. Ezi nkqubo zisebenzisa i-pressurized fluid ukuhambisa amandla, okwenza kube lula ukuhamba kweendawo zokulawula, izixhobo zokumisa, kunye nezinye iindawo ezihambayo.
Iimpompo eziphambili zehydraulic zihlala ziqhutywa ziinjini, ezineempompo zombane ezisebenza njengezogcino. Iziqulatho zehydraulic, accumulators, kunye nothungelwano lwemibhobho lusasaza ulwelo olwenziwa ngamanzi kwinqwelomoya.
Ngaphakathi kweeNdawo zeNqwelo-moya: IiNkqubo zoMbane-Ukunika amandla iNqwelo-moya
Inkqubo yombane yenye inxalenye ebalulekileyo yangaphakathi kwinqwelo-moya. Inika amandla kuyo yonke into ukusuka kwi-avionics kunye nokukhanya kwiinkqubo zokuzonwabisa zabahambi.
Owona mthombo wamandla ombane uvela kwiijenereyitha eziqhutywa ziinjini zenqwelo-moya. IiYunithi zoMbane oNcedisayo (ii-APU) kunye neebhetri zisebenza njengemithombo yamandla egciniweyo. Amandla ombane ahanjiswa ngenethiwekhi eyinkimbinkimbi yeebhasi kunye neesekethe zesekethe, ukuqinisekisa ukunikezelwa kwamandla okuthembekileyo kuzo zonke iinkqubo.
IsiXhobo sokuHlalisa: Ngaphezu kwamavili nje
Ngoxa amavili esixhobo sokumisa ebonakala ngaphandle, iindlela ezizilawulayo zifihlwe ngaphakathi kwinqwelo-moya. Inkqubo yegiya yokumisa ibandakanya ii-actuator zehydraulic zokwandiswa kunye nokuhlehla, izinto zokufunxa ukothuka kokumisa okugudileyo, kunye neenkqubo zokuqhobosha.
I-landing gear bay, apho amavili agcinwa khona ngexesha lokuhamba, yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yangaphakathi kwinqwelomoya. Lo mmandla kufuneka uyilwe ngononophelo ukulungiselela igiya ngelixa unciphisa ukutsala xa ivaliwe.
IiNkqubo zoKhuseleko: Ukuqinisekisa ukuKhuselwa kwabakhweli
Ukhuseleko lubalulekile kuphapho, kwaye iinkqubo ezininzi ngaphakathi kwinqwelomoya zizinikele ekuqinisekiseni ukhuseleko lwabakhweli. Ezi ziquka:
Iinkqubo zeoksijini: Kwimeko ye-cabin depressurization, iimaski ze-oxygen zisasazwa ukusuka kumagumbi aphezulu. Inkqubo yokubonelela nge-oksijeni, kubandakanywa iitanki kunye nemigca yokusabalalisa, ifihliwe ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo sendiza.
Ukufunyanwa koMlilo kunye nokuNcitshiswa: Izinto zokujonga umsi kunye neenkqubo zokucima umlilo zifakelwe kuyo yonke inqwelomoya, ngakumbi kwiindawo ezibalulekileyo ezifana neendawo zokubeka imithwalo kunye neendawo zombane.
UkuKhanya okuNgxamisekileyo: Inkqubo yombane eyahlukileyo inika amandla ukukhanya okungxamisekileyo, ekhokela abakhweli ukuba baphume xa kukho unxunguphalo.
IiRafi zoBomi kunye neZilayidi: Ezi ngokuqhelekileyo zigcinwa kwiindawo zeminyango, zilungele ukuthunyelwa kwimeko yokufika kwamanzi okungxamisekileyo.
Isiphelo: Izinto ezimangalisayo zoPhapho lwangoku
Amalungu angaphakathi kwinqwelo-moya amele uloyiso lobunjineli kunye noyilo. Ukusuka kwii-avionics eziphambili ze-cockpit ukuya kwiinkqubo ezintsonkothileyo ezifihlwe ngaphakathi kwe-fuselage kunye namaphiko, icandelo ngalinye lidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuqinisekiseni uhambo olukhuselekileyo nolukhululekile emoyeni.
Ukuqonda ezi nkqubo zangaphakathi kusenza sikuxabise ngakumbi ukuntsonkotha kweenqwelo-moya zale mihla. Kububungqina bobulumko bomntu bokuba aba matshini bantsonkothileyo banokuthwala amakhulu abakhweli ngokukhuselekileyo ukunqumla imigama emide.
Njengoko ubugcisa beenqwelo-moya busiya buhambela phambili, sinokulindela ukuba iinxalenye zangaphakathi zenqwelo-moya zibe phucuke ngakumbi, ziphucule ngakumbi ukusebenza kakuhle, ukhuseleko kunye nokukhululeka kwabakhweli. Kwixesha elizayo xa ukhwela inqwelomoya, thatha umzuzu wokuxabisa ubunjineli obumangalisayo obukungqongileyo - i-symphony entsonkothileyo yeenkqubo ezisebenza ngemvisiswano ukukugcina ubhabha phezulu.
Qhagamshelana neFlorida Flyers Flight Academy Team namhlanje e (904) 209-3510 ukufunda ngakumbi malunga neKhosi yeSikolo saBucala esiLingayo.
