Amagama eNqwelomoya: Isichazi-magama soMqhubi weenqwelomoya ngaphaya kweNqwelomoya

Khetha nasiphi na isikhokelo samagama endiza kwaye uya kufumana into efanayo. Uluhlu lweenkcazo ezichazwe ngoonobumba abalandelayo ezikuxelela ukuba lithetha ukuthini igama kodwa zingatsho nokuba kutheni libalulekile.

Umsantsa phakathi kokwazi igama elithile nokuqonda injongo yalo kulapho ulwazi lokwenyani ngeenqwelo-moya luhlala khona. Umqhubi wenqwelo-moya okhumbula "ukujikeleza" ngaphandle kokuqonda isizathu sokuba impumlo imele iphakame ngesantya esithile akangomqhubi wenqwelo-moya ofunwa ngumntu kwi-cockpit.

Eli nqaku alichazi nje kuphela amagama abalulekileyo eenqwelo moya. Lichaza isizathu sokuba ngalinye libekho, indlela abaqhubi beenqwelo moya abawasebenzisa ngayo phantsi koxinzelelo, kunye noko kuthethwa lulwimi lokubhabha ngenkcubeko yeenqwelo moya ngokwazo. Uza kuqonda indlela la magama agcina ngayo iinqwelo moya emoyeni.

Kutheni Ulwimi Lweenqwelo-moya Lukho

Ulwimi lwemihla ngemihla aluchanekanga kakhulu kwi-cockpit. Xa umqhubi wenqwelo moya esithi “jika ngasekhohlo,” umlawuli kufuneka azi ukuba zingaphi iidigri kwaye kubude obungakanani. Loo msantsa phakathi kwentetho eqhelekileyo kunye nesidingo sokusebenza yingakho imigaqo ekhethekileyo yeenqwelo-moya zikhona kwaphela. Ukungacaci kuyabulala kwiinqwelomoya. Umlawuli othi “yehla xa ulungile” ushiya indawo eninzi yokutolika. Umqhubi wenqwelomoya usenokucinga ukuba yehla kancinci. Umlawuli ulindele ukuba kuthathwe amanyathelo ngoko nangoko.

Igama elithi “Wilco” longeza umaleko. Lithetha ukuthi “ufumene umyalezo wakho kwaye uya kuthobela.” Umahluko ku-“roger” ngumahluko phakathi kokuva nokwenza. Abaqhubi beenqwelo moya abathi “wilco” bazibophelela kwisenzo. Abalawuli bayasiva eso sithembiso baze bacebe ngokufanelekileyo.

Le nkqubo iyasebenza kuba isusa ubuntu kunxibelelwano. Akukho ndawo yethoni, isandi, okanye isivakalisi sengingqi. Ulwimi lwenzelwe ukuba lungaphumeleli ngokukhuselekileyo xa umntu ephula iprotocol. Yiyo loo nto yonke intsingiselo yesigama seenqwelomoya.. Asikuko ukuba sivakale singoochwephesha kodwa kukuthintela uhlobo lokungaqondani oluguqula inkqubo ibe yingxamiseko.

Le ngqiqo ifanayo iyasebenza kwigama elithi “mayday” kunye nelithi “pan-pan.” I-Mayday ithetha ingozi esondelayo. I-Pan-pan ithetha ukungxamiseka ngaphandle kwesoyikiso esikhawulezileyo. Ukusebenzisa i-callout engalunganga kuchitha ixesha lokuphendula ngokubalulekileyo. Abalawuli balinganisa ngokwelo gama linye.

Amanqanaba asi-7 okubhabha ngolwimi olucacileyo

Uninzi lwezikhokelo zamagama eenqwelo moya zijonga ukubhabha njengesiganeko esinye. Inyani yile ngokulandelelana kwezigaba ezahlukeneyo, ngasinye sinolwimi lwaso kunye nengqiqo yaso.

Inyathelo 1. Ngaphambi kokuba inqwelo moya ihambe emhlabeni, apho yonke inkqubo ijongwa khona. Abaqhubi beenqwelo moya bajonga uluhlu lwezinto ezifunekayo, baqinisekise imithwalo yepetroli, baze babale idatha yokusebenza. Kulapho amagama anje ngala: Izantya ze-V kwaye ubunzima kunye nokulinganisela ngena kwincoko.

Inyathelo 2. Iteksi ihambisa inqwelo-moya ukusuka esangweni ukuya kwindawo yokuqhuba inqwelo-moya. Abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya banxibelelana nabalawuli bomhlaba besebenzisa imiyalelo ethile yeteksi kunye namanqaku amafutshane okubamba inqwelo-moya. Ukuphinda ufunde kwakhona apha kudala umngcipheko wokwenyani kwindawo exakekileyo.

Inyathelo 3. Ukunduluka kuqala xa umqhubi wenqwelo-moya esebenzisa amandla apheleleyo aze aphele xa inqwelo-moya ishiya umhlaba. Igama elibalulekileyo leli ukujikeleza, ngomzuzu ochanekileyo umqhubi wenqwelo moya arhoxa ngawo kwidyokhwe ukuze aphakamise ivili lempumlo. Fumana isantya sokujikeleza esingafanelekanga kwaye umda wempazamo uncipha ngokukhawuleza.

Inyathelo 4. Ukunyuka kulandela ukunduluka kwaye kumise inqwelo-moya kwindlela yayo yokunduluka. Abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya banciphisa amandla kwindawo ebaliweyo kwaye balungise iphimbo ukuze bafikelele kwinqanaba elifanelekileyo lokunyuka. Amagama anje: ukuphakama kokunciphisa ukutyhala kwaye ukuphakama kokukhawulezisa lawula eli nqanaba.

Inyathelo 5. Ukuhamba ngenqanawa yeyona nqanaba lide, apho inqwelo-moya igcina ukuphakama kunye nesantya. Abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya bajonga ukutsha kwepetroli, ukuphambuka kwemozulu, kunye nokudluliselwa kolawulo lwendlela yomoya. Inqanaba lendiza ithatha indawo yokuphakama okungaphezulu kwesimo soxinzelelo oluthile.

Inyathelo 6. Ukwehla kwendiza kwehlisa ukusuka elunxwemeni ukuya kwisikhululo seenqwelo-moya. Abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya babala indawo ephezulu yokwehla baze balawule isantya ngee-spoilers okanye i-thrust. Eli gama lithetha "ukwehla" kwenqwelo-moya ukusuka elunxwemeni ukuya kwisikhululo seenqwelo-moya. indlela iqala apha, nangona indlela yeenqwelo-moya isekude kakhulu.

Inyathelo 7. Ukuhla kuphelisa uhambo ngenqwelo-moya ibuyele emhlabeni. Igama eliphambili ngu ikhefu, isandi sokunyuka kwempumlo esinciphisa izinga lokuhla ngaphambi kokuba kufike i-touchdown. Ukuvutha okuqinileyo okanye ukungabikho kokuvutha kuthetha ukufika okuqinileyo. Ukuqonda ezi zigaba kuguqula umkhweli abe ngumntu onokulandela ihlabathi lomqhubi wenqwelo moya. Isigaba ngasinye sinesigama saso, kwaye eso sigama sikhona kuba umzuzwana ngamnye ubalulekile.

Amagama eSilwimi seNqwelo-moya: Oko Kuthethwa Ngabaqhubi Beenqwelo-moya

Iinkcazelo zamagama eenqwelo moya ezisemthethweni ziyawucoca ulwimi. Zishiya ngaphandle ulwimi olusetyenziswa ngabaqhubi beenqwelo moya emoyeni nasemhlabeni. Loo msantsa ufihla indlela esebenza ngayo inkcubeko yeenqwelo moya. La magama awangomsebenzi nje. Anesisindo sokusebenza, amahlaya amnyama, kunye nokuqonda okufanayo ngomngcipheko. Nazi ezintlanu ezibalisa ibali lokwenyani.

• I-Squawk. Ayisosandi sentaka. Yikhowudi ye-transponder enikwe ngabalawuli beenqwelo moya. Umqhubi wenqwelo moya uxelelwa ukuba “akhwaze i-7700” ukuze asasaze imeko engxamisekileyo, uphawu olubonwa ngoko nangoko ngumlawuli ngamnye okuluhlu.
• Usuku lukameyi. Isandi soxinzelelo oluqhelekileyo, esiphindaphindwa kathathu ukuze kuthintelwe ingxolo yerediyo. Sibonisa imeko engxamisekileyo esongela ubomi efuna uncedo olukhawulezileyo. Akukho mqhubi wenqwelo moya uthethayo kancinci.
• Ipani-Ipani. Inyathelo elinye ngaphantsi kweMayday. Ivakalisa imeko engxamisekileyo engeyiyo ingozi esongela ubomi ngoko nangoko, ingxaki yoomatshini, ingxaki yezonyango, inkxalabo yepetroli. Umahluko usindisa ubomi ngokubeka phambili itshaneli yerediyo.
• Intloko efileyo. Umqhubi wenqwelo moya okanye ilungu leqela elibhabha njengomkhweli ukuya kwindawo ethile yomsebenzi. Banxibe iyunifomu, bakwikhabhathi, kwaye ngokwengcali abakho emsebenzini. Eli gama livela kwiimayile ezingenanto ezithwalwa yilori emva kokuhanjiswa.
• Iintwala zeSango. Abakhweli abagcwele esangweni lokukhwela ngaphambi kwendawo yabo babizwa ngokuba. Ligama lothando nokukhungatheka, elisetyenziswa ngabasebenzi beenqwelo-moya kunye neearhente zesango ezibukela ukuziphatha okufanayo kuyo yonke indawo.

Isichazi-magama esinje sityhila into engayibambiyo incwadi yesikhokelo ye-FAA. Uhambo ngeenqwelo-moya yinkcubeko yabantu ukuchaneka phantsi koxinzelelo, apho kwaneziqhulo zisebenza injongo ethile. Mamela la magama kwi-ATC feed ephilayo, kwaye i-cockpit iyeka ukuba yimfihlakalo.

Yintoni Uninzi lweeGlasi ezingayiqondiyo malunga ne-Aviation Lingo

Uninzi lweenkcazelo zeglosari ziyaphatha amagama eenqwelo moya njengeenkcazo ezizimeleyoLe ndlela ikunika ilebheli kodwa ayikuqondi kakuhle oko kuza kwenzeka xa usebenza.

Ingcaciso eqhelekileyo ye-V1 ifundeka ngolu hlobo: “isantya sesigqibo.” Oko kuchanekile ngokwetekhnoloji. Nangona kunjalo, umqhubi wenqwelo moya oyaziyo kuphela inkcazo, akanalo ulwazi lokuba yintoni esengozini. I-V1 ngumzuzu wokugqibela apho inqwelo moya ingazange ithatyathwe ihlala ikhuselekile. Ngaphaya kweso santya, inqwelo moya kufuneka ibhabhe, nokuba injini iyasilela. Umda phakathi kokuma okukhuselekileyo kunye nokugqithwa kwendlela yeenqwelo moya uhlala kuloo nani.

Ingcaciso enzulu itshintsha yonke into. Idibanisa eli gama nefiziksi yokukhawulezisa, ubunzima benqwelo-moya, kunye nemiphumo yokuthandabuza. Umfundi akaqondi nje kuphela ukuba ithetha ukuthini i-V1 kodwa nesizathu sokuba abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya bayiphathe ngononophelo olupheleleyo. Loo meko iguqula ukungena kwisichazi-magama kulwazi lokusebenza.. Urhwebo luyinyani. Iinkcazo ezilula zihambelana nephepha. Kulula ukuziskena. Kodwa zishiya umfundi engalungiselelanga indlela la magama asebenza ngayo kwizigqibo zokwenyani.

Indlela engcono iphumelela kuye nabani na ofuna okungaphezulu nje kwezinto ezingaqhelekanga. Umqhubi wenqwelo moya ofundela i-checkride udinga umxholo. Umkhweli onomdla wokwazi unxibelelwano lwe-cockpit udinga umxholo. Umthandi omamele bukhoma iinkcazo zeenqwelo-moya kwi-intanethi Ifuna umxholo. Uluhlu olulula lunceda kuphela umntu osele eyazi into ayifunayo.

Ingxaki efanayo iphinda-phinda kuzo zonke izixhobo zeenqwelo-moya. Umqhubi wenqwelo-moya ongumfundi ukhumbula "isantya sokujikeleza" kodwa akanakuchaza isizathu sokuba itshintshe ngokweemeko zendlela yokumisa iinqwelo-moya. Loo msantsa udala ukuthandabuza. Ukuthandabuza ukujikeleza akuyongxaki yesigama. Yingxaki yokhuseleko.

Ukusuka ku-A ukuya ku-Z: Imigaqo ebalulekileyo yeenqwelo moya AZ

Uluhlu lwamagama endiza olusebenzisa i-AZ luluncedo kuphela ukuba luqaphela imigibe efihliweyo kulwimi ngokwalo. Iinkalo ezintathu ezithile zibonisa apho isichazi-magama esilula singaphumeleli khona kumfundi.

Amagama Afanayo Kodwa Athetha Izinto Ezahlukileyo

Ukuphakama, ukuphakama, kunye nenqanaba lokubhabha zonke zichaza umgama othe nkqo. Azinakutshintshwa. Ukuphakama kulinganiswa ukusuka kwinqanaba eliphakathi lolwandle. Ukuphakama kulinganiswa ukusuka emhlabeni ngqo ngezantsi. Inqanaba lokubhabha ngumgangatho osekelwe kuxinzelelo osetyenziswa ngaphezu kokuphakama okuthile kotshintsho.

Ukusebenzisa engalunganga kwifowuni yerediyo kudala ukudideka. Umqhubi wenqwelo moya uxela ukuphakama xa umlawuli elindele ukuba inqanaba lokubhabha linokubangela ingxabano phakathi kwezithuthi kwindawo eyahlukileyo yoxinzelelo. Ezi azizonto zifanayo. Ziimpawu zokusebenza ezahlukeneyo.

Amagama Atshintsha Intsingiselo Ngokwemeko

Igama elithi "indlela" libonisa oku ngokugqibeleleyo. Njengesigaba sokubhabha, licandelo eliphakathi kokwehla kokuqala kunye ne-lantern flare. Njengohlobo lwenkqubo, libhekisa kwipleyiti ethile yendlela yesixhobo, iseti epapashiweyo yemiyalelo yokuhamba ukuya kwindawo yokubaleka engabonakaliyo.

Intetho yomqhubi wenqwelo moya ethi “sisendleleni” ithetha into eyahlukileyo kunethi “sindiza ngendlela ye-ILS.” Eli gama linye liphethe imithwalo emibini eyahlukeneyo yokusebenza ngokuxhomekeke kwisivakalisi esijikelezileyo. Umxholo awulohombiso. Ngumahluko phakathi kokuhla okukhuselekileyo kunye nenkqubo engafanelekanga.

Imigaqo evela kwiNcwadi ye-FAA Wonke uMqhubi wePilot kufuneka ayazi

The Inqwelomoya eFlying Handbook ichaza amagama angenakuxoxiswana ngawo. “Ii-V-speeds” ezifana ne-V1 (isantya sesigqibo) kunye ne-Vr (isantya sokujikeleza) azizo iziphakamiso. Ziyimida yokulawula enxulumene nedatha yokusebenza kweenqwelo moya.

Ukwazi la magama kukubanda kukwahluka phakathi kokusuka okungamkelekanga okuhlala kwindlela yeenqwelo moya kunye nokuphuma ngokugqithisileyo. isikhokelo soqeqesho lweenjini ezininzi Ndiza kuzicima ezi nkcazo de zibe yinto ezenzekelayo. Ngumgangatho lowo.

Indlela Abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya abasebenzisa ngayo le migaqo kunxibelelwano lokwenyani

Umqhubi wenqwelo moya ofunda yonke ibinzana kwisichazi-magama kodwa engenakulisebenzisa kwingxoxo ebukhoma akangomqhubi wenqwelo moya okhuselekileyo. Uvavanyo lokwenyani lwe Imigaqo yenqwelo-moya ayikokurhoxiswa kodwa kukusetyenziswa phantsi koxinzelelo. Lonke igama elithethwayo phakathi kwekhabhathi kunye nenqaba linobunzima bokusebenza obungenakucaciswa yinkcazo yodwa. I-readback/hearback loop yintsika yonxibelelwano lweenqwelo moya. Umlawuli ukhupha umyalelo. Umqhubi wenqwelo moya uyawuphinda loo magama ngokwelizwi. Umlawuli uqinisekisa ukuba i-readback ichanekile.

Olu landelelwano lunezinyathelo ezintathu luvakala lungaqhelekanga ephepheni, kodwa lubamba iimpazamo ezibalulekileyo ngaphambi kokuba zibe ziingozi. Umqhubi wenqwelo moya ova "iteksi ingena kwindawo kwaye ibambe" aze afunde "iteksi ingena kwindawo kwaye ibambe" udale ukuqondana okwahlukeneyo okuthintela ukungena kwenqwelo moya.

Cinga ngomahluko phakathi “kweteksi kwindawo ethile uze ubambe” kunye “nokuma emgceni uze ulinde.” Zombini ziyalela umqhubi wenqwelo moya ukuba angene kwindawo yokubaleka kodwa angasuki. Eyokuqala yimigangatho eMelika. Eyesibini yimigangatho yamazwe ngamazwe eyamkelwe yi-ICAO. Umqhubi wenqwelo moya oqeqeshwe kwiinkqubo zase-US obhabha phesheya kufuneka azi zombini amabinzana kunye nentsingiselo yawo yokusebenza. Igama elinye litshintsha yonke inkqubo yonxibelelwano.

Oku kuchaneka kufikelela kuzo zonke izigaba zokubhabha. Umqhubi wenqwelo moya akatsho ukuba “siza kufika.” Ubizo “lusekelwe kwi-localizer, lucacisiwe kwindlela ye-ILS.” Umlawuli uyazi kakuhle into eyenziwa ngumqhubi wenqwelo moya, zeziphi izixhobo ezisebenzayo, kunye nento omawuyilindele ngokulandelayo. Ulwimi olungacacanga ludala izikhewu ekuqondeni. Ulwimi oluthile luyawavala.

Oku kuthetha ukuba akumnandi kodwa kuyimfuneko. Isichazi-magama sifundisa isigama. Unxibelelwano lokwenyani lufundisa ukusinda. Umqhubi wenqwelomoya ophatha ulwimi njengesixhobo endaweni yoluhlu uya kuva umahluko kuyo yonke itransmission.

Amazwi Okubhabha Atyhila Inkcubeko Yeenqwelo-moya

Amazwi athi abaqhubi beenqwelo moya abafayo akangobulumko babantu. Ngamava acinezelweyo, aqiniswe ziziphumo abantu abaninzi abangazange bajongane nazo. La mabinzana atyhila inkcubeko exabisa ukugweba ngaphezu kwezakhono kunye nokusinda ngaphezu kwe-ego.

Abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya abadala, abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya abanesibindi: Intetho epheleleyo ithi “Kukho abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya abadala kunye nabaqhubi beenqwelo-moya abanesibindi, kodwa akukho baqhubi beenqwelo-moya abadala abanesibindi.” Ithetha ukuba umqhubi weenqwelo-moya othatha imingcipheko engeyomfuneko akahlali ixesha elide ngokwaneleyo ukuze aguge. Le ntetho iyavuma kancinci ukuba ukuhamba ngeenqwelo-moya kuyabathoba bonke ekugqibeleni.

Ukufika kakuhle: “Indawo entle yokufika kwindawo onokuthi uhambe kuyo. Indawo entle yokufika kwindawo onokuthi usebenzise inqwelo moya kwakhona.” Oku kutshintsha impumelelo ngokwemilinganiselo ebalulekileyo: wonke umntu ubuyela ekhaya. Kususa ingcamango yothando yobuchule obugqibeleleyo kwaye kuyithathela indawo ngesiphumo esisebenzayo.

Ipetroli eninzi kakhulu: “Ixesha apho unamafutha amaninzi kakhulu kuxa utsha.” Le yindlela yokugxeka ngqo abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya abazama ukonga imali ngokuphatha amafutha amancinci kunokuba kufanele. Le ntetho iyavuma ukuba amafutha yi-inshurensi, kwaye i-inshurensi ivakala ibiza kakhulu de uyifune.

Ukuthatha uhambo kunyanzelekile: “Ukusuka akuxhomekekanga ekunyukeni. Ukuhla kuyanyanzeleka.” Ingongoma kukuba nawuphi na umqhubi wenqwelo-moya angangenisa inqwelo-moya emoyeni. Ukuyibuyisela phantsi ngokukhuselekileyo yinxalenye efuna ubuchule bokwenyani. Sisikhumbuzo sokuba uhambo alupheli de injini icime.

Ezi ntetho azifundisi iinkqubo. Zifundisa isimo sengqondo. Umqhubi wenqwelo moya oqondayo ufumene into enokunceda: ukuthobeka ukuhlonipha imida yomatshini kunye nomntu owuqhubayo. Yiloo nto ibalulekileyo yokwazi iingoma ezibhabhayo.

Oko Kuvula Ukwazi La Magama

ukuqonda amagama endiza awathethi ngokukhumbula isichazi-magama. Imalunga nokungena kwinkcubeko apho ukuchaneka kukwahluka phakathi kwesiqhelo kunye nongxamiseko. Lonke igama elikwesi sichazi-magama linentsingiselo kuba ubomi buxhomekeke kuyo.

Olu lwazi lutshintsha indlela oziva ngayo inqwelo moya. I-ATC feed ephilayo iyayeka ukuba yingxolo kwaye ibe yincoko ecwangcisiweyo. Ufumana ukufundwa kwakhona, imiyalelo yokubamba, utshintsho oluncinci kwithoni yomqhubi wenqwelo moya ngexesha lokujikeleza. Uyaqonda iingxaki ngexesha langempela.

Mamela i-feed ebukhoma ngomso. Okanye thatha i- isikhokelo selayisenisi yomqhubi wenqwelo moya yezemidlalo kwaye ubone indlela la magama ayibumba ngayo yonke into. Ulwimi luqala. Inkcubeko yiyo ekwenza ubuyele umva.