Ukuqonda ukuba zisebenza njani ii-injini zejethi kubalulekile kuye nabani na obandakanyekayo kuhambo ngenqwelomoya, ukusuka kubaqhubi beenqwelomoya ukuya kwiinjineli. Le mimangaliso yobuchule bobunjineli beenqwelomoya zale mihla, eyenza ukuba isantya, ukusebenza kakuhle, nokuthembeka sisoloko sikuthabatha lula.
Ngexesha apho ukunqumla amazwekazi ngeeyure kuyinto eqhelekileyo, inzululwazi ngasemva kweenjini zejethi inika umdla kwaye ibalulekile. Kubaqhubi beenqwelo-moya, ukuba nobuchule obu buchwephesha abukho nje kulwazi lobugcisa—kumalunga nokuqinisekisa ukhuseleko, ukuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle, kunye nokwenza izigqibo ezisekelwe kulwazi kwindawo yokulala.
Ukususela kuphuhliso lwazo lwangaphambili ngexesha lemfazwe ukuya kwindima yazo ekuguquleni uphapho lwezorhwebo, iinjini zejethi ziyilungise ngokutsha indlela esibhabha ngayo. Kwesi sikhokelo, siza kuphonononga indlela ii-injini zejethi ezisebenza ngayo, sityhila imigaqo eguqula isibaso sibe sisibaso sithatha usiqhubele esibhakabhakeni.
Injini yeJet: Yaqala njani
Ukuqonda ngokupheleleyo indlela ii-injini zejethi ezisebenza ngayo namhlanje, kubalulekile ukuqonda imvelaphi yazo kunye nendima yenguqu eziyidlalileyo kwimbali yophapho. Uhambo olusuka kwakusasa inqwelomoya eqhutywa yipropeller kwiinjini zejethi ezinamandla zanamhlanje libali lezinto ezintsha, imfuneko, kunye nokuphumelela kweteknoloji.
Ngaphambi kweenjini zejethi, iinqwelomoya zazixhomekeke kwiipropela eziqhutywa ngepiston. Ngelixa ezi njini zazinika amandla kwiintsuku zokuqala zokubhabha, zazilinganiselwe kwisantya, ukuphakama, kunye nokusebenza kakuhle. Iinjini zeTurboprop inike uphuculo oluthile, kodwa iphupha lokwenyani lokuqhutywa kwejethi lahlala lingafikeleleki.
Ukuphuhliswa kweenjini zejethi kwakhawuleziswa ziimfuno zemfazwe. Ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi yesiBini, amazwe atyale imali eninzi kubugcisa bokubhabha, nto leyo eyakhokelela kwinkqubela phambili eyothusayo. EJamani, ingcali yefiziksi Hans von Ohain iphuhlise injini yejethi esebenzayo, eyadityaniswa kwi Messerschmitt Mna 262—umlo wokuqala wejethi wokulwa ehlabathini. Ngaphandle koyilo lwayo olutsha, iMe 262 ijongene nemiceli mngeni efana nokusetyenziswa kwamafutha aphezulu kunye nonyamezelo olulinganiselweyo.
Ngelo xesha, injineli yaseBrithani UFrank Whittle wayesenza owakhe umkhondo kubuchwepheshe bejethi. I-injini yakhe yanika amandla i-Gloster Meteor, eyabona ukusetyenziswa okulinganiselweyo ngexesha lemfazwe kodwa yabonisa amandla e-jet propulsion.
Emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, ii-injini zejethi zatshintsha ukusuka ekusetyenzisweni emkhosini ukuya kwinqwelomoya yezorhwebo, ziguqula indlela yokuhamba ngenqwelomoya. Ixesha lejethi laqala ngokusesikweni ngowe-1958 xa iPan American Airlines yaqalisa inkonzo yejethi enqumla eAtlantiki ngeBoeing 707. Oku kwaphawula ukuqala kwexesha elitsha, nto leyo eyenza uhambo lwenqwelomoya lukhawuleze, lusebenze ngakumbi, kwaye lufikeleleke kubantu abaninzi.
Ukuqonda ukuba zisebenza njani ii-injini zejethi namhlanje kufuna ukuba sixabise le mbali ityebileyo yokwenziwa kwezinto ezintsha kunye nemicelimngeni eyoyisiweyo ukufezekisa itekhnoloji esithembele kuyo.
Imigaqo kunye neeMechanics: IiNjini zeJet zisebenza njani
Embindini wayo yonke injini yejethi kukho usetyenziso olunomdla lwefiziksi kunye nobunjineli. Isantya esimangalisayo kunye namandla enjini yejethi zimiliselwe kuMthetho weSithathu weNewton wokuhamba: "Kuzo zonke iintshukumo, kukho impendulo elinganayo neyahlukileyo. " Lo mgaqo wenziwa uphile ngenkqubo yokuvelisa i-thrust, eqhubela inqwelo-moya phambili.
Nantsi ucazululo lwenyathelo ngalinye zisebenza njani iinjini zejethi:
ncanca: Inkqubo iqala ngaphambili kwi-injini, apho ifeni enkulu itsala umoya omkhulu. Ukuba ukhe wajonga phezulu kwi-injini ye-jet, uye wawabona ama-blades ale fan.
Squeeze: Umoya ongenayo ke ucinezelwe luthotho lweefeni ezijikelezayo ngaphakathi kwenjini. Ezi balandeli, zifakwe kwi-shaft ephakathi, zonyusa kakhulu uxinzelelo lomoya, zilungiselele ukutsha.
Bang: I-Fuel ifakwe kwi-air compressed, kwaye i-spark ivutha umxube. Oku kutsha kubangela ukuba umoya wande ngokukhawuleza, udala ukuqhuma okukhulu kweegesi.
Blow: Iigesi ezikhulayo zinyanzeliswa ngombhobho osemva we-injini, zivelisa i-thrust. Le nto iqhubela phambili inqwelomoya, ilandela uMthetho Wesithathu kaNewton.
Yonke le nkqubo yenzeka ngesantya esimangalisayo. Kwii-injini zejethi zanamhlanje, iiinjini zomoya ziyakwazi ukujikeleza amaxesha angaphezu kwe-10,000 ngomzuzu, zibonisa ukuchaneka nokusebenza kakuhle kobu buchwepheshe.
Abahlohli ngenqwelomoya rhoqo ukwenza lula le nkqubo intsonkothileyo ngebinzana "Suka, khama, qhwaba, vuthela," indlela ekhumbulekayo yokuchaza amanqanaba amane angundoqo okusebenza kwenjini yejethi.
Ukuqonda indlela ezisebenza ngayo ii-injini zejethi akubonisi nje ukuqaqamba koyilo lwazo kodwa kukwagxininisa indima yazo ebalulekileyo kuphapho lwangoku. Ukusuka ekunikezeni amandla iinqwelomoya zorhwebo ukuya ekuvumeleni iinqwelomoya zomkhosi, iinjini zejethi zibubungqina bobuchule bomntu kunye nemithetho yefiziksi.
IiNjini zeJet zisebenza njani: I-Jet Fuel
Ukuqonda ukuba zisebenza njani ii-injini zejethi, kubalulekile ukujonga isibaso esizinika amandla. I-Jet fuel, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-aviation turbine fuel (ATF), yintshatsheli emva kwempendulo enamandla eqhubela inqwelo moya phambili.
Imifuniselo yangaphambili ye-jet injini yayixhomekeke kumandla omphunga, ngelixa iinjini zepiston zisebenzisa ipetroli. Noko ke, ukususela ekupheleni kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, iinjini zejeti zale mihla ziye zasebenzisa amafutha eparafini, ngokuqhelekileyo abizwa ngokuba ziinqwelo-moya. "emva."
I-ATF ikholisa ukucaca okanye ityheli ngombala okhanyayo kwaye iqulathe umxube ochanekileyo weehydrocarbons. Ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko kunye nokusebenza, iyacokiswa kwaye iqhutywe ngokwemigaqo engqongqo kunye nemigangatho yamazwe ngamazwe.
Kwinqwelomoya yorhwebo, awona mafutha ejet asetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo yiJet A kunye neJet A-1. Zombini zisekwe kwi-kerosene, kodwa ziyahluka kwiindawo zazo zokukhenkceza:
- Jet A ngumkhenkce nge -40 ° C (-40 ° F).
- Ijethi A-1 ngumkhenkce nge -53 ° C (-63 ° F), okwenza ukuba ifaneleke ngakumbi kwiinqwelomoya ezihamba ixesha elide kunye nemozulu ebandayo.
Kwinqwelomoya jikelele kunye neenqwelomoya zomkhosi ezisebenza kwiimeko ezinzima, uhlobo olwahlukileyo lwesibaso olubizwa ngokuba yiJet B luhlala lusetyenziswa. I-Jet B yi-fuel-cut-cut-wide-cut, ukuxuba i-kerosene kunye namalungu epetroli, kwaye yenzelwe ngokukodwa ukusebenza kwemozulu ebandayo.
Ukukhethwa kwamafutha asekelwe kwi-kerosene akukho ngozi. La mafutha abonelela ngamandla aphezulu oxinaniso olufunekayo ukutyhala ngelixa ezinzile phantsi kobushushu obugqithisileyo kunye noxinzelelo ngaphakathi kwi-injini yejethi. Olu uzinzo lubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukusebenza ngokukhuselekileyo nangokufanelekileyo, ngakumbi ngexesha leenqwelomoya ezinde okanye kwiimeko ezinzima zemozulu.
Ukuqonda i-jet fuel yinxalenye ephambili yokuqonda indlela iinjini zejethi ezisebenza ngayo. Akunjalo nje malunga nobuchwephesha be-injini-ikwamalunga nekhemistri eyenza ukuba yonke indiza yenzeke.
Yintoni umahluko phakathi kweeNjini zeJet kunye neeNjini zeTurboprop?
Ukuqonda ngokupheleleyo ukuba zisebenza njani ii-injini zejethi, kubalulekile ukuzithelekisa neenjini ze-turboprop. Ngelixa zombini ziqhutywa ziiinjini zegesi, zisebenza ngokwahlukileyo kwaye zinendima eyodwa kwinqwelomoya. Ukuqonda lo mahluko kunika ukukhanya kwindlela iinjini zejethi ezisebenza ngayo kwaye kutheni zifanelekile kwiintlobo ezithile zeenqwelomoya.
Iinjini zeJet ziyilelwe isantya kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwiindawo eziphakamileyo. Ngokungafaniyo nee-turboprops, azisebenzisi iipropeller zangaphandle. Endaweni yoko, baxhomekeke kwifeni yangaphakathi ukuba icinezele umoya, ixube namafutha, kwaye ivelise i-thrust ngokutshisa ngokukhawuleza. Le nkqubo ingundoqo kwindlela iinjini zejethi ezisebenza ngayo, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ziqhube iinqwelomoya ngesantya esimangalisayo.
Nangona kunjalo, iinjini zejethi zisebenza kancinci kwizantya ezisezantsi kunye nokuphakama, kwaye zisebenzisa amafutha amaninzi xa kuthelekiswa neeturboprops. Oku kubenza balungele iinqwelomoya ezihamba ixesha elide, apho isantya kunye namandla abo aphezulu kuneendleko zabo zokusebenza eziphezulu.
IiNjini zeTurboprop: Ubuchule kwiiFlights eziMfutshane
Iinjini zeTurboprop zidibanisa imigaqo yeenjini zejethi kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kweepropellers. Basebenzisa i-injini yegesi ukuqhuba i-propeller yangaphandle, eyenza i-thrust. Olu luyilo lwenza ii-turboprops zisebenze kakuhle kwiinqwelomoya ezimfutshane kunye nokuphakama okuphantsi, apho uqoqosho lwazo lwamafutha kunye nokuguquguquka kwezinto kuqaqambile.
Ngelixa ii-turboprops zihlala zibonwa njengebhulorho phakathi kweenjini eziqhutywa ngepiston kunye neejethi, zihlala zithandwa kwiinqwelomoya zengingqi kunye nokubhabha jikelele. Abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya bayayixabisa i-turboprops ngobulula bazo, i-automation esezantsi, kunye nokusebenza kweendleko kwiindlela ezimfutshane.
Umzekelo, inqwelomoya esuka eColorado isiya eNew Mexico inoqoqosho ngakumbi nge-turboprop kune-injini yejethi, elulungele ngcono uhambo olude njengeMaine ukuya eNevada.
Ukukhetha Injini Efanelekileyo
Isigqibo phakathi kweenjini zejethi kunye neenjini ze-turboprop sixhomekeke kuthumo kunye neemfuno zokusebenza. Uhlobo ngalunye lwe-injini lunezinto eziluncedo olwahlukileyo, luzenza zilungele iindidi ezahlukeneyo zeenqwelomoya. Ukuqonda indlela ii-injini zejethi ezisebenza ngayo xa kuthelekiswa nee-turboprops ngundoqo wokuxabisa iindima zazo ezikhethekileyo kuphapho.
Unokukhetha nini iiNjini zeJet
Iinjini zeJet zezona zikhethwayo ngesantya kunye nokuhamba umgama omde. Ukukwazi kwabo ukwenza i-thrush ephezulu kwiindawo eziphakamileyo kubenza bafanelekele iinqwelomoya zorhwebo, iijethi zomkhosi, kunye neenqwelomoya ezithwala impahla. Umzekelo, ukuhamba ngenqwelomoya ukusuka eNew York ukuya eLondon kufuna isantya kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwenjini yejethi ukugubungela umgama ngokukhawuleza nangokukhululeka.
Nangona kunjalo, ii-injini zejethi azisebenzi kakuhle kwisantya esisezantsi kunye nokuphakama, kwaye ukusetyenziswa kwazo okuphezulu kwepetroli kuzenza zibize kakhulu ukusebenza kwiindlela ezimfutshane. Yiyo loo nto beqhele ukugcinelwa ubufundisi apho iinzuzo zabo zokusebenza zingaphezulu kweendleko.
Iinjini zeTurboprop, kwelinye icala, zigqwesa ngokusebenzayo kunye nokuguquguquka kwiinqwelomoya ezimfutshane. Ukukwazi kwabo ukwenza i-thrast usebenzisa i-propeller yangaphandle kubenza bonge kakhulu amafutha kwiindawo eziphakamileyo kunye nezantya ezisezantsi. Oku kwenza ii-turboprops zibe lolona khetho lukhethwayo kwiinqwelomoya zengingqi, ukuhamba ngenqwelomoya jikelele, kunye nemishini efuna ukunduluka rhoqo kunye nokumisa.
Umzekelo, inqwelomoya esuka eColorado isiya eNew Mexico inoqoqosho ngakumbi nge-turboprop, njengoko umgama omfutshane awufuni buchule besantya esiphezulu senjini yejethi. Abaqhubi beenqwelo moya bayayixabisa i-turboprops ngobulula bazo kunye ne-automation esezantsi, enokuba luncedo kwiimeko ezithile zokusebenza.
Ukuqonda indlela ii-injini zejethi ezisebenza ngayo ecaleni kwe-turboprops kubonelela ngengqiqo exabisekileyo kumandla azo ahlukeneyo. Iijethi zilawula uhambo olude kunye nesantya esiphezulu, ngelixa ii-turboprops zikhanya kwimisebenzi yengingqi kunye neyokuhamba okufutshane. Ngokudibeneyo, ezi njini zibonelela ngeemfuno ezahlukeneyo zophapho lwangoku, ziqinisekisa ukusebenza kakuhle, ukhuseleko, kunye nokusebenza kwibhodi iphela.
isiphelo
Iinjini zeJet ziyamangalisa ngobunjineli bale mihla, zinika amandla isantya, ukusebenza kakuhle, nokuthembeka okuchaza ishishini leenqwelomoya lanamhlanje. Ukusuka kuphuhliso lwazo lwangaphambili ngexesha lemfazwe ukuya kwindima yazo ekuguquleni uhambo lomoya worhwebo, iinjini zejethi ziyiguqule indlela esibhabha ngayo.
Ukuqonda indlela ezisebenza ngayo ii-injini zejethi ayikokuxabisa nje ubuchwephesha bazo—imalunga nokuqaphela ifuthe lazo kukhuseleko, ukusebenza, kunye noqhagamshelwano lwehlabathi. Nokuba kukutyhala ngesantya esiphezulu kwenjini yejethi okanye ukonga amafutha kwizinto ezininzi ze-turboprop, inkqubo nganye idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuhlangabezaneni neemfuno ezahlukeneyo zophapho lwangoku.
Njengoko itekhnoloji iqhubeka nokuvela, kuya kuba njalo nokubanakho kweenjini zejethi. Ngokudibanisa i-cutting-edge innovation kunye nemigaqo engaphelelwa lixesha yefiziksi kunye nobunjineli, sinokuqinisekisa ukuba ikamva lokuhamba ngenqwelomoya lihlala liguquguquka kwaye liguqula njengexesha elidlulileyo.
Qhagamshelana neFlorida Flyers Flight Academy Team namhlanje e (904) 209-3510 ukufunda ngakumbi malunga nokwenza uguqulo lwelayisensi yokulinga yangaphandle ngamanyathelo ama-4.
