ⓘ TL;DR
- Kunzwisisa mashandiro anoita DME kunotanga nekutenderera kwenguva yekurova kwemoyo. Ndege inotumira ma "radio pulse pairs", chiteshi chepasi chinopindura mushure mekunonoka kwakatemwa kwema "50-microseconds", uye komputa iri muchikepe inoshandura nguva yekudzoka kuita "nautical miles".
- Kuverenga kunoratidza nzvimbo yakatsetseka, kwete daro riri pasi. Kana wakakwira uye uri pedyo nechiteshi, musiyano uripo pakati pezvinoratidzwa nechiratidziro nekwauri chaizvo unowedzera kukura.
- Kusarudza VOR kana ILS frequency kunogadzirisa otomatiki chiteshi cheDME chakabatana. Hapana kugadzika kwakasiyana kunodiwa nekuti kugadzika kwacho kwakabatana musystem yekugadza frequency.
- DME inoda kuti chiratidzo chionekwe zviri nyore kuti chishande. Nzvimbo, zvivakwa, uye kuratidzwa kwenzira dzakawanda zvinogona kuvharira kana kukanganisa chiratidzo, kunyanya panzvimbo dzakaderera dziri pedyo nenzvimbo dzakaoma.
- Kuziva mashandiro anoita DME mumacockpits emazuva ano kunokosha nekuti GPS haina kuitsiva. Masisitimu eFMS anosanganisa masosi ese ari maviri, uye mamwe maitiro achiri kuda DME yekugadzirisa zvishoma nezvishoma uye maitiro asina kunaka.
Zviri Mukati
Mubvunzo unowanikwa muchidzidzo chekutanga cheDME chemudzidzi wega wega wezviridzwa uri nyore zvinonyengera: bhokisi riri mupaneru rinoziva sei kuti uri kure zvakadii nechiteshi chiri pasi? Mhinduro haisi yemashiripiti kana masaini esatellite. Mutambo chaiwo weredhiyo wave uchishanda zvakanaka kubvira kuma1940.
Tsananguro zhinji dzinodarika chikamu chinonyanya kukosha kumutyairi wendege ari mucockpit. Dzinotsanangura dzidziso yacho dzisingaibatanidze nezvinoratidzwa neDME display, kana kuti zvakatoipa, dzinobvisa dambudziko reslant range rinogona kukunyengera panzira. Kunzwisisa mashandiro anoita DME zvinoreva kunzwisisa zvese pulse timing inoyevedza uye geometric trap inobata vatyairi vanoona readout sedaro repasi.
Chinyorwa chino chinotsanangura kutenderera kwekubvunzurudzwa kweredhiyo, maitiro enzvimbo dzinotsveyama dzinofanirwa kutsanangurwa nemutyairi wega wega, uye kuti DME inobatanidzwa sei neVOR neILS frequency kuti ikupe ruzivo rwenzvimbo dzaunogona kuvimba nadzo. Pakupedzisira, uchaziva chaizvo zvinorehwa nekuverenga kweDME uye nguva yekubvunza nezvazvo.
Kurira kweRadio Kunoyera Nhambwe
Vatyairi vendege vazhinji vanofunga kuti DME inoshanda nekuyera kuti kurova kweredhiyo kamwe chete kunotora nguva yakareba sei kuenda kuchiteshi chepasi nekudzoka. Maitiro chaiwo akanyatsojeka uye anonakidza kupfuura zvinoratidzwa nemufananidzo uri nyore.
Mubvunzurudzi weDME wendege anotumira rukova rwema "pulse pairs" panguva yakatarwa mukati me "frequency" Bhendi re960 - 1215 MHz. Nzvimbo yepasi inogamuchira mapulse aya, uye mushure mekunonoka kwemasekonzi makumi mashanu, inodzosera pulse pair yayo pane imwe frequency yakasiyana. Kunonoka ikoko nemaune ndiko kunokosha. Pasina izvozvo, komputa iri mubhodhi haigone kusiyanisa mhinduro yenzvimbo yepasi kubva kune ruzha rweredhiyo kana kuratidzira.
Chinogamuchira chinoyera nguva yese yerwendo rwekudzoka kubva pakutumirwa kwemhepo kuenda pakugashira. Chinobvisa kunonoka kwechiteshi chepasi che50-microsecond, chobva chagovanisa nguva yasara nembiri. Mugumisiro wacho inguva yekufamba kwenzira imwe chete, iyo inoshanduka zvakananga kuita daro nekumhanya kwechiedza.
Maitiro aya anodzokororwa kane mazana pasekondi. Komputa yeDME inoyera zviyero izvi kuti ibudise kuverenga kwedaro kwakasimba uye kunovandudza. Sisitimu iyi inokurumidza zvakakwana zvekuti pilot inoona nhamba inoenderera mberi, kwete nhamba dzakatevedzana dzekuverenga.
Runako rwedhizaini iyi nderwekuti ndege inoita masvomhu. Chiteshi chepasi chinongoteerera uye chinopindura. Kusaenzana uku kunoreva kuti michina yepasi inogona kushandira ndege dzisingaperi panguva imwe chete, imwe neimwe ichiverenga daro rayo yoga.
Nei Kureba Kwenzvimbo Yakamira Kuchikosha Kupfuura Kureba Kwepasi
Kureba kunoratidzwa paDME yako inhema, kana kuti kwete chokwadi chinofungidzirwa nevatyairi vendege vazhinji. Nhamba iyoyo inomiririra mutsetse uri pakati pendege yako nechiteshi chepasi, kwete daro rakatwasuka pamusoro penyika.
Musiyano uyu unonyanya kukosha kana usinganyanyi kukosha. Pakukwirira kwepamusoro nechiteshi chiri kure, musiyano uripo pakati penzvimbo yekutsvedza nedaro repasi haunyanyi kukosha. Asi pedyo, kunyanya panosvika, chikanganiso chinova chakakosha pakushanda.
Fungidzira kuverenga kweDME kwemakiromita mashanu iwe uri pamusoro pepasi pemamita zviuru gumi. Geometry itriangle yekurudyi: kureba igumbo rimwe, daro repasi ndiro rimwe, uye kuverenga kweDME i hypotenuse. Kureba kwemakiromita mashanu kunoreva kuti daro chairo repasi riri pedyo nemamaira mana nehafu. Kana wakakwira, kukanganisa kunowedzera kuoneka.
Ndosaka ma approach plates achiratidza zvinodiwa paDME kure nemiganhu yekukwirira. Maitiro anoda DME pane imwe gadziriso anofungidzira kuti uri pakukwirira kwakatarwa. Kana uri pakakwirira kupfuura urefu hwekugadzira maitiro, uchasvika padaro reDME usati wasvika panzvimbo inoenderana nepasi. Nzvimbo dzekusvika dzakatadza uye kugadzirisa stepdown zvinoenderana nekunzwisisa hukama uhwu.
The Bhuku reCFI paDME Inotsanangura zvakajeka geometry, asi chidzidzo chaicho chinobva mukubhururutsa nzira. Vimba nekuverenga kweDME kuti uwane nguva uye kurongeka, asi gara uchitarisa zvichienderana nekukwirira kwako uye dhizaini yemaitiro. Kukanganisa kweslant range kunogona kufanotaurwa uye kugadziriswa, kuregeredza hakusi.
Maitiro eDME neVOR neILS Frequencies
Kubatana pakati peDME nezvimwe zvinobatsira pakufambisa hakusi nyore, inzira yekutarisira mafrequency nemaune inodzivirira radio spectrum kuti isashande. Kana mutyairi wendege akasarudza VOR kana ILS frequency, DME receiver inongoerekana yachinja kuenda kune imwe chiteshi inoenderana pasina chimwe chiito. Izvi zvinoitika nekuti FAA inopa maDME channels chaiwo kumaVOR neILS frequency chaiwo, zvichigadzira hukama hwemunhu mumwe nemumwe hunobvisa kudiwa kwekugadzirisa kwakasiyana.
Midziyo yeDME inowanzo shandiswa pamwe chete neVOR kana ILS ground stations. VOR kana ILS inotumira chiratidzo chayo chekufamba pamusoro peVHF, nepo DME ichishanda muUHF band. Kubatana kunoshanda nekuti zviratidzo zviviri zvinobva panzvimbo imwe chete chaiyo, saka daro rakayerwa neDME rinoenderana zvakananga neruzivo rwebearing kana glidepath kubva ku paired navaid.
Sisitimu iyi inoshandisa nzira dzeX neY kudzivirira kukanganiswa pakati pezviteshi zviviri zvinoshanda pafrequency imwe chete. Nzira dzeX dzinoshandisa nzvimbo yakatarwa yekurova kwemoyo, nepo nzira dzeY dzichishandisa nzvimbo yakasiyana. Izvi zvinobvumira nzvimbo dzakawanda dzeDME kugovana frequency imwe chete pasina kuvhiringidza mugamuchiri wendege. Mubvunzurudzi wendege anoziva nzira yaakasarudza uye anongoteerera chete ma pulses ane nzvimbo chaiyo.
Kubatana uku ndiko kunoita kuti kugadzirisa frequency yeILS kupe ruzivo rwekure nenzira yacho. Nzira yeDME inoiswa muchikamu chefrequency yeILS. Vatyairi vendege havafanirwe kufunga nezvazvo, sisitimu inobata kubatanidza kwacho chinyararire. Asi kunzwisisa mashandiro acho kunokosha pakugadzirisa dambudziko rekuverenga DME kana pakubhururuka mudenga uko DME iri kubviswa.
Kuti munyatsoongorora kuti sei Basa reDME channel mumhando dzakasiyana dze navaid, magwaro ehunyanzvi anoratidza ma frequency pairing chaiwo anoita kuti sisitimu iyi ishande.
Chii Chinoitika Kana Uchigadzirisa Frequency yeILS
Paunongo dhayira frequency yeILS, mubvunzi weDME ari mupaneru yako anotanga kushanda pasina imwe input. Kubatana uku otomatiki ndiko kunoita kuti chimbo chifambe zvakanaka, kusarudza frequency imwe chete kunoita kuti nhungamiro yelocalizer uye kuverenga daro kunotsanangura nhanho yega yega yenzira.
Isa frequency yeILS muredhiyo yekufamba
Nzira yeDME yakabatana neVHF frequency iyoyo kuburikidza nesystem yekuwirirana yakatsanangurwa kare. Hapana kudiwa kwekupinda kweDME frequency yakasiyana. Mugamuchiri anobva atanga kutsvaga chiteshi chepasi chinoenderana nechiteshi chake cheUHF chakabatana.
Chigadziro cheDME chinokiya kune chiteshi chakabatana
Izvi zvinoitika mumasekonzi mashoma. Mubvunzurudzi wendege anotanga kutumira mapuropa maviri pachiteshi chaakapihwa achiteerera mhinduro yechiteshi chepasi. Kana chiteshi chiri panzvimbo yacho uye mutsetse wekuona wakajeka, kukiya kunoitika kwega.
Chiteshi chepasi chinopindura nema "pulse pairs"
Mushure mekunonoka kwakagadzikwa kwemasekonzi makumi mashanu, transponder yepasi inotumira mapurofiti maviri kumashure pafrequency iri 63 MHz chaiyo kubva pafrequency yekubvunzana. Chinogamuchira ndege chinoona idzi semhinduro dzakakodzera nekuenzanisa nzvimbo yepulse nenguva.
Ndege inoverenga daro uye inoriratidza
Kombiyuta iri mundege inobvisa kunonoka kwepasi kunozivikanwa kubva panguva yose yerwendo rwekudzoka, inokamurwa kaviri, uye inoshandura mhedzisiro kuita mamaira egungwa. Nhamba iyoyo inoonekwa pachiratidzo cheDME kana kuti inoiswa pamusoro peHSI. Unoona nzvimbo yakarasika nekutarisa apo mutsetse wakasimba unoshanduka kuita mutsetse wakakasharara muprofile kana plan view pa ndiro yekusvika.
Kutevedzana uku kwese, kubva pakupinda kwema frequency kusvika pakuverengerwa daro rakagadzikana, kunotora nguva shoma pane zvinotora kuverenga ndima iyi. Kushanda kwega ndiko kwakakosha. Kunokusunungura kuti utarise pane nzira yacho pachayo pane kutarisira nzvimbo dzakasiyana dzekufambisa.
Zvipingamupinyi Zvinofanira Kuzivikanwa Nemutyairi Wese
DME chishandiso chakavimbika, asi chine zvipingamupinyi zvakaoma zvemuviri uye zvekushanda izvo mutyairi wese anofanira kuziva asati avimba nekuverenga muzvikamu zvakakosha zvekubhururuka. Chikanganiso chine njodzi zvikuru ndechekuona chiratidziro chedaro sechokwadi chisina kujeka pasina kunzwisisa zvinogona kuchikanganisa.
- Zvinodiwa pamutsetse wekuona zvinovhara kugamuchirwa panzvimbo yakaderera kumashure kwenzvimbo
- Kukanganisa kwenzvimbo yekutsvedza kunowedzera nekukwirira, zvichiwedzera daro repasi
- Kuwanda kwezvinowanzoitika munzvimbo ine vanhu vakawanda kunogona kukonzera kukanganiswa kwemwoyo
- Kubviswa kwezviteshi zvepasi pevhu kunoderedza kufukidzwa kwenzvimbo mune dzimwe nzvimbo
- Kuratidzwa kwenzvimbo dzakawanda kubva muzvivakwa kana makomo kunoita kuti pave nekuverenga kwenhema
- Kusava nechiratidzo cheDME zvinoreva kuti hapana ruzivo rwekure zvachose
Zvinoratidzwa nerondedzero iyi ndezvokuti kusasimba kweDME kunoenderana nemamiriro chaiwo anodiwa nevatyairi vendege, kufamba-famba munzvimbo dzakadzika, kusvika panzvimbo dzine vanhu vakawanda vanofamba netsoka. Tekinoroji iyi inodziviswa zvakanyanya nefizikisi, kwete nezvikanganiso zvemagadzirirwo.
Tarisa daro reDME kubva kune dzimwe nzvimbo dziripo panguva imwe neimwe yekusvika. Kana uchibhururuka munzvimbo yausingazive kana munzvimbo ine vanhu vakawanda, tarisa daro reDME kubva kune dzimwe nzvimbo dziripo. zvirambidzo zveDME zvakananga izvo zvinoshanda panhandare yendege iyoyo usati wada ruzivo. Tora kuverenga sepfungwa imwe chete yedata, kwete izwi rekupedzisira.
Kururama kweDME Kunomira Sei Mumamiriro Echokwadi?
Vatyairi vazhinji vanofunga kuti kururama kweDME inhamba yakatarwa yakasimbiswa papepa rema spec. Chokwadi ndechekuti kururama kunosiyana zvichienderana nemamiriro ezvinhu, uye mashandiro ehurongwa hwechokwadi anoenderana nezvinhu zvisinganyatso cherechedzwe nebhuku remanyorerwo.
Kunyatso shanda kwe pulse timing ndiyo hwaro. Wachi yemukati yechiteshi chepasi inofanira kuchengetedza kunyatso shanda kwe microsecond kuti kuverenga kwekudzoka nekudzoka kushande. Mamiriro ekunze akadai semvura yakawanda kana kuchinja kwetembiricha kunogona kuparadzira chiratidzo che pulse, zvichikonzera zvikanganiso zvidiki zvenguva zvinosangana panguva refu.
Kupindirana kwenzira dzakawanda ndicho chinhu chisingazivikanwe. Zvinhu zvenzvimbo, makomo, zvivakwa, kunyange ndege hombe dziri pasi, zvinogona kuratidza chiratidzo cheDME, zvichiita kuti chinogamuchira chikwanise kurira pane kunonoka kwete kurova kwemoyo zvakananga. Izvi zvinogadzira kuverenga kwenhema kwedaro kunogona kudzika nemakiromita akati wandei, kunyanya panguva yekushanda munzvimbo dzakaderera pedyo nenhandare dzendege dzine nzvimbo dzakaoma.
Nzvimbo yepasi pachayo ine miganhu yekururamisa kwayo. Nzvimbo yega yega inogadziriswa panguva yekuiswa, asi chikamu chinoshanduka nekufamba kwenguva uye tembiricha yemwaka inochinja mamiriro ekutanga. Zvikamu zveDME zvemazuva ano zvinochengetedza kushivirira kwakasimba kupfuura masisitimu ekare akavakirwa pamachubhu, asi fizikisi huru ye kuyera daro reredhiyo zvinoreva kuti hapana kuverenga kwakakwana.
Kurongeka kweGPS kunowanzo kuve nani mumamiriro ezvinhu akanaka, asi DME inomira zvayo kana GPS ichinetseka. Chiratidzo cheDME chakaoma kudzvanya, hachitsamiri pajecha resatellite, uye chinoshanda zvakanaka mumakomba emaguta umo zviratidzo zveGPS zvinoratidzira zvivakwa. Masisitimu maviri aya anopindirana, rimwe harisi nani pane mamwe.
DME muCockpits dzemazuva ano: Ichiri kushanda here kana kuti haichashandi?
Mubvunzo wacho pachawo unoratidza kusanzwisisana kwekuti kubhururuka kwezvishandiso zvechokwadi kunoshanda sei. GPS haina kuita kuti DME isashande, yakaita kuti DME ive yakakosha sekuongorora kwakabatana uye kuchengetedza.
Masisitimu emazuva ano eFMS anobatanidza kuverenga kweDME pamwe chete neGPS uye inertial navigation. Sisitimu iyi haisarudze imwe sosi pane imwe. Inosanganisa izvi, ichiyera imwe neimwe zvichienderana nemhando yesignali uye geometry. Kana GPS ikadonha panzvimbo iri kure kana panguva yekudzimwa kwesatellite, DME inochengetedza mhinduro yenzvimbo iri mhenyu pasina mutyairi wendege akasimudza chigunwe.
Dzimwe nzira dzichiri kuda DME kuti pagadziriswe matanho ekudzikisa mafambiro emota uye nzira dzakakanganisika. Nzira yeILS ine DME arcs inoda michina iyo GPS yega isingakwanise kutevedzera pasina mugamuchiri ane certification. FAA haina kubvisa DME nekukurumidza semamwe maNavaids ari pasi nekuti inozadza mukaha uyu.
Florida Flyers Flight Academy inodzidzisa vadzidzi nezvekushanda kweDME uye GPS-based navigation. Chinangwa hachisi chekusarudza system yaunofarira. Chinangwa ndechekuvaka vatyairi vendege vanogona kupinda mucockpit chero ipi zvayo, ingave steam-gauge trainer ine steam-gauge box kana girazi rine FMS yakabatanidzwa, uye kuziva chaizvo zvinorehwa nekuverenga kure uye nguva yekuvimba nazvo.
DME haisi sisitimu yekare yakamirira kuregedzwa. Ichikamu chinopindirana muchikamu chekufambisa icho mutyairi wese wendege anofanira kunzwisisa padanho redunhu, kwete kungodzvanya mabhatani chete. Kunzwisisa zvakakosha zveDME inoparadzanisa vatyairi vendege vanotevera nzira dzemagenta kubva kune vatyairi vendege vanofamba.
Master DME uye Bhururuka nechivimbo
Kunzwisisa mashandiro anoita DME kunoshandura kuverenga kwemutyairi wendege kubva panhamba yaunovimba nayo usingafungi kuita data point yaunogona kusimbisa, kupikisa, uye kushandisa nemazvo. Musiyano uripo pakati pemutyairi wendege anoziva kubvunzurudzwa kwendege neuyo anongoverenga chiratidziro musiyano uripo pakati pemunhu anofamba nendege nemunhu anotevera.
Maitiro ese ekushandisa anoenderana neDME distance checks anova muedzo wekunzwisisa uku. Kana ukasanzwisisa slant range error pakukwirira uye missed approach point ikachinja. Kana ukasanzwisisa frequency pairing, distance display inoramba yakasviba. Aya haasi matambudziko edzidzo. Ndiwo marudzi ezvikanganiso zvinoparadzanisa mutyairi wezvishandiso akasimba kubva kune anotambura nekudzidziswa kweIFR.
Florida Flyers Flight Academy inovaka hunyanzvi hweDME muzvirongwa zvese zvemidziyo nebhizinesi nekuti macockpit chaiwo achiri kuda izvozvo. Dzidzira maitiro acho kusvika nguva yekubvunzurudza yava yerudzi rwechipiri. Vatyairi vendege vanoziva zvinhu zvakakosha ndivo vanobhururuka nechivimbo kana GPS ikakundikana uye nhamba chete iri pachiratidziro inobva mukumhanya kwechiedza.
Mibvunzo Inowanzo bvunzwa Nezvekushanda kweDME
DME inoshanda sei?
DME inoshanda nekuyera nguva yekudzoka kwemhepo yeredhiyo inotumirwa pakati pendege nechiteshi chepasi, yobva yabvisa kunonoka kwakagadzika kwemasekonzi makumi mashanu kwakavakirwa pamhinduro yechiteshi chepasi. Kombiyuta iri muchikepe inoshandura nguva iyoyo kuita mamaira egungwa, ichiratidza daro renzvimbo yakatwasuka zvakananga pamudziyo wecockpit.
Ndezvipi zvipingamupinyi zveDME?
DME inoda mutsetse wakananga wekuona chiteshi chepasi, zvichireva kuti nzvimbo kana zvivakwa zvinogona kuvharira chiratidzo pakukwirira kwakaderera uye kukonzera kuti kuverenga kunyangarike. Kukanganisa kwenzvimbo yekutsvedza kunorevawo kuti daro rinoratidzwa rinogara rakareba kupfuura daro chairo repasi, musiyano unowedzera nekukwirira uye unova wakakosha pakushanda panosvika.
DME inobatanidzwa sei nemaVOR frequency?
Nzira dzeDME dzinobatanidzwa nemaune nemafrequency eVOR neILS kuitira kuti kusarudza frequency yekufamba-famba kugadzirise otomatiki DME yakabatana pasina chimwe chiito chekuwedzera. Kubatana uku kunoshandisa nzvimbo yeX neY yechiteshi kudzivirira kupindirana pakati pezviteshi zviri pedyo, uye chiteshi cheDME chepasi chinowanzo shandiswa pamwe chete neVOR kana ILS transmitter.
