Ukubhabha ngenqwelomoya kufuna ubuchule, ukuchaneka, kunye nokuzinikela okungagungqiyo kukhuseleko. Embindini wayo yonke inqwelomoya eyimpumelelo kukubhabha kwenqwelomoya-uhlolo olucokisekileyo, lwenyathelo nenyathelo oluqinisekisa yonke into. inxalenye yenqwelomoya ifanelekile emoyeni.
Ngoxa abanye besenokujonga inqwelo-moya yangaphambi kwenqwelo-moya njengokujonga ngokukhawuleza amafutha namatayara, ingaphezulu lee kunoko. Ukukhanya okufanelekileyo kwenqwelomoya yinkqubo ecwangcisiweyo eyilelwe ukubamba imiba enokubakho ngaphambi kokuba ibe yingxaki. Sisiseko senqwelomoya ekhuselekileyo, kwaye ukutsiba inyathelo elinye kunokubeka esichengeni yonke inqwelomoya.
Kwesi sikhokelo, siza kukuhamba ngezinto eziyimfuneko zokukhanya kwangaphambili kwenqwelomoya, eyenzelwe injini enye, iinqwelomoya ezincinci. Nokuba ungumfundi wenqwelomoya okanye umqhubi wenqwelomoya onamava, le ndlela inyathelo ngenyathelo iya kukunceda uye esibhakabhakeni ngokuzithemba.
Yintoni i-Airplane Preflight?
Phambi kokuba umqhubi wenqwelomoya ade asondele kwinqwelomoya, kukho inqanaba elibalulekileyo lokulungiselela elibeka inqanaba lokubhabha okukhuselekileyo nokuphumelela. Esi sigaba, esisoloko sibizwa ngokuba yi-pre-preflight, sibandakanya ucwangciso olucokisekileyo kunye nohlalutyo.
Umqhubi wenqwelomoya kufuneka avavanye imiba ephambili efana neemeko zemozulu, izibalo zobunzima kunye nokulinganisela, izithintelo zenqwelomoya zethutyana (TFRs), kunye neZaziso kuAirmen (Ii-NOTAM). Ezi zinto zibalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuba uhambo ngenqwelomoya alukwazi ukwenzeka kuphela kodwa luyahambelana nemigaqo kwaye lukhuselekile kubo bonke abakhweleyo.
Nangona ezi zihloko zibalulekile, zifanelwe yingxoxo yazo ezinikeleyo. Okwangoku, siza kujolisa kwinqwelomoya yangaphambili-ukuhlolwa kwezandla okwenzeka xa ukwinqwelomoya.
Isibane senqwelomoya sangaphambili: Imitha yeHobbs
Kubaqhubi beenqwelo-moya abarentayo kunokuba babe ngabanini-enqwelo-moya zabo, inyathelo lokuqala kuyo yonke inqwelo-moya yangaphambili ibandakanya ukujonga imitha yeHobbs. Ngelixa eli nyathelo linganxulumananga ngokuthe ngqo nokhuseleko lokubhabha, lidlala indima ebalulekileyo kuqoqosho lokubhabha.
Imitha ye-Hobbs ilandelela inani leeyure esebenze ngayo injini, kwaye uninzi lweendawo zokurenta zihlawulisa ngokusekelwe kulo metric kunexesha lexesha lokurenta. Oku kwenza ukujonga imitha ye-Hobbs kubaluleke kakhulu-ukuba akujoliswanga ngokupheleleyo kukhuseleko-yinxalenye yenkqubo yokubhabha.
Ngaphandle kwendima yayo ekuhlawuleni, imitha yeHobbs ikwasebenza njengesalathisi esibalulekileyo kwiishedyuli zolondolozo. Iindidi ezithile zolondolozo, ezifana nokutshintsha kwe-oyile okanye ukuhlolwa kwe-injini, kusekelwe kwixesha lokuqhuba kwe-injini. Nangona kunjalo, ngenjongo yokulungiselela inqwelo-moya yomntu ngamnye, eyona nto iphambili ixhalabisayo kukuqinisekisa ukuhlawula okuchanekileyo.
Ngapha koko, kwihlabathi lokuhamba ngeenqwelomoya, uqoqosho ludla ngokuza kuqala—kwanangaphambi kokuba ungene kwindawo yokukhwela abaqhubi.
Amaphepha: Izinto eziBalulekileyo ezisemthethweni
Ngaphambi kokuba inqwelomoya ikwazi ukuya esibhakabhakeni, kufuneka iphathe amaxwebhu athile ukuze ithobele iFAA (Federal Aviation Administration) miselo. La maxwebhu ayingowomthetho nje kuphela—abalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuba inqwelo-moya isemthethweni kwaye ikhuselekile ukuba ingabhabha.
Okokuqala nokuphambili, yonke inqwelomoya kufuneka ibe nayo isatifikethi sokuhlala emoyeni iboniswe abakhweli. Esi satifikethi siqinisekisa ukuba inqwelo-moya iyahlangabezana nemigangatho yokhuseleko ye-FAA kwaye ikulungele ukubhabha.
Olunye uxwebhu oluyimfuneko bubunzima obusemthethweni kunye nerekhodi yokulinganisela. Eli phepha libonelela abaqhubi bedatha abafunekayo ukubala iziko lomxhuzulane wenqwelomoya kunye nobunzima bubonke, baqinisekise ukuba zombini zihlala ngaphakathi kwemida esemthethweni kulo lonke uhambo lokubhabha. Ukusasazwa kobunzima obungafanelekanga okanye ukulayishwa ngokugqithisileyo kunokuphazamisa kakhulu ukhuseleko, nto leyo eyenza olu xwebhu lube yimfuneko.
Ukongeza, uninzi lweenqwelomoya ziyafuneka ukuba ziphathe incwadi yomqhubi wenqwelomoya (P.O.H.) ukhwelile. Le ncwadana iqulethe ulwazi olubalulekileyo malunga nokusebenza kwenqwelo-moya, iinkqubo kunye neenkqubo zongxamiseko. Kwiinqwelomoya ezinezixhobo ezikhethekileyo, izixhobo ezongezelelweyo zinokufuneka ukulungisa uhlengahlengiso oluthile okanye ufakelo.
Ngelixa iinqwelomoya zamazwe ngamazwe zibandakanya amaxwebhu ongezelelweyo, afana neefomu zesiqhelo kunye namaphepha-mvume, siza kugxila apha kwizinto eziyimfuneko kwiinqwelomoya zasekhaya. Emva kwayo yonke loo nto, amaphepha afanelekileyo ayikona nje ukuthotyelwa-imalunga nokhuseleko kunye nokulungela.
phandle Inqwelo moya yaPhambili: I-Walkaround ebanzi
Akuba umqhubi wenqwelo-moya eqinisekisile ukuba onke amaphepha afunekayo alungelelanisiwe, inyathelo elilandelayo linyathelo elicokisekileyo langaphandle. Oku kubandakanya uhlolo lwenqwelomoya ngononophelo, ukuqinisekisa ukuba yonke into ikwimeko efanelekileyo yokusebenza kwaye ayinabungozi.
Abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya abanamava basoloko bephuhlisa uhambo oluthile lokuhlola, behamba ngokucwangcisiweyo ukusuka kwenye indawo ukuya kwenye ukuphepha ukuphosa naziphi na iinkcukacha ezibalulekileyo. Le ndlela yokufundisa ibalulekile ekugcineni ukuhambelana nokhuseleko.
Ngexesha lokubhabha kwangaphandle, umqhubi wenqwelomoya uya:
- Jonga ulusu lwenqwelo moya ukuba alunazibonda, aludleki, alungcoli, umkhenkce, ikhephu, okanye ezinye izitenxo ezinokuchaphazela ukusebenza kwayo.
- Jonga ukusebenza kolawulo lwenqwelomoya, ukuquka iiailerons, iiflaphu, irudder, isizinzisi esithe tyaba, kunye nazo naziphi na ezinye izinto ezithe ngqo kwinqwelomoya.
- Jonga iitanki zamafutha, ezihlala ngaphakathi kwamaphiko, ukuqinisekisa amanqanaba afanelekileyo epetroli kwaye akukho zimpawu zongcoliseko okanye ukuvuza.
- Hlola i-propeller (okanye i-propeller) umonakala, iintanda, okanye ezinye izinto ezinokubeka esichengeni ukhuseleko.
Inyathelo lokugqibela, elihlala lingahoywa kodwa elibalulekileyo libandakanya ukunyathela iimitha ezili-10 ukuya kwezingama-20 ukusuka kwinqwelomoya ukuze ujonge ngokupheleleyo. Le mbono ibanzi ivumela umqhubi wenqwelo-moya ukuba abone naziphi na izitenxo ezinokuthi zingabonakali kufutshane, eqinisekisa ukuba inqwelo-moya ikulungele ngokwenene ukubhabha.
Ngaphakathi Inqwelo moya yaPhambili: Ukulungisa iCockpit
Xa sele kugqityiwe uhlolisiso lwangaphandle, umqhubi wenqwelo-moya unikel’ ingqalelo kwindawo yomqhubi wenqwelo-moya—indawo eyintloko yokulawula inqwelo-moya. I-preflight yangaphakathi iqinisekisa ukuba zonke iinkqubo, izixhobo, kunye nolawulo lusebenza ngokufanelekileyo kwaye umqhubi wenqwelomoya uyilungiselele ngokupheleleyo inqwelomoya engaphambili.
Inkqubo ngokuqhelekileyo iqala ngetshekhi ebonakalayo yoyilo lwe-cockpit. Umqhubi wenqwelo-moya uqinisekisa ukuba zonke iiswitshi, amaqhina kunye nolawulo zikwindawo yazo efanelekileyo. Umzekelo, i-master switch kufuneka ivaliwe, kwaye ivalve yokukhetha amafutha kufuneka ibekwe kwitanki efanelekileyo.
Okulandelayo, umqhubi wenqwelomoya uya:
- Hlola izixhobo ukuqinisekisa ukuba ziyasebenza kwaye azinamonakalo. Oku kubandakanya i i-altimeter, isalathisi sesantya somoya, isalathisi sesihloko, kunye neegeyiji ze-injini.
- Jonga ii-avionics, kubandakanywa unomathotholo, Umthuthi, kunye neenkqubo zokukhangela, ukuqinisekisa ukuba zisebenza ngokuchanekileyo.
- Qinisekisa ukuba izixhobo ezingxamisekileyo, ezifana nesicima-mlilo, ikhithi yoncedo lokuqala, kunye nesixhobo sokuhambisa indawo kaxakeka (ELT), sikhona kwaye sikwimeko entle.
- Hlaziya isicwangciso senqwelomoya kwaye uqinisekise ukuba zonke iitshathi eziyimfuneko, iimephu, kunye nezixhobo zokukhangela zifikeleleka lula.
Ekugqibeleni, umqhubi wenqwelo-moya uya kulungelelanisa izihlalo, amabhanti ezihlalo, kunye neepedali zokujika ukuze athuthuzeleke kunye nolawulo olululo. Eli nyathelo lisenokubonakala lincinci, kodwa libalulekile ekugcineni ugqaliselo kunye nokuchaneka ngexesha lokubhabha.
I-preflight yangaphakathi ayikho nje malunga nokujonga iibhokisi-imalunga nokudala indawo ekhuselekileyo, ehlelekile, kunye nefanelekileyo yendawo yohambo oluzayo.
Emva kweNqwelo-moya yaPhambili: Ukuhlolwa kokugqibela phambi kokunduluka
Ukukhanya kwenqwelo moya sisiqalo nje senkqubo yokuqinisekisa ukuba inqwelomoya ikulungele ukubhabha. Nje ukuba uhlolo lwangaphandle nolwangaphakathi lugqityiwe, umqhubi wenqwelo-moya kufuneka enze uthotho lokuhlola okokugqibela ngaphambi kokuba aye esibhakabhakeni.
Ukuba inqwelomoya ikwisikhululo seenqwelomoya esilawulwayo, umqhubi wenqwelo-moya uya kuqala afumane imvume yokusuka kuyo Ulawulo lweZithuthi zoMoya (ATC). Kwisikhululo seenqwelo-moya esingalawulwayo, eli nyathelo aliyomfuneko, kodwa umqhubi wenqwelo-moya kufuneka ahlale eyiphaphele enye inqwelo-moya ekufutshane.
Kukhuselwe imvume (ukuba kuyafuneka), umqhubi wenqwelomoya uya kukhwela inqwelomoya ukusuka kwindawo yayo yokumisa ukuya kumgaqo weenqwelo-moya. Ngesi sigaba, ulinge ujonga:
- Ukuphendula ngokuqhuba, kulawulwa ngeepedali zokujika.
- Ulungelelwaniso lwe-gyro olukhombayo, ukuqinisekisa ukuba luhambelana nekhampasi kazibuthe.
- Ukusebenza kwesalathisi sokujika kunye nebhanki, eqinisekisa ukuba iphendula ngokuchanekileyo kwiintshukumo zenqwelomoya.
Ekufikeni kwendawo yokuqhubela phambili, umqhubi wenqwelomoya uya kuqhuba isheke lokuqhuba. Oku kubandakanya ukuqhuba i-injini kwi-RPM ephezulu ukuvavanya iinkqubo eziziphatha ngokwahlukileyo phantsi kwamandla awongeziweyo, anje:
- Iimagnethi, ukuqinisekisa ukuba injini isebenza kakuhle kwinkqubo yokulayita nganye ngokuzimeleyo.
- Ubushushu beCarburetor, Ukuqinisekisa kunciphisa injini RPM njengoko kulindelekile.
- Izixhobo zokubhabha, eqinisekisa ukuba basebenza ngokuchanekileyo phantsi kwemithwalo ephezulu yeenjini.
Kuphela kusemva kokuba umqhubi wenqwelo-moya enelisekile ukuba yonke into isendleleni eya kuthi iqhubele phambili kumgaqo weenqwelo-moya. Kwisikhululo seenqwelomoya esilawulwayo, umqhubi wenqwelo-moya kufuneka afumane imvume yokunduluka kwi-ATC ngaphambi kokuba anyukele kumgaqo weenqwelo-moya aze afake i-throttle epheleleyo.
Esi sigaba sokugqibela senkqubo yenqwelo-moya yangaphambi kokuhamba kwenqwelo-moya iqinisekisa ukuba inqwelo-moya ayithethi nje ngoomatshini kodwa idityaniswe ngokupheleleyo nemekobume yezothutho zenqwelo-moya, ibeka inqanaba lokumka ngokukhuselekileyo nangokunempumelelo.
Ukhuseleko Intliziyo yoPhapho
Ukusuka kwinqwelomoya ecokisekileyo ukuya ekuvaleni kokugqibela emva kokufika, umgaqo omnye uhlala ubalulekile: ukhuseleko. Inyathelo ngalinye—enoba kukuhlola umphandle wenqwelo-moya, inkqubo yokuqinisekisa ukuba inqwelo-moya ikwigumbi lokuhamba, okanye kukuhlola okokugqibela ngaphambi kokuba isuke—lenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba inqwelo-moya ikulungele ukuhamba emoyeni yaye ikhuselekile.
Ukhuseleko alupheli xa inqwelomoya iqalisa ukuqengqeleka kumgaqo weenqwelo-moya. Abaqhubi beenqwelomoya baqhubeka bebeka iliso kwaye beqinisekisa iinkqubo kulo lonke uhambo lokubhabha, ukusuka ekusebenzeni kwenjini ukuya kwizixhobo zokukhangela. Olu gxininiso olungayekeleliyo kukhuseleko yinto eyenza ukuhamba ngenqwelomoya kube yenye yeendlela ezikhuselekileyo zothutho, nokuba zezokuzonwabisa ngenqwelomoya okanye iinjongo zobungcali.
Ngaphaya kwemiba yobugcisa, kukho into engaqhelekanga ngokwenene malunga nokubhabha. Amava okubhabha esibhakabhakeni ngendlela emangalisayo yobunjineli njengenqwelo-moya ayinakulinganiswa nanto. Ibubungqina bobuchule bomntu kunye nesikhumbuzo sokuba kutheni sihamba kude kangaka ukuqinisekisa ukuba yonke inqwelomoya ikhuselekile kangangoko sinakho.
Qhagamshelana neFlorida Flyers Flight Academy Team namhlanje e (904) 209-3510 ukufunda ngakumbi malunga nokwenza uguqulo lwelayisensi yokulinga yangaphandle ngamanyathelo ama-4.
