Kunzwisisa mashandiro anoita jet engines kwakakosha kune chero munhu ane chekuita nendege, kubva kuvatyairi vendege kuenda kumainjiniya. Aya mashura einjiniya ane simba rendege dzemazuva ano, achigonesa kumhanya, kushanda zvakanaka, uye kuvimbika kwatinowanzo tora sekutamba.
Munguva iyo kuyambuka makondinendi mumaawa ndizvo zvakajairwa, sainzi kuseri kwejeti injini inonakidza uye yakakosha. Kune vatyairi vendege, kugona tekinoroji iyi hakusi kweruzivo rwetekinoroji chete - ndeye kuona kuchengeteka, kuvandudza mashandiro, uye kuita sarudzo ine ruzivo mukamuri rekufambisa.
Kubva pakukura kwadzakaita munguva yehondo kusvika pakuita basa radzo mukushandura ndege dzekutengesa, jet engines dzakagadzirisa nzira yatinobhururuka nayo. Mugwaro iri, tichaongorora mashandiro anoita injini dzejeti, tichifumura misimboti inoshandura mafuta kuita sunda uye mutifambise kumatenga.
Jet Engine: Yakatanga sei
Kuti unyatsonzwisisa mashandiro anoita majeti enjini nhasi, zvakakosha kuti unzwisise kwaakabva uye basa rekushandura raakaita munhoroondo yendege. Rwendo kubva mangwanani ndege inofambiswa nepropeller kumajini ane simba ejeti anhasi inyaya yekuvandudza, kudikanwa, uye kubudirira kwetekinoroji.
Pamberi peinjini dzejeti, ndege dzaitsamira pamapropeller aifambiswa nepiston. Nepo mainjini aya aifambisa mazuva ekutanga ekubhururuka, aive mashoma mukumhanya, kureba, uye kugona. Turboprop injini yakapa kuvandudzwa, asi chiroto chechokwadi chejet propulsion chakaramba chisingasvikike.
Kuvandudzwa kweinjini dzejeti kwakakwidziridzwa nezvinodiwa zvehondo. Munguva yeHondo Yenyika II, nyika dzakadyara mari yakawanda muruzivo rwekubhururuka nendege, zvichikonzera kufambira mberi kunoshamisa. MuGermany, nyanzvi yefizikisi Hans von Ohain yakagadzira inoshanda jet injini, iyo yakabatanidzwa mukati Messerschmitt Me 262—murwi wekutanga wejet fighter pasi rose. Kunyangwe dhizaini yayo yekuvandudza, iyo Me 262 yakatarisana nematambudziko senge yakakwira mafuta uye kutsungirira kushoma.
Zvichakadaro, British injiniya Frank Whittle akanga achiita nhanho dzake pachake muteknolojia yejeti. Injini yake yakafambisa Gloster Meteor, iyo yakaona kushandiswa zvishoma munguva yehondo asi yakaratidza kukwanisa kwejet propulsion.
Pashure peHondo Yenyika II, injini dzejeti dzakachinja kubva pakushandiswa kwemauto kuenda kundege dzekutengeserana, dzichichinja mafambiro endege. Nguva yejeti yakatanga zviri pamutemo muna 1958 apo Pan American Airlines yakatanga basa rejeti rinoyambuka Atlantic neBoeing 707. Izvi zvakaratidza kutanga kwenguva itsva, zvichiita kuti kufamba nendege kukurumidze, kubudirire, uye kusvike kuvanhu vakawanda.
Kunzwisisa mashandiro anoita mainjini ejeti nhasi kunoda kutenda iyi nhoroondo yakapfuma yehunyanzvi uye matambudziko anokunda kuti tiwane tekinoroji yatinovimba nayo.
Nheyo uye Mechanics: Mashandiro eJet Engines
Pamwoyo wejini yega yega jet pane inonakidza application yefizikisi uye mainjiniya. Iko kukurumidza kukuru uye simba rejeti injini zvakadzika midzi muNewton's Third Law of Motion: "Pachiito chese, pane kuita kwakaenzana uye kwakapesana. " Iyi musimboti inounzwa kuhupenyu kuburikidza nemaitiro ekusundidzira, ayo anoita kuti ndege ienderere mberi.
Heino nhanho-ne-nhanho kupatsanurwa kwe kuti jet injini dzinoshanda sei:
Suck: Maitiro anotangira kumberi kweinjini, uko fan hombe inokwevera muhuwandu hwemhepo. Kana iwe wakambotarisa-musoro pane jet injini, waona mablades eiyi fan.
Svina: Mhepo iri kuuya inobva yamanikidzwa nenhevedzano yevateveri vanotenderera mukati meinjini. Aya mafeni, akasungirirwa kune yepakati shaft, anowedzera mhepo yemhepo zvakanyanya, achiigadzirira kupisa.
Bang: Mafuta anopinzwa mumhepo yakamanikidzwa, uye spark inotungidza musanganiswa. Kupisa uku kunoita kuti mhepo iwedzere nekukurumidza, ichigadzira kuputika kwesimba guru remagasi.
furidza: Iwo magasi ari kuwedzera anomanikidzwa kuburikidza nemuromo kuseri kweinjini, achigadzira kusunda. Kusundidzira uku kunofambisa ndege mberi, ichitevera Mutemo Wechitatu waNewton.
Iyo yese process inoitika nekumhanya kusingadaviriki. Muinjini dzemazuva ano dzejeti, maturbines anogona kutenderera kanopfuura ka10,000 paminiti, achiratidza kunyatsoita uye kugona kwehunyanzvi uhu.
Varairidzi vendege kazhinji kurerutsa maitiro akaoma aya nemutsara "kuyamwa, kusvina, bhomba, pfutidza," nzira isingakanganwiki yekutsanangura matanho mana anokosha ekushanda kwejeti injini.
Kunzwisisa mashandiro anoita mainjini ejet hakungoratidzi kupenya kwedhizaini yadzo chete asiwo kunosimbisa basa rawo rakakosha mukubhururuka kwemazuva ano. Kubva pakupa simba ndege dzekutengesa kusvika pakugonesa ndege dzemauto, jet engines chiratidzo chehungwaru hwevanhu uye mitemo yefizikisi.
Mashandiro eJet Engines: Jet Fuel
Kuti unzwisise kuti injini dzejet dzinoshanda sei, zvakakosha kuongorora mafuta anodzipa simba. Jet fuel, inozivikanwa nehunyanzvi sekuti aviation turbine fuel (ATF), ndiyo inokonzeresa kuita kune simba kunoita kuti ndege iende mberi.
Early jet engine tests yaitsamira pasimba remhepo, nepo piston injini dzaishandisa peturu. Zvisinei, kubvira pakapera Hondo Yenyika II, injini dzejeti dzemazuva ano dzave dzichishandisa mafuta eparafini, anowanzonzi munyika dzendege. "Avtur."
ATF inowanzojeka kana kujeka yero muruvara uye ine musanganiswa chaiwo wemahydrocarbon. Kuti ive nechokwadi chekuchengetedza uye kuita, inonatswa uye inogadziriswa zvinoenderana neyakaomesesa yepasirese yakatarwa uye zviyero.
Mukubhururuka kwendege, anonyanya kushandiswa mafuta ejet iJet A neJet A-1. Ose ari paparafini-yakavakirwa, asi anosiyana munzvimbo dzawo dzechando:
- Jet A chando pa -40 ° C (-40 ° F).
- Jet A-1 chando pa -53 ° C (-63 ° F), zvichiita kuti ive yakanyatsokodzera kufamba nendege kwenguva refu uye mamiriro ekunze anotonhora.
Nendege dzese dzendege uye dzemauto dzinoshanda mumamiriro akanyanya, imwe mhando yemafuta inonzi Jet B inowanzoshandiswa. Jet B ifutsi yakafaranuka, inosanganisa parafini nepeturu, uye yakagadzirirwa chaizvo kuita kutonhora kwemamiriro ekunze.
Kusarudzwa kwemafuta eparafini-based mafuta haisi njodzi. Aya mafuta anopa huwandu hwesimba hwepamusoro hunodiwa pakusundidzira uchiramba wakatsiga pasi pekupisa kwakanyanya uye kumanikidza mukati mejeti injini. Kugadzikana uku kwakakosha pakuita kuti ive yakachengeteka uye ishande zvakanaka, kunyanya panguva yekufamba nendege kana mumamiriro ekunze akaoma.
Kunzwisisa jet mafuta chikamu chakakosha chekunzwisisa mashandiro anoita jet injini. Haisi chete nezve mechanics ejini - zvakare nezve chemistry inoita kuti ndege dzese dzigoneke.
Ndeupi Musiyano Pakati PeJet Injini uye Turboprop Injini?
Kuti unzwisise zvizere mashandiro anoita jet engines, zvakakosha kuti uzvienzanise neinjini dzeturboprop. Nepo ese ari maviri achifambiswa nema turbines egasi, anoshanda zvakasiyana uye anoshanda akasiyana mabasa ekubhururuka. Kunzwisisa misiyano iyi kunopa chiedza pamashandiro anoita jet engines uye kuti nei dzakakodzera mamwe marudzi endege.
Jet injini dzakagadzirirwa kumhanya uye kushanda zvakanaka pakakwirira. Kusiyana nematurboprops, haashandise ekunze propellers. Pane kudaro, vanovimba ne fan yemukati kuti inomesa mweya, isanganise nemafuta, uye ibudise kusunda kuburikidza nekupisa nekukurumidza. Kuita uku kuri pakati pemashandiro anoita jet engines, zvichiita kuti dzikwanise kufambisa ndege nekumhanya kunoshamisa.
Nekudaro, injini dzejeti hadzina kunyatso shanda pakumhanya kwakaderera uye kukwira, uye dzinoshandisa mafuta akawanda kana zvichienzaniswa nematurboprops. Izvi zvinoita kuti dzive dzakanakira kubhururuka kwekufamba kwenguva refu, uko kumhanya kwadzo nesimba rinopfuura mari yavo yepamusoro yekushandisa.
Turboprop Injini: Kubudirira kweNdege Dfupi
Turboprop injini dzinosanganisa misimboti yejeti injini nehunyanzvi hwemapropeller. Vanoshandisa turbine yegasi kutyaira yekunze propeller, iyo inogadzira kusundira. Iyi dhizaini inoita kuti turboprops ishande zvakanyanya kune mapfupi ndege uye akadzika marefu, uko hupfumi hwavo hwemafuta uye kuita kwakasiyana-siyana kunopenya.
Nepo maturboprops achiwanzo onekwa sebhiriji pakati peinjini dzinotyairwa nepiston nemajeti, dzinoramba dzichizivikanwa nendege dzedunhu uye nendege. Vatyairi vendege vanotenda maturboprops nekureruka kwavo, kudzika otomatiki, uye mutengo-unoshanda panzira pfupi.
Semuenzaniso, kubhururuka kubva kuColorado kuenda kuNew Mexico kunodhura zvakanyanya neturboprop pane jeti injini, iyo inokodzera zvirinani nzendo refu seMaine kuenda kuNevada.
Kusarudza Injini Yakakodzera
Sarudzo pakati pejet injini uye turboprop injini inotsamira pane chaiyo mishoni uye mashandiro ezvinodiwa. Imwe neimwe mhando yeinjini ine mabhenefiti akasiyana, ichiita kuti ienderane nemhando dzakasiyana dzendege. Kunzwisisa kuti injini dzejet dzinoshanda sei mukuenzanisa nematurboprops kwakakosha pakutenda mabasa adzo akasiyana mundege.
Nguva Yekusarudza Jet Injini
Jet injini ndiyo yekuenda-kusarudzo yekumhanya uye kureba kufamba. Kugona kwavo kugadzira kusunda kwakakwirira munzvimbo dzakakwirira kunoita kuti ive yakakodzera kune vendege dzekutengesa, jeti dzemauto, uye ndege dzinotakura zvinhu. Semuenzaniso, ndege kubva kuNew York kuenda kuLondon inoda kumhanya uye kushanda zvakanaka kwejini yejeti kuti ivhare chinhambwe nekukurumidza uye zvakanaka.
Zvisinei, injini dzejeti hadzinyanyi kushanda zvakanaka pakumhanya kwakaderera uye kukwira, uye kushandisa kwadzo peturu kwepamusoro kunoita kuti dzidhure kushanda munzira pfupi. Ichi ndicho chikonzero ivo vanowanzochengeterwa mishoni uko mabhenefiti avo ekuita anodarika mutengo.
Injini dzeTurboprop, kune rumwe rutivi, dzinokunda mukushanda uye kuita kwakasiyana-siyana kwendege pfupi. Kugona kwavo kuburitsa simba vachishandisa propeller yekunze kunoita kuti vashande-mafuta zvakanyanya pakadzika uye kumhanya. Izvi zvinoita kuti turboprops ive sarudzo inosarudzika yendege dzedunhu, kubhururuka nendege, uye mishoni inoda kusimuka nguva nenguva uye kumhara.
Semuenzaniso, kubhururuka kubva kuColorado kuenda kuNew Mexico kunodhura zvakanyanya neturboprop, sezvo chinhambwe chipfupi chisingade hunyanzvi hwekumhanya kwejini yejeti. Vatyairi vengarava vanokoshesawo turboprops nekureruka kwavo uye kudzika otomatiki, izvo zvinogona kubatsira mune mamwe mamiriro ekushanda.
Kunzwisisa mashandiro anoita jet engines pamwe chete neturboprops kunopa nzwisiso yakakosha mukusimba kwavo. Jets inotonga kufamba-refu uye nekumhanya-mhanya, nepo turboprops inopenya mumatunhu uye pfupi-haul mashandiro. Pamwe chete, mainjini aya anoenderana nezvinodiwa zvakasiyana zvekubhururuka kwemazuva ano, kuve nechokwadi chekushanda, kuchengetedzeka, uye kuita mubhodhi rose.
mhedziso
Injini dzejet zvinoshamisa zveinjiniya yemazuva ano, inopa simba kumhanya, kushanda nesimba, uye kuvimbika kunotsanangura indasitiri yemazuva ano yekubhururuka. Kubva pakukura kwadzo munguva yehondo kusvika pakuita basa rekuchinja mafambiro endege, jet engines dzakasandura nzira yatinobhururuka nayo.
Kunzwisisa kuti injini dzejet dzinoshanda sei hakusi kwekutenda ma mechanics adzo - ndezvekuziva maitiro adzo pakuchengetedza, kuita, uye kubatana kwepasirese. Kungave kuri kumhanya-mhanya kweinjini yejeti kana kuti turboprop inoshanda nemafuta zvakasiyana-siyana, imwe neimwe sisitimu inoita basa rakakosha mukuzadzisa zvidikanwi zvakasiyana zvekubhururuka kwemazuva ano.
Sezvo tekinoroji ichiramba ichishanduka, ndizvo zvichaitawo kugona kwemajini ejet. Nekubatanidza hunyanzvi hwekucheka-kumucheto nemisimboti isingaperi yefizikisi neinjiniya, tinogona kuve nechokwadi chekuti ramangwana rekubhururuka nendege rinoramba rakasimba uye richichinja sekare.
Bata Florida Flyers Flight Academy Team nhasi pa (904) 209-3510 kuti udzidze zvakawanda nezve maitiro ekushandura rezenisi rezenisi rekunze mumatanho mana.
