Tshintsha Amaphiko kwiiyure ezi-5 ukuya kwezili-10: Izinto ezibalulekileyo zePiloti eziPhantsi kunye neziPhezulu

Amaphiko aphezulu axhoma i-fuselage ngaphantsi kwe-airfoil, enika abaqhubi beenqwelo moya umbono ocacileyo womhlaba, amafutha asetyenziswa ngumxhuzulane, kunye nokuziphatha okungqongqo. Amaphiko aphantsi aphakama ngaphantsi kwekhabini, etshintsha ukubonakala kunye nokususwa komhlaba ukuze kubekho ukusebenza kakuhle kohambo ngenqanawa, impendulo ebukhali yokuqengqeleka, kunye nokufikelela lula kwinjini. Akukho nanye kwezi zicwangciso iphumelelayo: abaqhubi beenqwelo moya kunye nabafundisi beenqwelo moya bakhetha amaphiko aphezulu, ngelixa abaqhubi beenqwelo moya abanqumla ilizwe kunye nabaqeqeshi beenqwelo moya abaninzi bakhetha amaphiko aphantsi.

TL; DR:

• Amaphiko aphezulu avumela ukujonga amafutha lula emhlabeni kwaye abonelela ngozinzo lwe-pendulum, nto leyo enika izitendi ezithambileyo kunye nokufika okuqikelelweyo.
• Amaphiko aphantsi enza kube lula ukugalela amafutha ngokukhawuleza, ukuphendula okubukhali kokuqengqeleka, kunye nokususwa komhlaba okungcono kwimisebenzi enzima.
• Ukutshintsha phakathi kweentlobo zamaphiko kudla ngokuthatha iiyure ezi-5 ukuya kwezili-10 zokuziqhelanisa, kunye nokuvezwa kwangoko kuqeqesho okunceda inkqubela phambili yomsebenzi.
• Ukukhethwa kwephiko kuxhomekeke kumsebenzi: amaphiko aphezulu alungele ukubhabha nokujonga ehlathini, ngelixa amaphiko aphantsi enceda ukusebenza kakuhle kwelizwe kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezorhwebo.
• Abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya kufuneka baqhube zombini iindlela ngaphambi kokuba bagqibezele uluvo lwabo, begxile kwiintlobo zeenqwelo-moya abajonge ukuzijoyina okanye ukuzisebenzisa ngobuchule.

Isiqulatho

• Iphiko Eliphezulu neLiphantsi: Umahluko Woyilo Oluphambili kunye Neenkqubo
• I-Aerodynamics: Uzinzo, Isiphumo Somhlaba, kunye Nokuziphatha Kwesitulo
• Ukubhabha Nokugcina Uhlobo Lwephiko Ngalunye Imihla Ngemihla
• Uhlobo lwePhiko oluHlanganisa uMsebenzi
• Kuthetha ukuthini ukukhetha iiphiko kwixesha lakho loqeqesho
• Ukukhetha iPhiko Akuyonto Yengcinga, Kuyinjongo
• imithombo
• FAQ

Iphiko Eliphezulu neLiphantsi: Umahluko Woyilo Oluphambili kunye Neenkqubo

Umahluko uxhomekeke kwisigqibo esinye sokwakhiwa: ingaba iphiko linamathela ngaphezulu kophahla lwekhabhinethi okanye ngaphantsi komgangatho? Elo khetho linye lingena kwindlela yokuhambisa amafutha, ijiyometri yezixhobo zokufika, kwanendlela olayisha ngayo imithwalo.

Kwinqwelo-moya enamaphiko aphezulu njengeCessna 172, iphiko lihlala ngaphezulu kwe-fuselage, kwaye iitanki zepetroli zihlala ngaphakathi kwephiko ngokwalo, ngaphezulu kwenjini. Amandla ombane atsala ipetroli aye kwi-carburetor okanye kwinkqubo yokufaka ipetroli ngaphandle kwepompo yokwenza umsebenzi. Inqwelo-moya enamaphiko aphantsi ijika loo geometry. Iitanki zihlala kubude benjini okanye ngaphantsi kwayo, ngoko ke injini idla ngokuxhomekeka kwiipompo zepetroli zombane okanye eziqhutywa yinjini ukuze zinyuse ipetroli phezulu, zongeza ikhonkco loomatshini phakathi kwakho nenjini esebenzayo.

Loo mahluko kwinkqubo yepetroli uyabonakala ngexesha lokuhambahamba kwakho ngaphambi kokuba ukhwele inqwelo moya. Iinqwelomoya ezinamaphiko aphezulu zikuvumela ukuba ujonge ubungakanani bepetroli kwaye ukhuphe amanzi amdaka kwindawo yokuma kufutshane neengcambu zephiko, nangona ukuvala iitanki kudla ngokuthetha ukukhwela ileli okanye ukunyathela itayara ukuze ufikelele kwisigqubuthelo sokugcwalisa. Iinqwelomoya ezinamaphiko aphantsi ziguqula indlela yokwenza izinto: ukuzalisa kulula ukusuka kumgangatho womhlaba, kodwa ukujonga amanzi amdaka kuthetha ukugoba okanye ukufikelela phantsi kwephiko, abaqhubi beenqwelo moya abasebenzisa i-mouver babize igama elithi "ukuhamba ngedada," ngokutsho kwe- I-AOPA.

Ukuncamathisela izixhobo zokufikela kulandela ingqiqo efanayo. Uyilo oluphezulu ludla ngokufaka izixhobo eziphambili kwi-fuselage okanye kwisakhiwo se-strut esingaphantsi kwekhabini, lugcina isakhiwo sephiko sicocekile kwaye lukhulula indawo yangaphakathi yeengcango zemithwalo okanye imithwalo emikhulu. Uyilo oluphantsi ludla ngokuzakhela izixhobo kwiphiko ngokwalo, nto leyo egcina i-fuselage incinci kodwa ibeka ibhokisi yesakhiwo sephiko esezantsi kwikhabini, ngamanye amaxesha ngaphezulu kwendawo yemithwalo, ngokwe Ukubhabha okulula.

Ngaphambi kokuba ubhabho luhambe, nokuba lunjani na, jonga uluhlu lokuhlola olufanayo oluphambili:

• Jonga ubungakanani bepetroli ngamehlo kwaye ukhuphe amanzi kwindawo esezantsi kwitanki nganye.
• Hlola ingcambu yephiko kunye neziqhoboshelo ze-strut ukuze ubone ukuba azinazimfa, ii-rivets ezikhululekileyo, okanye amabala e-fuel.
• Qinisekisa ukuba ii-struts zegiya zokufika, amatayara, kunye neentambo zeebhuleki azibonisi kuvuza okanye ukuguguleka okungaqhelekanga.
• Qinisekisa ukuba iindawo zokulawula zihamba ngokukhululekileyo kwaye uluhlu olupheleleyo luhambelana nencwadi yemiyalelo yokubhabha.

I-Aerodynamics: Uzinzo, Isiphumo Somhlaba, kunye Nokuziphatha Kwesitulo

Indawo apho amaphiko ahlala khona itshintsha indlela aziva ngayo inqwelo-moya kwangoko xa uchukumisa abalawuli, kwaye ifiziksi engasemva kwayo yehla apho iziko lomxhuzulane lihleli khona xa kuthelekiswa nephiko.

Iinqwelo-moya ezinamaphiko aphezulu zibonisa oko iinjineli zikubiza ngokuba kukuzinza kwe-pendulum. I-fuselage ixhonywe ngaphantsi kwephiko njengobunzima kwintambo, ngoko ke inqwelo-moya ngokwemvelo ifuna ukubuyela kwinqanaba lokubhabha emva kokuphazamiseka. Iinqwelo-moya ezinamaphiko aphantsi azifumani loo mandla okuqina akhululekileyo, ngoko ke abayili bayayilungisa i-dihedral, i-engile ephezulu oyibonayo xa amaphiko enqwelo-moya enaphiko aphantsi ehleli phezulu kuneengcambu zephiko. I-Dihedral yenza inqwelo-moya etyibilikayo ecaleni ivelise ukuphakama okungakumbi kwiphiko elisezantsi, iyibuyisela ngasemva.

Impembelelo yomhlaba nayo idlala ngendlela eyahlukileyo. Njengoko inqwelo moya enamaphiko asezantsi ihla kwiinyawo ezimbalwa zokugqibela ngaphambi kokuba ifike ezantsi, ukusondela kwephiko kwindlela yeenqwelo moya kuphazamisa imijikelezo yamaphiko kwaye kunciphisa ukutsalwa, yiyo loo nto abafundi ababhabha ngabaqeqeshi abanamaphiko asezantsi behlala bebona inqwelo moya "idada" ixesha elide ngexesha lokuqhuma. Iinqwelo moya ezinamaphiko aphezulu zihlala kude nomhlaba, ngoko ke azifumani mpembelelo ingako emhlabeni kwaye zihlala kwindawo yeenqwelo moya ngendlela eqikelelweyo.

Ukuziphatha kwe-stall kwahlukile ngeendlela ezingabonakaliyo. Ngenxa yokuba iinqwelomoya ezinamaphiko aphezulu zithwala ubunzima bazo ngaphantsi kwephiko, zihlala zibonisa ukuphuka kwe-stall okuthambileyo kunye nokuthanda ukuphosa impumlo phantsi, okukunika isilumkiso esongezelelweyo. Iinqwelomoya ezinamaphiko aphantsi, ingakumbi ezo zinomthwalo ophezulu wamaphiko, zinokuma ngequbuliso, nto leyo eyinxalenye yesizathu sokuba zakheke kwiimpawu ezifana nemicu ye-stall okanye imiphetho ekhokelayo enee-cuffs.

Iingcebiso zokusebenza ngenqanawa ukuya kumaphiko aphantsi ngesizathu esinye esilula: ukuphazamisana okuncinci apho iphiko lidibana khona ne-fuselage, kunye neenzuzo ze-aerodynamic zomthwalo ophezulu wamaphiko Indawo yomoya yeRV inxulumene nempendulo ebukhali yokuqengqeleka kwiindlela ezijolise ekusebenzeni. Loo nzuzo yokusebenza kakuhle yiyo loo nto iinqwelomoya ezininzi ezibhabhayo nezijolise kwisantya zingayisebenzisi indlela esezantsi yoyilo lwamaphiko.

Umahluko obalulekileyo we-aerodynamic ofanele ukukhunjulwa:

• Iphiko eliphezulu: uzinzo lwe-pendulum, izitendi ezithambileyo, impembelelo yomhlaba engacacanga kangako.
• Iphiko elisezantsi: uzinzo oluqhutywa yi-dihedral, igunya lokuqengqeleka eliqinileyo, ukudada okunamandla okunamandla komhlaba.
• Zombini: ubungakanani be-dihedral kunye nomthwalo wephiko ziyahluka ngokwemodeli, ngoko ke ezi ziindlela zokuziphatha, azizo ezipheleleyo.

Ukuba ufuna ukungena nzulu kwisizathu sokuba i-dihedral kunye nomthwalo wamaphiko ziziphatha ngolu hlobo, isalathiso esiqinileyo se-aerodynamics ichaza izibalo ngaphandle kokukugubungela kwii-equation.

Ukubhabha Nokugcina Uhlobo Lwephiko Ngalunye Imihla Ngemihla

Umahluko owufundayo kwincwadi yesikolo yasemhlabeni uba yinkumbulo yemisipha kwangoko xa uqala ukubhabha ipateni kwaye ujika iiwrenji kwinqwelomoya.

Ukubonakala kutshintsha indawo engabonakaliyo kwenye. Abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya abaphezulu bafumana umbono ovulekileyo womhlaba, umhlaba, kunye nezithuthi ezingaphantsi, nto leyo echaza isizathu sokuba uninzi lweefoto zasemoyeni kunye nabaqhubi beenqwelo-moya bakhetha amaphiko aphezulu. Kodwa elo phiko linye livala isibhakabhaka esingaphezulu nangasecaleni ngexesha lokujika, kanye xa kufuneka ubone izithuthi ezingena kwipateni. Abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya abaphantsi babona isibhakabhaka ngokucacileyo ngexesha lokujika nokunyuka, kodwa iphiko lifihla umhlaba kunye nendawo yeenqwelo-moya ngexesha lokuhla, ingakumbi kunxweme oluqatha ekupheleni.

1. Skena ngabom ukuze ubone indawo ongaboniyo kuyo. Abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya eziphezulu kufuneka baphakamise iphiko okwethutyana ngaphambi kokuba bajike ukuze bajonge ukuba akukho zithuthi zingaphezulu; abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya eziphezulu kufuneka batshone kancinci okanye basebenzise ii-S-turns xa besehla ukuze basuse indawo yendlela engaphantsi.
2. Jonga ungcoliseko lwepetroli ngendlela inqwelo-moya yakho eyifuna ngayo. Ii-sump ezinamaphiko aphezulu ziphuma lula kufutshane neengcambu; ii-sump ezinamaphiko aphantsi zifuna ukufikelela ngaphantsi kwephiko, ngoko ke lungiselela ixesha elongezelelweyo endaweni yokukhawulezisa ukujonga.
3. Hlonipha indawo evulekileyo emhlabeni kwiindawo ezingaphuculwanga. Iinqwelomoya ezinamaphiko asezantsi zihlala kufutshane negrabile, ingca ende, kunye nenkunkuma, nto leyo enyusa umngcipheko wokonakaliswa kwezinto zangaphandle kwiindawo ezigobileyo kunye neendawo zokulawula ngexesha lemisebenzi enzima.
4. Cwangcisa indawo yokulungisa ejikeleze ijiyometri yamaphiko. Uyilo olunephiko eliphantsi luhlala lubonelela ngokufikelela okungcono kwinqanaba lomhlaba kwi-injini nakwiinkqubo zokugcinwa komgca, ngelixa uyilo olunephiko eliphezulu ludla ngokufuna indawo yokuma okanye ileli yokuhlolwa okufanayo, inqaku IZiko loLingelo izinto ezibalulekileyo xa kuthelekiswa iindleko zokulungisa eziqhelekileyo.

Icebiso Pro: Zinike ixesha ngaphambi kokuba ubhabhe. Ukuba ukuhlolwa kwe-sump okanye ukuhlolwa kwe-fuel kujonga kuthatha imizuzu eyongezelelweyo ngenxa yokuphakama kwamaphiko, yakha loo buffer kwinkqubo yakho eqhelekileyo ngaphambi kokuba ubhabhe endaweni yokuyidlula ngeshedyuli encinci.

Uhlobo lwePhiko oluHlanganisa uMsebenzi

Ukukhetha amaphiko ngokwenene lukhetho lomsebenzi onxibe isigqubuthelo se-aerodynamic. Xhathisa inqwelo moya nomsebenzi, kwaye iphiko "elilungileyo" liyabonakala kuloo moya.

Amaphiko aphezulu alawula ukubhabha emahlathini, ukujonga emoyeni, kunye nokusebenza kweenqwelo-moya zolwandle kuba indawo engaphantsi komhlaba namanzi ikhusela iphiko kwizithintelo, kwaye ukulayisha imithwalo okanye abakhweli phantsi kwephiko elivulekileyo kulula kunokusebenza ujikeleze isakhiwo sephiko eliphantsi. Abaqhubi beenkonzo zothutho abathutha imithwalo emikhulu, abahloli bezilwanyana zasendle abajikeleza ezantsi phezu komhlaba, kunye nezikolo zokuqhuba iinqwelo-moya eziqhuba uqeqesho lwamabanga aphantsi kubaqeqeshi abaxolelayo bonke baxhomekeke ephikweni eliphezulu ngezizathu ezifanayo.

Amaphiko aphantsi afumana indawo yawo yokusebenza egxile kwiinqanawa kunye nemisebenzi yezorhwebo. Ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-aerodynamic kuthetha ukonga amafutha kwimilenze emide, kwaye ukufikelela lula kwiinjini kumgangatho ophantsi kukhawulezisa ukulungiswa kweenqwelo-moya ezixakekileyo kunye nabaqhubi beebhasi. Yiyo loo nto iSimple Flying ikhankanya ukuba uyilo lwamaphiko aphantsi lulawula iinqwelo-moya ezinkulu zorhwebo, apho ukusebenza kakuhle kwesakhiwo sekhabhathi kunye nemithwalo kubaluleke kakhulu njenge-aerodynamics.

Ngaphambi kokuba ukhethe umzila woqeqesho okanye inqwelo-moya yakho, jonga olu luhlu lokuhlola:

• Yintoni eyona njongo iphambili: ukubona iindawo kunye nokujonga, okanye ukusebenza kakuhle kwelizwe lonke?
• Ingakanani indlela yokufikelela kulondolozo lwe-hangar-side ofuna ukuyiphatha ngokwakho?
• Loluphi uhlobo lwephiko olulawula imikhosi yoqeqesho olujolise kuyo ngobuchwephesha?
• Yintoni elindelekileyo kwimarike yokuthengisa kwakhona kwindawo okuyo kolu didi lweenqwelo-moya?

Ayizizo zonke iinqwelomoya ezifanelana kakuhle nakweyiphi na inkampu. Uyilo oluphakathi nolwamagxa lukhona ngokukodwa ukuze lwahlule umahluko phakathi kokubonakala nokusebenza kakuhle kwesakhiwo, uhlobo olwahlukileyo Ungeniso loqwalaselo lwephiko leWikipedia iikhathalogu kunye neendlela eziqhelekileyo zokulungiselela eziphezulu neziphantsi.

Kuthetha ukuthini ukukhetha iiphiko kwixesha lakho loqeqesho

Ukutshintsha phakathi kweentlobo zamaphiko akuyonto inzima. Uninzi lwabaqhubi beenqwelo-moya luthi bazive bekhululekile ngokupheleleyo kwiiyure ezi-5 ukuya kwezili-10 zokuziqhelanisa, nokuba basuka kumqeqeshi onamaphiko aphezulu baye kwinqwelo-moya enzima enamaphiko aphantsi okanye babuyela umva.

Elo xesha lotshintsho aliloxesha lichithwayo. Ukufunda ukulawula impembelelo enamandla yomhlaba yephiko eliphantsi ngexesha lokugqabhuka kwakha ukuchukumisa okuchanekileyo okunemiphumo ngqo kuqeqesho lorhwebo, apho ukunyamezelana okuqinileyo kumgama wokufika kunye nolawulo lwesantya somoya kubalulekile kwimigangatho yokujonga. Ukutyibilika komoya ojikelezayo, ukuskena kwendlela yendlela ejonge kwindawo engabonakaliyo yephiko lakho, kunye nokuhlolwa kwe-fuel-sump ethile kwinqwelo-moya yakho konke kufanele kuphindwe de kube yinto ezenzekelayo, kungekhona nje iibhokisi ezijongwe kwikhadi langaphambi kokubhabha.

Abaqeqeshi beenqwelo-moya bahlala bebona indlela efanayo: abafundi abaziqhelanisa ngabom kuzo zombini iindlela, endaweni yokunamathela kwinqwelo-moya enye ngenxa yokuzola, baphuhlisa imvakalelo yokubamba nokujika iimoto ngokungqongqo. Ukuba usukelo lwakho lujolise kwisihlalo senqwelo-moya, ukuvezwa kwisimo sephiko leenqwelo-moya esiqhelekileyo kwasekuqaleni koqeqesho kususa enye into engaziwayo ekutshintsheni ukuya kwinqwelo-moya enzima nesebenza kakuhle.

Icebiso Pro: Ukuba usukelo lwakho lwexesha elide kukuhlala kwindawo yorhwebo okanye yeenqwelo moya, buza isikolo sakho seenqwelo moya ukuba loluphi uhlobo lwamaphiko olulawula inqwelo moya yaso ephucukileyo neneenjini ezininzi, uze ucele ixesha kuloo ndlela kwangethuba kunokuba ulucele kamva kuqeqesho lwakho.

Ukukhetha iPhiko Akuyonto Yengcinga, Kuyinjongo

Akukho phiko "elingcono" ngokubanzi, kwaye abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya abaphikisana ngenye indlela badla ngokubhabha olunye uhlobo kwaye abazange bachithe ixesha elibalulekileyo kolunye. Impendulo enyanisekileyo ixhomekeke kwinto oyenzayo ngenqwelo-moya: ukuthutha izixhobo kwindawo enamatye, ukwakha iiyure zokuhamba ilizwe ngokufanelekileyo, okanye uqeqesho lohlobo oluthile lweenqwelo-moya endleleni.

Icebiso lam lilula. Bhalisa zombini iindlela ngaphambi kokuba wenze izimvo eziqinileyo, kwaye ucele umqeqeshi wakho ukuba achaze isizathu sokuba inqwelo-moya yakho yoqeqesho ikhethelwe loo msebenzi. Ukuba usebenza kwinkampani yeenqwelo-moya okanye umsebenzi wezorhwebo, qaphela ukuba loluphi uhlobo lwephiko olulawula iinqanawa ozijongileyo, kuba olo lwazi lunciphisa utshintsho lwakho wakufika apho. Umzila woqeqesho ubaluleke ngaphezu kwephiko.

— uRainer

Ukuba udweba indlela yakho yoqeqesho malunga nezi nyani zeenqwelo-moya, Inkqubo yeSikolo seenqwelo-moya zeFlightschoolusa esinexabiso elimiselweyo yakha ixesha elicwangcisiweyo kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zeenqwelo-moya libe yindleko enye eqikelelweyo, ngoko ke ukuvezwa kohlobo lwamaphiko kwenzeka ngoyilo kunokuba kwenzeke ngengozi. Abafundi batshintsha ukusuka kuqeqesho lwabaqhubi beenqwelo-moya zabucala ukuya kuvavanyo lwezorhwebo kunye nezixhobo besebenzisa ii-FAA checkrides zangaphakathi, nto leyo enciphisa ukulibaziseka kweshedyuli okwandisa amaxesha oqeqesho kwezinye iindawo. Kubaqhubi beenqwelo-moya ngokukodwa abajolise kwisihlalo seenqwelo-moya, Inkqubo yeMisebenzi yokuLinga i-Airline yase-US iphinda loo ndlela yokufundisa abantu ngeenqwelo-moya ibe yikharityhulam yomsebenzi eyakhelwe kwiintlobo zeenqwelo-moya oza kubhabha kuzo ngobuchwephesha.

imithombo

• Iphiko elingasentla, iphiko elingasentla – AOPA
• Inqwelo-moya enamaphiko aphezulu kunye namaphiko aphantsi – Ukubhabha okulula
• Iingenelo kunye nokungalungi kweenqwelo-moya eziphantsi xa kuthelekiswa neenqwelo-moya eziphakamileyo – iZiko loPhaneli
• Uqwalaselo lwephiko – iWikipedia
• Ukuqonda iinqwelomoya eziphantsi - iRV Airspace

FAQ

Ngaba Inqwelo-moya Ephezulu Okanye Ephantsi Kunzima Ukuyibhabha?

Akukho nanye kwezinzima kangako. Amaphiko aphezulu adla ngokuvakala ekhululekile xa kuthe kwabekwa iiplanga naxa kuthe kwawela umoya, ngelixa amaphiko aphantsi efuna ixesha elichanekileyo lokugqabhuka ngenxa yempembelelo enamandla yomhlaba.

Kutheni Iinqwelo-moya ezininzi zisebenzisa amaphiko aphantsi?

Amaphiko aphantsi enza kube lula ukubekwa komgangatho wekhabhathi kunye nowempahla, agcina ibhokisi yamaphiko ingangeni kwigumbi labakhweli, kwaye abonelela ngokufikelela lula kwinjini esezantsi kumaqela okulungisa, njengoko iSimple Flying iphawula.

Ngaba Iinqwelo-moya Eziphezulu Zineenkqubo Ezingcono Zepetroli?

Iitanki ezinamaphiko aphezulu zondla injini ngomxhuzulane wodwa, zisusa indawo enye yokusilela koomatshini xa kuthelekiswa neenkqubo ezixhomekeke kwipompo ezidla ngokufunwa ziintaka ezinamaphiko aphantsi.

Kuthatha ixesha elingakanani ukutshintsha phakathi kweendidi zeephiko?

Uninzi lwabaqhubi beenqwelo-moya luziva lukhululekile ngokupheleleyo emva kweeyure ezininzi zokubhabha ngokuzinikela kule ndlela intsha, ngokutsho kwamava ootitshala akwabelwana ngawo kwiinkqubo zoqeqesho lokubhabha.

Loluphi uhlobo lwephiko olukhuselekileyo xa ufika kwindawo engxamisekileyo?

Inqwelo-moya enamaphiko asezantsi inokubonelela ngendlela yokuphuma efikelelekayo kunye nokugcinwa kwesakhiwo esithile ukusuka kwiphiko ngexesha lokufika phezulu, ngelixa amaphiko aphezulu anokufuna indlela engaqhelekanga yokuphuma phantsi kwephiko, ngokutsho kwe-AOPA.

kucetyiswa

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