Kumhara pamhepo inzira inoda kuti vatyairi vendege vafambe nendege yavo panguva yekupedzisira uye kubata pasi vachitarisana nemhepo dziri kuvhuvhuta perpendicular kunzira yepakati penzira. Mamiriro ezvinhu aya anopa dambudziko rakakura, sezvo mhepo inoyambuka inogona kushandisa masimba makuru epashure mundege, zvichiita kuti zviome kuchengetedza nzira yakagadzikana uye kurongeka chaiko negwagwa.
Crosswind landings chikamu chakakosha chekudzidziswa kwemutyairi wendege uye kugona, sezvazvinowanzoitika munyika chaiyo. mashandiro endege. Nhandare dzendege dziri munzvimbo dzine mhepo dzakayambuka kana idzo dziri munzvimbo dzine mafambiro emhepo dzinosiyana dzinowanzoda nzira dzekumhara dzakachinjika kuitira kuti mashandiro aite akachengeteka.
Kugona kuita inobudirira kuyambuka mhiri kwemhepo chiratidzo chehunyanzvi hwemutyairi wendege, ruzivo, uye kunzwisisa kwake. aerodynamic nheyo. Zvinoda musanganiswa wezvakakwana zvekutonga, kuziva mamiriro, uye kushandiswa kwehunyanzvi hwekuita kurwisa mhedzisiro yekuyambuka mhepo.
Matambudziko eCrosswind Landings
Kumhara ndege kana paine mhepo ichivhuvhuta kunogona kunetsa zvikuru kuvatyairi vendege. Mhepo inobva kudivi inosundidzira ndege kubva pakati penzira yekufamba nayo, ichida kugadziridzwa nguva dzose kuitira kuti ndege irambe yakarongeka. Mukuwedzera, bapiro remhepo rinowedzera kusimudza, zvichiita kuti ndege ide kukunguruka ichienda kune mhepo. Vatyairi vendege vanofanirwa kushandisa zvine hunyanzvi zvimbi uye rudhi kupikisa tsika iyi uye kuchengetedza mapapiro-level maitiro.
Crosswind-landings inoisa zvakakosha kune vatyairi vendege panguva iyi yakaoma yekubhururuka. Vanofanira kugara vachiziva nezvemamiriro ezvinhu apo vachigara vachigadzira mapeji ekudzora kurwisa mhedzisiro yemhepo. Kana isina kuurayiwa zvakakwana, pane njodzi yekuisa yakawandisa padivi mitoro pane kumhara giya sezvo ndege inobata pasi. Izvi zvinogona kukanganisa giya kana kutokonzeresa kutadza kwechimiro kundege. Kuziva kugona kumhara munzvimbo dzakachinjika hunyanzvi hwakakosha kune vatyairi vendege kuti vave nechokwadi chekuchengeteka.
Iyo Basics yeAerodynamics muCrosswind Conditions
Kubudirira kuita iyi kumhara kunoda kunzwisisa kwakadzama kwemisimboti yeaerodynamic iri kutamba. Imwe pfungwa yakakosha ndeye mhepo kugadzirisa angle (WCA) – kona iri pakati peakisi yelongitudinal yendege uye mugwagwa wepakati. Kugadzira iyo WCA yakakodzera inobvumira mutyairi kuti atarise iyo yepakati paanenge achikwenya mumhepo. Crab angle pachayo ndiyo kona iri pakati peakisi yelongitudinal yendege uye nzira yayo chaiyo pamusoro pevhu. Kuchengeta mukati-mhepo gaka angle inochengeta iyo fuselage yakabatana nemhepo, kuderedza kuvhiringidza lateral masimba.
Munguva yekumhara, vatyairi vendege vanogona nemaune kupinza kona yemativi - uko iyo longitudinal axis inosiyana kubva kune hama yemhepo vector. Iyi inodzorwa sideslip inogonesa kubatanidza ndege nerunzira inotungamira ichiri kutsvanzvadzira mumhepo. Nekudaro, sideslip inosumawo mamwe lateral masimba sezvo kusimudza uye kudhonza mavheji kusisaenderane neiyo longitudinal axis.
Vatyairi vendege vanofanirwa kutonga zvine hungwaru uye kupikisa izvi zvinoshanduka zvinosimudza uye kukweva zvikamu kuburikidza neiyo chaiyo yekudzora mapinji paailerons, rudder, uye elevator. Bapiro rekumusoro rinogadzira kusimudza kukuru nekuda kwekuwedzera kwemhepo, ichigadzira maitiro ekutenderera anofanirwa kuverengerwa neaileron. Zvichakadaro, mhepo inotsvedza pasi inokurudzira kushandiswa kwechidzoreso chakapesana kuchengetedza kubhururuka kwakabatana.
Munguva yese yekumhara kwemhepo, zvidzoreso zvendege zvinoda kuenderera uye kurongeka kugadziridzwa mukuyedza kuchengetedza kwakaringana kururamisa kwemhepo, gakanje, uye mativi emakona. Kutadza kutonga nemazvo aya masimba aerodynamic kunogona kukonzera kuremerwa kwepadivi, kukuvadzwa kwegiya, kana kurasikirwa kwekutonga panguva iyi yakaoma yekubhururuka.
Matekiniki Ekubudirira Kudzika
Akasiyana-siyana Kudzika Techniques
Gakanje Nzira
Kutevera iyo Runway Centerline: Panguva yekupedzisira, mutyairi wendege anochengeta kona yegakanje mumhepo, zvichibvumira akisi yendege kuti inongedze kure zvishoma kubva panzira yepakati. Iyi kona yegakanje inotsiva iyo crosswind's lateral force, zvichiita kuti ndege itarise nzira inodiwa.
Decrab Maneuver: Sezvo ndege yava pedyo nepanobata pasi, mutyairi wendege anotanga kudzora decrab maneuver nekuisa chidzoreso kuti aenderane kureba kweakisi yendege nenzira inoenda kumhepo uku achichengetedza kona yegakanje mumhepo.
Kufambisa: Iyo decrab maneuver inoda kunyatso kurongeka pakati peailerons uye rudder kuchengetedza musoro waunoda uye kudzivirira ndege kubva mukukukurwa kubva pakati.
Wing-Low Method
Banking into the Wind: Muunyanzvi uhwu, mutyairi wendege anochinjisa nemaune mhepo, achishandisa bapiro riri pasi kuti arwise simba remhepo inoyambuka. Huwandu hwekona yebhangi inodiwa zvinoenderana nesimba remuchinjiko uye kumhanya kwendege.
Kuchengeta Glideslope uye Track: Paunenge uchibhanga, mutyairi wendege anofanirwa kushandisa zvidzoreso zvakaringana kuchengetedza glideslope inodiwa uye kuteedzera runway centerline. Iyi nzira inoda kuenderera kugadziridzwa kutsiva iyo inosiyana crosswind mhedzisiro.
Rudder Coordination: Kurongeka kwakaringana kwezvidzoreso kwakakosha kudzivirira ndege kuti isazununguka kana kusvetuka-svetuka panguva yekudzika kwemapapiro.
Flare uye Touchdown
Kuchengetedza Kurongeka: Munguva yeflare uye touchdown chikamu, mutyairi anofanirwa kuchengetedza chaiwo ekudzora mapimendi kuti agadzirise maitiro ayo uye ave nechokwadi chekubata kwakatsetseka pamhepo yekumhara giya rekutanga, richiteverwa negiya rekudzika.
Crosswind Correction: Sezvo ndege inogara panzira, mutyairi wendege angangoda kuisa zvigadziriso zvekuyambuka mhepo kudzivirira ndege kubva kumhepo (kutendeukira kumhepo) kana kukukurwa kubva pakati.
Kushandisa Differential Braking: Mushure mekubata pasi, vatyairi vendege vanogona kushandisa mabhureki akasiyana (vachiisa mamwe mabhureki simba pagiya rekumhara remhepo) kuchengetedza kudzora kwakananga uye kudzivirira ndege kuti isapinda mumhepo.
Kushandisa Reverse Thrust uye Braking
Reverse Thrust: Mushure mekubata pasi, vatyairi vendege vanogona kushandisa reverse thrust (kana iripo) kubatsira mukudzikisira ndege ichiramba ichitungamira. Reverse thrust inogona kubatsira kurwisa mhedzisiro yemuchinjiko uye kudzivirira kushata kwemamiriro ekunze.
Braking Technique: Yakakodzera braking nzira yakakosha panguva yekuyambuka mhepo. Vatyairi vendege vanogona kushandisa musanganiswa wezvakajairwa mabhureki uye kusiyanisa mabhureki (kuisa mamwe mabhureki simba pagiya rekumhara remhepo) kuchengetedza kutungamira uye kudzivirira ndege kuti isakukurwa ichibva munzira.
Monitoring Runway Alignment: Munguva yese yekumhara, mutyairi wendege anofanirwa kugara achitarisa kurongeka kwendege nepakati penzira yerukusha uye kuita gadziriso dzinodiwa kuti arambe achitevera.
Yakagadzikana Nzira uye Go-Around Kugadzirira
Yakagadzikana Mafambiro Ekuita: Vatyairi vendege vanofanirwa kutevedzera nzira dzakadzikama, izvo zvinowanzo sanganisira kuchengetedza iyo chaiyo yekumhanya kwemhepo, kudzika mwero, uye kumisikidzwa mukati memiganho yakatarwa munzira yese yekupedzisira.
Go-Around Readiness: Kana iyo nzira ikasagadzikana kana mamiriro emhepo akadarika kugona kwendege kana mutyairi wendege, mutyairi wendege anofanira kunge akagadzirira kutanga kutenderera (kupotsa nzira) uye kuita nzira dzakakodzera dzakapotsa.
Basa Rekugadzira Ndege
Vagadziri vendege vanosanganisa magadzirirwo akasiyana siyana kusimudzira kugona kwendege yavo kubata kumhara kwemhepo zvakachengetedzeka uye nemazvo. Kugadziriswa kwebapiro, ingave yakakwirira-bapiro kana yakaderera-bapiro, inoita basa rakakosha pakuona maitiro ayo. Madhizaini epamusoro-mapapiro anowanzo kupa kuoneka kuri nani panguva yekuputika uye kubata-bata, nepo dhizaini yakaderera-mapapiro inogona kupa yakagadziridzwa lateral kugadzikana nekuda kwenzvimbo yavo yepasi yegiravhiti.
Iyo yekumhara giya geometry chimwe chinhu chakakosha chinokanganisa kuita kwayo. Ndege ine yakafara giya track hupamhi uye refu giya struts inoratidza yakagadziridzwa kugadzikana uye yakaderedzwa njodzi yekudonha kwegiya panguva yekuyambuka mhepo. Pamusoro pezvo, nzvimbo dzekutonga dzinoshanda, dzakadai seailerons ane simba uye anoteerera, zvidzoreso, uye vapambi, anogonesa zvidzoreso zvekutonga zvinodiwa pakurwisa masimba epashure anokonzereswa nemhepo.
Zvazvarwa aerodynamic Kugadzikana hunhu, senge dihedral mhedzisiro uye mapapiro akatsvaira, zvakare zvinobatsira kune zvirinani crosswind kubata kugona. Aya magadzirirwo maficha anopa kugadzikana kwechisikigo uye kuderedza basa pamutyairi panguva yekumhara uku. Pakupedzisira, vagadziri vendege vanoedza kubatanidza zvinhu zvekugadzira izvo zvinosimudzira kuyambuka kuyambuka mhepo, kuve nechokwadi chekuchengetedza uye kushanda zvakanaka mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma emhepo.
Kudzidzira Kutyaira uye Kugadzirira
Kudzidziswa kwakaringana ndiyo hwaro hwevatyairi vendege kukudziridza hunyanzvi uye chivimbo chinodiwa pakuita zvinobudirira kuyambuka mhiri. Rwendo runotanga nemirairo yepasi, apo vatyairi vanogamuchira ruzivo rwedzidziso uye kunzwisisa kwemisimboti yayo, aerodynamics, uye matekiniki. Ndege simulators kuita basa rakakosha mukuita uku, kupa nharaunda yakachengeteka uye inodzorwa kuti vatyairi vendege vadzidzire zviitiko izvi pasi pemamiriro akasiyana emhepo uye magadzirirwo endege.
Nekudaro, kudzidziswa kunoshanda kwendege pasi pekutungamirwa nevarairidzi vane ruzivo ndiko uko vatyairi vendege vanokwenenzvera hunyanzvi hwavo. Ichi maoko-pachiitiko chinovabvumira kushandisa ruzivo rwakawanikwa kubva murairo yepasi uye simulator kudzidziswa mumamiriro ezvinhu epasirese, kunatsa hunyanzvi hwavo uye kuvaka mhasuru yekurangarira kwakakosha pakuita chaiwo mapindiro ekudzora panguva yekuyambuka mhepo.
Kuenderera mberi kudzidziswa uye kugadzirira ndizvo zvakakosha pakuchengetedza hunyanzvi muhunyanzvi hwayo. Vatyairi vendege vanodzidziswa nguva nenguva kuti vagare vaine ruzivo nezvekuchinja kwemaitiro kana kudzora uye kusimbisa hunyanzvi hwavo. Pamusoro pezvo, kugadzirira wega usati wabhururuka wega wega, sekuongorora maitirwo ekumhara kuyambuka mhiri kwemhepo, kudzidza madhayagiramu epanhandare yendege uye mafambiro emhepo, uye kugadzirira mupfungwa mamiriro ezvinhu anogona kuyambuka mhepo, zvinogona kuwedzera kugadzirira uye kuvimba kwemutyairi wendege kana atarisana nemamiriro ezvinhu akaoma ekuyambuka mhepo.
Chaiyo-Hupenyu Mienzaniso yeCrosswind Landings
Kumhara kweCrosswind chinhu chinowanzoitika munyika yezvendege, uye vatyairi vendege vakawanda vakaratidza hunyanzvi hunoshamisa mukuita mafambisirwo aya mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma. Mumwe muenzaniso unozivikanwa ndeye Airbus A380 paDüsseldorf Airport muna 2018. Mutyairi ane unyanzvi akabudirira kumhara imwe yendege huru yevatakuri, ichiratidza unyanzvi hwemazuva ano ndege uye kudzidziswa kwekutyaira.
Imwe vhidhiyo yehutachiona kubva muna 2017 yakabata Boeing 737 ichimhara mumhepo dzakanyanyisa paBirmingham Airport. Hunyanzvi hunoshamisa hwemutyairi wendege mukuchengetedza kudzora panguva yakaoma nzira hwakawana rumbidzo yakapararira uye hwakaratidza kukosha kwehunyanzvi hwayo.
Nhandare dzendege dziri munzvimbo dzine makomo, dzakaita seParo Airport muBhutan uye Lukla Airport muNepal, dzinozivikanwa nekunetsa kwadzo kuyambuka mhepo nekuda kwenzvimbo dzakatenderedza uye mafambiro emhepo. Vatyairi vendege vanoshanda munzvimbo idzi vanofanirwa kuve nehunyanzvi hwakasiyana hwekufambisa mafambiro emhepo yakaoma uye kuona kushanda kwakachengeteka.
Tekinoroji uye Zvishandiso Zvekubatsira Vatyairi
Nepo hunyanzvi hwekufambisa ndege nehunyanzvi zvichiramba zvakakoshesesa, kufambira mberi kwetekinoroji kwakapa mamwe maturusi uye rubatsiro kubatsira mukumhara kwemhepo. Ndege dzakawanda dzemazuva ano dzine zvinhu zvinoyamura, zvakadai semasisitimu ekuyambuka mhepo kana zviratidziro zvemusoro-soro, izvo zvinopa ruzivo rwenguva chaiyo uye mazano ekubatsira vatyairi vendege panguva yekuyambuka mhepo nekumhara. Enhanced Vision Systems (EVS) matekinoroji, senge infrared makamera kana synthetic ekuona masisitimu, anogona kuvandudza kuziva kwemamiriro ezvinhu uye kuoneka panguva yekudzikira-kuonekwa kana husiku kumhara. Pamusoro pezvo, epamberi Autoland masisitimu anogona kuita otomatiki aya ekumisikidza mukati memiganho yakafanotemerwa, kuderedza basa rebasa kune vatyairi panguva yakaoma mamiriro.
Mhepo yekuona shear uye masisitimu ekuzivisa anogona kuona uye kuchenjedza vatyairi vendege kune kuvepo kwekugera kwemhepo kana kungoerekana kwachinja munzira uye kumhanya kwemhepo, zvichibvumira zviito zvekugadzirisa panguva panguva yekuyambuka mhepo. Nhandare dzendege dzinogona zvakare kushandisa runway mamiriro ekutarisa masisitimu kuti ape chaiyo-nguva data pane runway pamusoro pemamiriro ezvinhu, zvinosanganisira crosswind zvikamu, izvo zvinogona kubatsira vatyairi mukuita kwavo sarudzo uye kugadzirira kumhara.
Matanho Ekuchengetedza uye Protocol
Kuchengetedza kwakakosha zvakanyanya panguva yekumhara kwemhepo. Ndege, zviremera zvendege, uye nhandare dzendege dzinoshandisa matanho akasiyana siyana uye mapuroteni kuti ive nechokwadi chepamusoro chekuchengetedza. Vagadziri vendege uye masangano anodzora anogadza yakatarwa miganho yekuyambuka zvichienderana nerudzi rwendege, kumisikidzwa, uye mamiriro enzira. Vatyairi vendege vanofanirwa kutevedzera iyi miganho uye kuita sarudzo dzine ruzivo maererano nekukwanisika kwekumhara kwemhepo. Kana mamiriro akadarika miganhu yakatemwa kana mutyairi wendege akaona kumhara kwemhepo kusina kuchengetedzeka, nzira dzakajairwa dzekutenderera dzinoteverwa kumisa kumhara uye kutanga nzira yakapotsa.
Kana zvichiita, vatyairi vendege vangasarudza kumhara panzira inoderedza kuyambuka mhepo, zvichideredza matambudziko ane chekuita nekumhara uku. Kukurukurirana kwakanaka uye kubatana pakati pevatyairi vendege, vanodzora traffic mumhepo, uye vashandi vepasi vakakosha kune yakachengeteka crosswind kumhara mabasa kuburikidza neCrew Resource Management (CRM) maitiro. Mushure memamiriro ezvinhu akaoma, ndege inogona kunyatsoongororwa kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti hapana kukuvara kwakaitika uye kuona chero zvingangodiwa kugadzirisa.
mhedziso
Crosswind landning inomiririra hunyanzvi hwekutyaira uye ruzivo rwemuchadenga. Iko kugona kuzviita zvinobudirira kunoda nzwisiso yakadzama yemisimboti yeaerodynamic, chaiyo yekudzora mapimendi, kuziva mamiriro, uye kudzidziswa kwakawanda.
Kunyange zvichiunza matambudziko, chikamu chakakosha chekushanda kwendege, uye vatyairi vendege vanofanirwa kunge vakagadzirira kubata aya mamiriro nechivimbo uye nehunyanzvi. Nekushandisa hunyanzvi hwakaratidzwa, kusimudzira magadzirirwo endege, uye nekushandisa tekinoroji, vatyairi vendege vanogona kufamba zvakachengeteka mamiriro ekuyambuka uye kuve nechokwadi chekusvika kwakachengeteka kwendege yavo nevafambi.
Kune vanoshuvira vatyairi vendege kana avo vari kutsvaga kusimudzira hunyanzvi hwavo, vanofanirwa kufunga kunyoresa Florida Flyers Flight Academy's zvirongwa zvekudzidzisa zvakanyanya kana kutsvaga nhungamiro kubva kune varairidzi vedu vane ruzivo. Kuziva kumhara uku hakungoratidzi kugona kwakasarudzika asi kunopawo kuchengetedzeka kwese uye kugona kwekuita kwendege. Chengetedza hunyanzvi hwako uye utore hunyanzvi hwako hwekubhururuka kune hutsva hutsva nekudzidziswa kwedu kwakazara.
Bata Florida Flyers Flight Academy Team nhasi pa (904) 209-3510 kuti udzidze zvakawanda nezve Private Pilot Ground School Course.
