ⓘ TL;DR
- Njira yonyamulira ndege ndi msewu wa taxiway zimagwira ntchito zosiyana kwambiri. Njira zonyamulira ndege zimathandizira kukwera ndi kutera mofulumira kwambiri. Njira zonyamulira ndege zimathandizira kuyenda pang'onopang'ono pakati pa malo.
- Zizindikiro zoyera ndi za m'misewu yothamangira ndege. Zizindikiro zachikasu ndi za m'misewu yodutsa magalimoto. Mtundu uwu ndi wofala kwambiri ndipo sungakambidwe pa eyapoti iliyonse padziko lonse lapansi.
- Magetsi abuluu ali m'mphepete mwa msewu wa taxi. Magetsi obiriwira amaonetsa mizere yapakati pa msewu wa taxi. Magetsi oyera amatanthauzira m'mphepete mwa msewu wa roadway. Mtunduwo umauza oyendetsa ndege kuti ali pamalo otani asanawerenge chikwangwani chimodzi.
- Lamulo la 70/50 limapatsa oyendetsa ndege nthawi yovuta yosankha poyambira. Pa liwiro la 70 peresenti la kunyamuka, sikuyenera kupitirira 50 peresenti ya msewu wonyamukira ndege. Musaphonye malo ofufuzira amenewo ndipo siyani nthawi yomweyo.
- Mapangidwe anayi a msewu wonyamuliramo, umodzi, wofanana, wotseguka-V, ndi wolumikizana, chilichonse chimathetsa vuto linalake logwirizana ndi kuchuluka kwa magalimoto, mawonekedwe a mphepo, ndi malo omwe alipo.
M'ndandanda wazopezekamo
Nthawi yoyamba imene wokwera akuyang'ana pawindo ndikuona msewu wopingasa, funso n'lodziwikiratu: ndi gawo liti loti tifikire ndipo ndi liti loti tifike kumeneko? Yankho lake ndi lofunika kwambiri kuposa kungofuna kudziwa zambiri. Kusokoneza msewu wothamanga ndi msewu wa taxi si vuto la mawu, koma kulephera kwa chitetezo komwe kwachititsa kuti pakhale zochitika zenizeni pansi.
Mafotokozedwe ambiri amathera pa mfundo yodziwikiratu: malo oimikapo ndege ndi oti ndege inyamuke ndi kutera, malo oimikapo magalimoto ndi oti inyamuke pakati pawo. Kusiyana kumeneko ndi koona koma kopanda phindu kokha. Chidziwitso chenicheni chimakhala m'tsatanetsatane, mtundu wa zizindikiro, kapangidwe ka magetsi, ndi mfundo zomwe zili kumbuyo kwa lamulo la 70/50 lomwe oyendetsa ndege amagwiritsa ntchito posankha ngati asiya kunyamuka.
Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza za njira zogwirira ntchito komanso chitetezo zomwe zili kumbuyo kwa malo aliwonse, zizindikiro, ndi kuwala. Pomaliza, mudzadziwa bwino tanthauzo la mizere yoyera ndi yachikasu, chifukwa chake magetsi abuluu ali m'mbali mwa msewu wa taxi, komanso momwe lamulo limodzi limaletsera kupitirira malire a msewu wopita ku bwalo la ndege. Nthawi ina mukadzakhala pa eyapoti, mu cockpit kapena pawindo, mudzawerenga msewu momwe unapangidwira kuti uwerengedwe.
Chifukwa Chake Misewu Yothamanga ndi Misewu Yothamanga Sizifanana
Anthu ambiri amaganiza kuti kusiyana pakati pa msewu wonyamukira ndege ndi msewu wa taxi ndi nkhani ya kukula kwa msewu. Kuganiza koteroko n'koopsa.
The msewu wonyamulira ndege ndi komwe ndege Kunyamuka ndi kutera. Msewu wa taxi ndi njira yoti ndege ziziyenda pakati pa misewu yothamangira ndege ndi madera ena a bwalo la ndege. Izi si malo osinthika okhala ndi utoto wosiyanasiyana. Amatumikira ntchito zosiyana kwambiri, ndipo kuwasokoneza kumabweretsa chiopsezo chachitetezo mwachindunji.
Bwalo la ndege lapangidwa kuti lizitha kuthamanga kwambiri komanso kuchepetsa liwiro. Pamwamba pake payenera kupirira mphamvu zonse za zida zotera pofika pansi komanso kutentha kwa injini ikayamba. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, msewu wa taxiway umatha kuyenda pansi mothamanga kwambiri. Zofunikira za kapangidwe kake ndizosiyana. Zofunikira za malo olowera ndi zosiyana. Mphepete mwa cholakwika ndi zosiyana.
Oyendetsa ndege amayesetsa kwambiri pa kusiyana kumeneku chifukwa zotsatira zake zimakhala zovuta kwambiri. Njira yonyamulira sitima singathe kupirira kupsinjika kwa ndege ikayamba. Njira yonyamulira sitima siipangidwira kutembenuka kolimba komanso kuthamanga pang'onopang'ono kwa kayendedwe ka nthaka. Kapangidwe ka bwalo la ndege kalikonse kuti ntchitozi zisiyane, ndipo zizindikiro ndi magetsi zimalimbitsa kulekanako nthawi iliyonse.
Kumvetsetsa mfundo yogwirira ntchito kumbuyo kwa malo aliwonse ndiye maziko a china chilichonse, ma code amitundu, makina owunikira, ndi malamulo omwe amalamulira kayendedwe kalikonse pabwalo la ndege.
Choyera vs Chikasu: Khodi ya Mtundu Yomwe Imasunga Ndege Kukhala Zotetezeka
Phunziro lofunika kwambiri la chitetezo pa bwalo lililonse la ndege ndi losavuta: loyera limatanthauza msewu wonyamukira ndege, lachikasu limatanthauza msewu wa taxi. Khodi ya mtundu uwu si yokongoletsera. Ndi chilankhulo chowoneka chomwe woyendetsa ndege aliyense ayenera kuwerenga nthawi yomweyo, makamaka ngati ndege sizikuwoneka bwino kapena ngati pali kupsinjika kwakukulu.
Zizindikiro za msewu wa pamsewu nthawi zonse zimakhala zoyera. nambala ya msewu wonyamukira ndege, mzere wapakati, mizere yolowera, yonse yoyera. Zizindikirozi zimauza woyendetsa ndege komwe ayenera kuyima bwino kuti anyamuke ndi kutera. Zizindikiro zachikasu, mosiyana, ndi za magalimoto a taxiways ndi malo ogwirira. Zimatsogolera kuyenda kwa nthaka ndikulemba malire omwe woyendetsa ndege sayenera kuwoloka popanda chilolezo.
Kusiyana kumeneku n'kofunika kwambiri pamalo oimikapo magalimoto. Woyendetsa ndege akupita ku bwalo la ndege amaona zizindikiro zachikasu zoimika magalimoto, nthawi zambiri mizere inayi yachikasu, iwiri yolimba ndi iwiri yopingasa. Kuwoloka mizere imeneyo popanda chilolezo ndi kuukira kwa bwalo la ndege, chimodzi mwa zochitika zoopsa kwambiri mu ndege. makina olembera mitundu Zimathetsa kusamveka bwino. Choyera chimakuuzani komwe muyenera kuuluka. Chachikasu chimakuuzani komwe muyenera kuyima.
Dongosololi limagwira ntchito chifukwa ndi lapadziko lonse. Woyendetsa ndege wopita ku eyapoti yosazolowereka safunika kuganiza kuti ndi zizindikiro ziti zomwe zikugwira ntchito pamalo ati. Mitundu yake ndi yofanana ku Tokyo, London, ndi Atlanta. Kusasinthasintha kumeneko ndiko kumapangitsa kusiyana pakati pa taxi yachizolowezi ndi yomwe yatsala pang'ono kuphonya.
Funso lenileni silili ngati oyendetsa ndege amadziwa mitundu, koma ngati amakhulupirira makinawo mokwanira kuti achitepo kanthu popanda kukayikira pamene malire a cholakwika akuyesedwa m'mapazi.
Momwe Zizindikiro za Runway Zimathandizira Kufika Pamalo Onse Otsetsereka
Kulondola kwa malo otera kumadalira kwambiri momwe woyendetsa ndege amawerengera bwino malo ojambulidwa patsogolo. Zizindikiro za msewu wopita ndege si zokongoletsera, ndi chilankhulo chokhazikika chomwe chimalankhula mtunda, kulinganiza, ndi malo enieni omwe ndegeyo iyenera kugwera. Mzere uliwonse ndi nambala zilipo kuti zichotse malingaliro panthawi yomwe malire ndi ochepa kwambiri.
Dongosololi limagwira ntchito chifukwa limagwira ntchito mofanana m'mabwalo a ndege padziko lonse lapansi. Woyendetsa ndege akuuluka m'munda wosazolowereka usiku angakhulupirire kuti zizindikirozo zidzafotokoza nkhani yofanana ndi ya m'nyumba.
Centerline: Buku Lofunika Kwambiri la Woyendetsa Ndege
Mzere woyera wapakati umayendetsa msewu wonse wa ndege ndipo ndi chinthu choyamba chomwe woyendetsa ndege amachigwira akamayandikira komaliza. Umapereka chitsogozo cholunjika mosalekeza, chomwe chimasunga ndegeyo molingana ndi mzere wa msewu wa ndege ngakhale mphepo ikawomba kapena ikawoneka pang'ono. Popanda izi, kutera kulikonse kungafunike kukonzedwa mbali zonse.
Malo Olowera ndi Malo Olowera
Magulu awiri a zizindikiro zoyera zamakona anayi ali pamwamba pa malire. Zizindikiro za malo olunjika, mizere iwiri yoyera yotakata, zimauza woyendetsa ndege komwe angayang'anire njira yoyandikira ndegeyo. Zizindikiro za malo otsetsereka, mizere yoyera yaying'ono, zimasonyeza malo enieni omwe mawilo ayenera kukumana ndi msewu.
Zizindikirozi zimayikidwa m'malo osiyanasiyana kuti woyendetsa ndege athe kuwona mtunda wotsala wa msewu pongoyang'ana pang'ono. Izi ndizosiyana pakati pa kutera bwino ndi kuthamangira.
Mizere Yolowera: Kumene Njira Yoyambira
Mzere wa mzerewo umadziwika ndi mizere yoyera yolunjika pakati pa mzere. Chiwerengero cha mizere chimasonyeza m'lifupi mwa msewu wonyamulira, mizere inayi ya m'lifupi wamba, isanu ndi umodzi ya malo okulirapo.
Izi zimauza woyendetsa ndege kumene msewu wogwiritsidwa ntchito umayambira komanso komwe malire osunthika amathera. Kulakwitsa powerenga chizindikirochi kungatanthauze kuti yafika pafupi ndi msewu wolowera ndege kapena pamalo omwe sanapangidwe kuti anyamule kulemera kwa ndege.
Zizindikiro izi zimapanga mawonekedwe athunthu omwe amatsogolera aliyense kunyamuka ndikufikaWoyendetsa ndege amene amawamvetsa amawerenga bwalo la ndege ngati mapu, osati masewera ongoganizira chabe.
Zizindikiro za Taxiway Zomwe Zimaletsa Kugwa kwa Msewu
Nthawi yoopsa kwambiri pa ntchito zapansi imachitika pamene woyendetsa ndege adutsa mzere wachikasu wowoneka bwino ndipo amaganiza kuti zikutanthauza chinthu chomwecho ndi mzere wosweka. Kulowa kwa ndege, ndege, magalimoto, kapena anthu olowa mumsewu popanda chilolezo, nthawi zambiri kumapewedwa pamene oyendetsa ndege amawerenga zizindikiro za msewu ngati njira yodziwira zoopsa m'malo mwa njira yodziwira zoopsa. chithandizo chowongoleraZizindikiro zachikasu sizili zoti zitsogolere kayendedwe koma kuti zitsimikizire malire.
Mizere yapakati pa msewu wa taxiway ndi mzere umodzi wachikasu wopitilira. Utsatireni ndipo mumakhalabe panjira. Koma kapangidwe ka chitetezo chenicheni kamakhala m'malo osungira magalimoto.
Chizindikiro cha malo oimika msewu wa ndege chimakhala ndi mizere inayi yachikasu, iwiri yolimba ndi iwiri yopingasa, yolunjika ku msewu wa taxi. Mizere yolimba imakhala mbali ya msewu wa taxi, mizere yopingasa ili mbali ya msewu wa taxi. Kachitidwe kameneka kamatanthauza kuyima musanayambe mizere yolimba, pitirizani pokhapokha mutadutsa mizere yopingasa. Oyendetsa ndege omwe amakumbukira kachitidwe kameneka amachotsa kusamveka bwino komwe kumayambitsa kulowerera.
Chizindikiro cha malo ofunikira a ILS chimawonjezera gawo lina. Chimagwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe achikasu a makwerero, mndandanda wa mipiringidzo yachikasu yopingasa pakati pa mizere iwiri yofanana, kuti chiwonetse komwe ndege kapena galimoto ingasokoneze chizindikiro cha makina otera zida.
Kulephera kutsatira chizindikirochi kumateteza njira yolowera ndege pamapeto pake. Kulowa m'malo ofunikira a ILS kumachitika chifukwa oyendetsa ndege amaona izi ngati lingaliro osati ngati lingaliro. udindo wovomerezeka.
Zizindikiro za m'mphepete mwa msewu wa taxiway zimabwera m'njira ziwiri. Mizere iwiri yachikasu yopitilira imawonetsa m'mphepete wopangidwa ndi miyala, khalani pakati pawo. Mizere imodzi yachikasu imawonetsa m'mphepete wosayenda pansi pomwe pamwamba pake pamatha. Zonsezi ndi machenjezo, osati malangizo. Woyendetsa ndege amene amaona chizindikiro chilichonse chachikasu ngati malire m'malo momutsogolera ndiye kuti wapambana kale theka la nkhondo yolimbana ndi kulowererapo.
Magetsi a Runway ndi Taxiway: Kodi Mtundu Uliwonse Umatanthauza Chiyani?
Zizindikiro zimataya ntchito yawo ngati sizikuwoneka bwino, zomwe zimachitika nthawi yomweyo pamene magetsi amatenga malo ngati njira yodzitetezera. Mitundu ya magetsi imafanana ndi njira yodziyimira koma imawonjezera gawo lofunika kwambiri: buluu ndi wobiriwira ndi malo oimika magalimoto, pomwe zoyera zimalamulira misewu yothamangiramo. Kudziwa mitundu iyi mwachangu ndi komwe kumateteza kuyenda kwa nthaka pamene chifunga, mvula, kapena mdima zikuchotsa malo owonetsera.
| Mtundu Wowala | mtundu | Location | cholinga |
|---|---|---|---|
| Magetsi a m'mphepete mwa msewu | White | M'mbali zonse ziwiri za msewu wonyamulira ndege | Fotokozani malire a mbali ya kunyamuka ndi kutera |
| Magetsi apakati pa msewu wothamanga | Choyera / Chofiira | Yoyikidwa pakati pa msewu wonyamulira ndege | Perekani malangizo owongolera pamene zinthu sizikuwoneka bwino |
| Magetsi a m'mphepete mwa msewu wa taxiway | Blue | M'mphepete mwa misewu ya taxi | Ikani chizindikiro pamalire a msewu wa taxiway omwe mungagwiritse ntchito poyenda pansi |
| Magetsi apakati pa msewu wa taxiway | Green | Yoyikidwa pakati pa msewu wa taxiway | Tsogolerani ndege panjira yoyenera kupita ndi kuchokera ku bwalo la ndege |
Magetsi abuluu m'mphepete mwa msewu wa taxiway ndi chizindikiro chofunikira kwambiri kwa woyendetsa ndege yemwe akusintha kuchoka pa msewu wonyamukira ndege kupita ku msewu wa taxiway atafika. Kuwona kuwala kwa buluuko kumatanthauza kuti ndegeyo yatuluka pa msewu wonyamukira ndege ndipo yabwerera pamalo omwe adapangidwira kuyenda pang'onopang'ono komanso kosakhala ndi chiopsezo chachikulu.
The makina ojambulira magetsi a ndege Ndi chinthu chosavuta dala chifukwa nthawi yofunika kwambiri ndi nthawi yomwe woyendetsa ndege alibe nthawi yokwanira yoganizira.
Lamulo la 70/50: Malire Otetezeka Omwe Woyendetsa Ndege Aliyense Amagwiritsa Ntchito
Oyendetsa ndege ambiri saganizira za lamulo la 70/50 mpaka atalifuna, ndipo pofika nthawi imeneyo zimakhala zitachedwa kale kuphunzira. Njira yopangira zisankho imeneyi ilipo pachifukwa chimodzi: kunyamuka ndiye gawo lofunika kwambiri paulendo, ndipo kuganiza ngati muli ndi malo okwanira oti mukwere ndege sikoyenera kutchova juga.
Lamuloli ndi losavuta kwambiri. Pamene ndege ikufika pa liwiro loyembekezeka lonyamuka, woyendetsa ndege amafufuza ngati ndegeyo yadutsa kutalika kwa msewu wolowera ndege womwe ulipo. Ngati sinadutse, kunyamuka kumayimitsidwa nthawi yomweyo. Osazengereza. Osaganiziranso.
Chomwe chimapangitsa lamuloli kugwira ntchito ndichakuti limagwira ntchito msanga kuti liyime bwino. Kunyamuka kokanidwa pa liwiro lalikulu kumadya msewu mwachangu. Malo owunikira a 70/50 ali pamalo pomwe ndegeyo ili ndi mtunda wokwanira woti ichedwe ndikuyima msewu usanathe. Panalibe zenera limenelo, ndipo zosankhazo zimakhala zochepa kwambiri.
Kukwera kwa ndege pa nthawi yonyamuka sikumachitika kawirikawiri chifukwa ndegeyo sinathe kuuluka. Izi zimachitika chifukwa woyendetsa ndegeyo anadzipereka kuti inyamuke koma sinali kugwira ntchito ndipo anasowa malo oti iyime. Lamulo la 70/50 limachotsa malingaliro olakwika pa chisankho chimenecho. Limalowetsa chiyembekezo ndi malo owunikira ovuta.
Woyendetsa ndege aliyense amakumbukira lamuloli akamaphunzira. Amene amapulumuka pantchito yawo ndi omwe amaligwiritsa ntchito.
Makonzedwe Anayi a Msewu wa Ndege Aliyense Amagwiritsa Ntchito
Kapangidwe ka bwalo la ndege komwe kamasankhidwa kumasonyeza zambiri zokhudza kuchuluka kwa magalimoto ndi momwe mphepo imayendera m'deralo kuposa kapangidwe kena kalikonse. Kapangidwe kameneka sikosankha mwadala, kalikonse kamathetsa vuto linalake lomwe kakonzedwe kosiyana kangawonjezere.
- Njira imodzi yonyamuliramo ndege: msewu umodzi wosamalira zonse zofika ndi zonyamuka
- Misewu yoyendera ndege yofanana: mizere iwiri kapena kuposerapo yomwe ikuyenda mbali imodzi
- Misewu yotseguka ya msewu wa V: mizere iwiri yomwe imalumikizana mbali imodzi koma yosiyana mbali inayo
- Misewu yodutsa msewu: mizere iwiri yopingasana mbali ina
Chomwe mndandandawu sukuwonetsa ndi kusiyana kwa njira iliyonse. Njira imodzi yonyamulira ndege ndiyo yosavuta komanso yotsika mtengo, koma imaletsa njira yodutsa, imodzi imaletsa ulendo wina. Njira zina zonyamulira ndege zimathetsa vutoli mwa kulola kuti ntchito zichitike nthawi imodzi, koma zimafuna malo okwanira ndi mpweya kuti zisunge mizereyo motetezeka.
Mawonekedwe a Open-V amasamalira bwino mphepo zowoloka kuposa mizere yozungulira chifukwa oyendetsa ndege amatha kusankha msewu wolowera womwe uli pafupi kwambiri ndi komwe mphepo ikupita. Misewu yolowera msewu wodutsa ndi njira yabwino kwa ma eyapoti omwe ali ndi malo ochepa, koma imayambitsa vuto logwirizana: msewu umodzi wolowera msewu uyenera kugwiridwa pomwe winayo ukugwira ntchito.
Nthawi ina mukawona bwalo la ndege kuchokera pamwamba, yang'anani kapangidwe kake ndikufunsani kuti likuthetsa vuto liti. Mzere umodzi pa bwalo la ndege la m'deralo umakuuzani kuti magalimoto ndi ochepa ndipo ndi odziwikiratu. Misewu yoyendera ndege yofanana ndi malo akuluakulu imakuuzani kuti kuchuluka kwa magalimoto ndiye chinthu chofunikira kwambiri. Kapangidwe kake ndi njira ya bwalo la ndege yolembedwa mu phula.
Kudziwa Bwino za Malo Oyendera Ndege
Kumvetsetsa mfundo yogwirira ntchito kumbuyo kwa mzere uliwonse woyera ndi kuwala kwabuluu kumasintha momwe mumaonera bwalo la ndege. Zomwe zinkaoneka ngati msewu woyenda mwachisawawa tsopano zimawerengedwa ngati njira yodzitetezera yopangidwa kuti ipewe zomwe zimayambitsa ngozi zapamsewu: chisokonezo pakati pa malo oimikapo ndege ndi malo oimikapo magalimoto.
Kwa oyendetsa ndege, chidziwitsochi chimalowa m'malo mwa kusanthula kochitapo kanthu ndi chiyembekezo chodzidalira. Kwa okwera ndege ndi okonda ndege, chimasandutsa kuyenda kudutsa pa phula kapena mawonekedwe a mpando wa pawindo kukhala phunziro lenileni la momwe ndegeyo imagwirira ntchito molondola. Nthawi ina mukakwera ndege, yang'anani ndegeyo ikuyenda kuchokera pachipata kupita ku bwalo la ndege. Kutembenukira kulikonse, kuigwira kulikonse, kusintha kulikonse kwa kuwala kumatsatira lamulo lomwe tsopano mukumvetsa.
Yang'anani mizere yachikasu nthawi ina mukadzakhala pa eyapoti. Si zokongoletsa. Ndi malire pakati pa kuyenda ndi kuuluka. Kusiyana kumeneko ndi kusiyana pakati pa kuchoka kwachizolowezi ndi kulowera kwa msewu wonyamukira ndege.
Mafunso Ofala Okhudza Ntchito za Runway ndi Taxiway
Kodi pali kusiyana kotani pakati pa msewu wonyamukira ndege ndi msewu wa taxi?
Malo okwerera ndege ndi malo apadera komwe ndege zimanyamuka ndikutera, pomwe malo okwerera ndege ndi njira yolumikizira malo okwerera ndege ku malo okwerera ndege, ma hangar, ndi madera ena a eyapoti kuti ayende pansi. Chizindikiro chowoneka bwino kwambiri ndi mtundu: zizindikiro za malo okwerera ndege ndi zoyera, ndipo zizindikiro za malo okwerera ndege ndi zachikasu, dongosolo lopangidwa kuti lichotse kusamveka kulikonse panthawi ya kusintha kwakukulu.
Kodi mitundu inayi ya mipata ya ndege ndi iti?
Mapangidwe anayi akuluakulu a msewu wa ndege ndi umodzi, wofanana, wotseguka-V, ndi wolumikizana, chilichonse chimasankhidwa kutengera kuchuluka kwa magalimoto ndi momwe mphepo imayendera. Msewu umodzi wa ndege umathandizira kuchuluka kwa magalimoto, pomwe msewu wofanana umalola kunyamuka nthawi imodzi ndi kutera m'malo otanganidwa monga Atlanta kapena Chicago O'Hare.
Kodi lamulo la 70 50 ndi chiyani?
Lamulo la 70/50 ndi malo owunikira kuti ndege inyamuke: ndege ikafika pa 70% ya liwiro lake lonyamuka, woyendetsa ndegeyo sayenera kugwiritsa ntchito kutalika kwa msewu wonyamuka womwe ulipo. Ngati vutoli silikwaniritsidwa, woyendetsa ndegeyo amasiya nthawi yomweyo kuti apewe kukwera kwa msewu wonyamuka.
