ⓘ TL;DR
- Kumvetsetsa momwe DME imagwirira ntchito kumayamba ndi nthawi yoyendera ma pulse. Ndegeyo imatumiza ma radio pulse awiriawiri, siteshoni yapansi imayankha pambuyo pochedwa ndi ma microsecond 50, ndipo kompyuta yomwe ili m'ndegeyo imasintha nthawi yoyendera ndi kubwerera kukhala ma nautical miles.
- Kuwerenga kukuwonetsa kutalika kwa malo otsetsereka, osati mtunda wa pansi. Mukakhala okwera komanso pafupi ndi siteshoni, kusiyana pakati pa zomwe chiwonetserocho chikuwonetsa ndi komwe muli kwenikweni kumakulirakulira.
- Kusankha ma frequency a VOR kapena ILS kumakonza njira ya DME yolumikizidwa yokha. Palibe kusintha kwina komwe kumafunika chifukwa kuyika ma frequency kumalumikizidwa mu dongosolo logawa ma frequency.
- DME imafuna mzere wowonera kuti igwire ntchito. Malo, nyumba, ndi kuwunikira kwa njira zambiri kumatha kutseka kapena kusokoneza chizindikirocho, makamaka pamalo otsika pafupi ndi malo ovuta.
- Kudziwa momwe DME imagwirira ntchito m'ma cockpits amakono ndikofunikira chifukwa GPS sinayilowe m'malo mwake. Machitidwe a FMS amaphatikiza magwero onse awiri, ndipo njira zina zimafunabe DME kuti akonze zinthu pang'onopang'ono komanso njira zomwe sizinagwiritsidwe ntchito.
M'ndandanda wazopezekamo
Funso lomwe limabuka mu phunziro loyamba la DME la wophunzira aliyense wa zida ndi losavuta monyenga: kodi bokosi lomwe lili m'bokosilo limadziwa bwanji mtunda womwe uli kuchokera ku siteshoni yomwe ili pansi? Yankho si matsenga kapena zizindikiro za satelayiti. Ndi masewera olondola a nthawi ya wailesi omwe akhala akugwira ntchito modalirika kuyambira m'ma 1940.
Mafotokozedwe ambiri amalumpha gawo lomwe ndi lofunika kwambiri kwa woyendetsa ndege mu cockpit. Amalongosola chiphunzitsocho popanda kuchigwirizanitsa ndi zomwe chiwonetsero cha DME chikuwonetsa, kapena choipa kwambiri, amanyalanyaza vuto la slant range lomwe lingakusocheretseni mukayandikira. Kumvetsetsa momwe DME imagwirira ntchito kumatanthauza kumvetsetsa nthawi yokongola ya pulse komanso msampha wa geometric womwe umagwira oyendetsa ndege omwe amawona kuwerenga ngati mtunda wapansi.
Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza za kayendedwe ka mafunso pa wailesi, momwe ma slant range geometry amagwirira ntchito, komanso momwe DME imagwirizanirana ndi ma VOR ndi ma ILS frequency kuti ikupatseni chidziwitso cha malo omwe mungadalire. Pamapeto pake, mudzadziwa bwino tanthauzo la kuwerenga kwa DME komanso nthawi yoti mufunse.
Kugunda kwa wailesi komwe kumayesa mtunda
Oyendetsa ndege ambiri amaganiza kuti DME imagwira ntchito poyesa nthawi yomwe kugunda kwa wailesi imodzi kumatenga kuti ifike pa siteshoni yapansi ndi kubwerera. Kachitidwe kake ndi kolondola komanso kosangalatsa kuposa momwe chithunzi chosavuta chimasonyezera.
Wofunsa mafunso wa DME wa ndegeyo amatumiza mtsinje wa ma pulse pair pa frequency inayake mkati mwa Bandi ya 960 - 1215 MHz. Siteshoni yapansi imalandira ma pulse awa, ndipo, pambuyo pa kuchedwa kwa 50-microsecond, imatumizanso ma pulse awiri ake pa ma frequency osiyana. Kuchedwa dala kumeneko ndiye chinsinsi. Popanda izi, kompyuta yomwe ili mkati mwake singathe kusiyanitsa yankho la siteshoni yapansi ndi phokoso la wailesi kapena kuwunikira kosayembekezereka.
Cholandiracho chimayesa nthawi yonse yoyendera kuchokera pa kutumiza uthenga kupita ku kulandira uthenga. Chimachotsa kuchedwa kwa siteshoni yapansi ya 50-microseconds, kenako chimagawa nthawi yotsalayo ndi ziwiri. Zotsatira zake ndi nthawi yoyendera njira imodzi, yomwe imasanduka mtunda mwachindunji pa liwiro la kuwala.
Njirayi imabwerezabwereza kambirimbiri pa sekondi imodzi. Kompyuta ya DME imagwiritsa ntchito avareji ya miyeso iyi kuti ipange kuwerenga kokhazikika komanso kosinthika kwa mtunda. Dongosololi ndi lachangu mokwanira kotero kuti woyendetsa amawona nambala yopitilira, osati mndandanda wa mawerengedwe osiyana.
Ubwino wa kapangidwe kameneka ndi wakuti ndegeyo imachita masamu. Siteshoni ya pansi imangomvetsera ndi kuyankha. Kusafanana kumeneku kumatanthauza kuti zida za pansi zimatha kutumikira ndege zopanda malire nthawi imodzi, iliyonse ikuwerengera mtunda wake.
Chifukwa Chake Kuyenda kwa Malo Otsetsereka N'kofunika Kwambiri Kuposa Kutalikirana ndi Pansi
Mtunda womwe ukuwonetsedwa pa DME yanu ndi bodza, kapena si zoona zomwe oyendetsa ndege ambiri amaganiza. Nambala imeneyo ikuyimira mzere wozungulira pakati pa ndege yanu ndi siteshoni ya pansi, osati mtunda wopingasa padziko lapansi.
Kusiyana kumeneku n'kofunika kwambiri ngati sikofunikira kwenikweni. Pa malo okwera kwambiri okhala ndi siteshoni yakutali, kusiyana pakati pa mtunda wotsetsereka ndi mtunda wa pansi n'kochepa. Koma pafupi, makamaka poyandikira, cholakwikacho chimakhala chachikulu kwambiri.
Tangoganizirani za DME yowerengedwa makilomita asanu pamene muli pamtunda wa mamita 10,000 kuchokera pansi. Geometry ndi kansalu kolondola: kutalika ndi mwendo umodzi, mtunda wa pansi ndi wina, ndipo kuwerenga kwa DME ndi hypotenuse. Kutalikirana kwa makilomita asanu kumatanthauza kuti mtunda weniweni wa pansi uli pafupi ndi makilomita anayi ndi theka. Mukakhala okwera, cholakwikacho chimaonekera kwambiri.
Ichi ndichifukwa chake ma approach plates amawonetsa zofunikira pa mtunda wa DME ndi zoletsa kutalika. Njira yomwe imafuna DME pamlingo winawake imaganiza kuti muli pamtunda winawake. Ngati muli pamwamba kuposa kutalika kwa kapangidwe ka njira, mudzafika pamtunda wa DME musanafike pamalo oyenera. Malo olowera omwe sanapezeke ndi kukonza masitepe kumadalira kumvetsetsa ubalewu.
The Buku la CFI pa DME Imafotokoza bwino za geometry, koma phunziro lenileni limachokera pa kuyendetsa njira. Khulupirirani kuwerenga kwa DME kuti mudziwe nthawi ndi kutsatana, koma nthawi zonse onaninso kutalika kwanu ndi kapangidwe ka njira. Cholakwika cha slant range ndi chodziwikiratu komanso chotheka kuchisamalira, koma kunyalanyaza sichoncho.
Momwe DME Imagwirizanirana ndi Ma Frequencies a VOR ndi ILS
Kugwirizanitsa DME ndi zida zina zoyendetsera si njira yosavuta, ndi njira yoyendetsera ma frequency yomwe imaletsa kuti ma radio spectrum asagwiritsidwe ntchito. Woyendetsa ndege akasankha ma frequency a VOR kapena ILS, cholandirira cha DME chimangosintha njira yofanana popanda kuchitapo kanthu kena kalikonse. Izi zimachitika chifukwa FAA imapatsa ma chiteshi enaake a DME ku ma frequency enaake a VOR ndi ILS, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale ubale wa munthu ndi munthu womwe umachotsa kufunikira kosinthana padera.
Zipangizo za DME nthawi zambiri zimakhala pamodzi ndi malo oimika magalimoto a VOR kapena ILS. VOR kapena ILS imatumiza chizindikiro chake choyendera pa VHF, pomwe DME imagwira ntchito mu gulu la UHF. Kulumikizana kumagwira ntchito chifukwa zizindikiro ziwirizi zimachokera pamalo omwewo, kotero mtunda womwe umayesedwa ndi DME umagwirizana mwachindunji ndi chidziwitso cha bearing kapena glidepath kuchokera ku navaid yolumikizidwa.
Dongosololi limagwiritsa ntchito njira ya X ndi Y kuti lipewe kusokonezana pakati pa malo olumikizirana omwe amagwira ntchito pa ma frequency omwewo. Ma X channel amagwiritsa ntchito mtunda wosiyana wa pulse, pomwe Y channel amagwiritsa ntchito mtunda wosiyana. Izi zimathandiza malo ambiri a DME kugawana ma frequency omwewo popanda kusokoneza wolandila ndegeyo. Wofunsa ndegeyo amadziwa njira yomwe yasankha ndipo amangomvetsera ma pulse oyankha ndi mtunda wolondola.
Kugwirizanitsa kumeneku ndi chifukwa chake kusintha ma frequency a ILS kumakupatsani chidziwitso cha mtunda pa njira yolowera. Njira ya DME imayikidwa mu gawo la ma frequency a ILS. Oyendetsa ndege safunika kuganizira za izi, makinawo amasamalira ma frequencywo mwakachetechete. Koma kumvetsetsa makinawo ndikofunikira pothetsa vuto la DME yomwe yasowa kapena pouluka mumlengalenga komwe DME ikuchotsedwa ntchito.
Kuti muwone bwino momwe Ntchito yogawa njira za DME Pa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya navaid, zolemba zaukadaulo zimavumbula mawiri enieni afupipafupi omwe amapangitsa kuti dongosololi ligwire ntchito.
Chimachitika ndi Chiyani Mukasintha Ma Frequency a ILS
Mukangoyimba ma frequency a ILS, wofunsa mafunso wa DME mu gulu lanu amayamba kugwira ntchito popanda kuwonjezera zina. Kulumikizana kumeneku ndikomwe kumapangitsa kuti chipangizocho chiziyenda bwino, kusankha ma frequency amodzi kumayambitsa malangizo a localizer komanso kuwerenga mtunda komwe kumafotokoza gawo lililonse la njira.
Sinthani ma frequency a ILS mu wailesi yoyendera
Njira ya DME imalumikizidwa ku ma frequency a VHF kudzera mu njira yolumikizira yomwe yafotokozedwa kale. Palibe chifukwa cholowera ma frequency a DME osiyana. Wolandila nthawi yomweyo amayamba kufunafuna siteshoni yolumikizirana pansi pa njira yake yolumikizirana ya UHF.
Cholandirira cha DME chimatsekereza njira yolumikizirana
Izi zimachitika patangopita masekondi ochepa. Wofunsa mafunso wa ndegeyo amayamba kutumiza ma pulse pa njira yomwe yaperekedwa pamene akumvetsera yankho la siteshoni ya pansi. Ngati siteshoniyo ili pamalo otalikirana ndipo mzere wowonekera uli bwino, lokoyo imachitika yokha.
Siteshoni yapansi imayankha ndi ma pulse pairs
Pambuyo pa kuchedwa kokhazikika kwa 50-microseconds, ground transponder imatumiza ma pulse pair omwe ali ofanana ndi 63 MHz poyerekeza ndi ma query frequency. Wolandila ndegeyo amazindikira izi ngati mayankho olondola pofananiza mtunda wa pulse ndi nthawi.
Ndegeyo imawerengera mtunda ndi kuuwonetsa
Kompyuta yomwe ili m'bwalo imachotsa kuchedwa komwe kumadziwika kuchokera ku nthawi yonse yobwerera, ndikugawa ndi awiri, ndikusandutsa zotsatira zake kukhala ma nautical miles. Nambala imeneyo imawonekera pa chizindikiro cha DME kapena imayikidwa pamwamba pa HSI. Mumazindikira malo omwe simunafike poyang'ana komwe mzere wolimba umasanduka mzere wozungulira mu profile kapena plan view pa mbale yoyandikira.
Ndondomeko yonseyi, kuyambira kulowa pafupipafupi mpaka kuwerenga mtunda wokhazikika, imatenga nthawi yochepa kuposa yomwe imatenga kuti muwerenge ndime iyi. Mfundo yofunika kwambiri ndi yakuti automation ndiyo imagwira ntchito. Imakupatsani mwayi woti muyang'ane kwambiri njira yokhayo m'malo moyang'anira magwero osiyanasiyana oyendera.
Zofooka Zomwe Woyendetsa Ndege Aliyense Ayenera Kudziwa
DME ndi chida chodalirika, koma chili ndi zovuta zolimba komanso zogwirira ntchito zomwe woyendetsa ndege aliyense ayenera kuzidziwa asanakhulupirire zomwe zawerengedwa panthawi yovuta kwambiri yoyenda. Cholakwika chachikulu kwambiri ndikuwona chiwonetsero cha mtunda ngati chowonadi chenicheni popanda kumvetsetsa zomwe zingasokoneze.
- Kufunika kwa mzere wowonekera kumalepheretsa kulandira anthu pamalo otsika kumbuyo kwa mtunda
- Cholakwika cha malo otsetsereka chimawonjezeka ndi kutalika, mtunda wa pansi ukupitirira muyeso
- Kuchulukana kwa ma frequency mumlengalenga wotanganidwa kungayambitse kusokonezeka kwa kugunda kwa mtima
- Kuchotsa ntchito kwa siteshoni yapansi panthaka kumachepetsa kufunika kwa malo m'madera ena
- Kuwunikira kwa zinthu kuchokera ku nyumba kapena mapiri kumapanga mawerengedwe abodza
- Kupanda chizindikiro cha DME kumatanthauza kuti palibe chidziwitso cha mtunda konse
Chomwe mndandandawu ukuvumbulutsa ndichakuti zofooka za DME zimadalira kwambiri momwe oyendetsa ndege amafunikira kwambiri, kuyendetsa ndege m'malo otsika, njira zolowera m'malo otsetsereka, komanso malo otsetsereka omwe anthu ambiri amadutsamo. Ukadaulowu umakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi sayansi, osati ndi zolakwika pa kapangidwe kake.
Onetsetsani mtunda wa DME poyerekeza ndi magwero ena omwe alipo nthawi iliyonse yolowera. Mukauluka mumlengalenga wosadziwika kapena mumlengalenga wotanganidwa, dziwitsani za mtunda womwe uli pafupi. zoletsa zenizeni za DME zomwe zimagwira ntchito pa eyapoti imeneyo musanafune zambiri. Onani zomwe zawerengedwa ngati mfundo imodzi yokha, osati mawu omaliza.
Momwe Kulondola kwa DME Kumakhalira Mu Mikhalidwe Yeniyeni
Oyendetsa ndege ambiri amaganiza kuti kulondola kwa DME ndi nambala yokhazikika yosindikizidwa pa pepala lofotokozera. Zoona zake n'zakuti kulondola kumasiyana malinga ndi mikhalidwe, ndipo magwiridwe antchito enieni a dongosololi amadalira zinthu zomwe buku silikulemba mokwanira.
Kulondola kwa nthawi ya pulse ndiye maziko. Wotchi yamkati ya siteshoni yapansi iyenera kusunga kulondola kwa gawo la microsecond kuti kuwerengera kobwerera kugwire ntchito. Mikhalidwe yamlengalenga monga mvula yambiri kapena kusintha kwa kutentha kumatha kufalitsa chizindikiro cha pulse, zomwe zimayambitsa zolakwika zazing'ono za nthawi zomwe zimawonjezeka patali.
Kusokoneza njira zambiri ndi chinthu chobisika. Zinthu za malo, mapiri, nyumba, ngakhale ndege zazikulu pansi, zimatha kuwonetsa chizindikiro cha DME, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti wolandila atseke pa echo yochedwa m'malo mogunda mwachindunji. Izi zimapangitsa kuti kuwerenga kwa mtunda wolakwika kukhale kocheperako, makamaka panthawi yogwira ntchito yotsika kwambiri pafupi ndi ma eyapoti okhala ndi malo ovuta.
Siteshoni yapansi pa nthaka ili ndi malire ake enieni olondola. Siteshoni iliyonse imayesedwa nthawi yoyikira, koma gawo limasinthasintha pakapita nthawi komanso kutentha kwa nyengo kumasinthasintha. Mayunitsi amakono a DME olimba amakhala ndi kulekerera kolimba kuposa machitidwe akale okhala ndi machubu, koma fizikisi yoyambira ya muyeso wa mtunda wa wailesi zikutanthauza kuti palibe kuwerenga komwe kuli kokwanira.
Kulondola kwa GPS nthawi zambiri kumakhala bwino m'malo abwino, koma DME imagwira ntchito yake pomwe GPS ikuvutika. Chizindikiro cha DME chimakhala chovuta kuchiletsa, sichidalira mawonekedwe a satellite, ndipo chimagwira ntchito bwino m'maphompho am'mizinda komwe zizindikiro za GPS zimawonekera kuchokera ku nyumba. Makina awiriwa amathandizana, chimodzi sichili chabwino kwenikweni.
DME mu Ma Cockpits Amakono: Ikadali Yogwira Ntchito Kapena Yachikale?
Funso lokhalo likuwonetsa kusamvetsetsa momwe zida zenizeni zimagwirira ntchito. GPS sinapangitse DME kukhala yachikale, yapangitsa DME kukhala yamtengo wapatali ngati njira yowunikira komanso yosungira zinthu zina.
Machitidwe amakono a FMS amaphatikiza kuwerenga kwa DME pamodzi ndi GPS ndi inertial navigation. Dongosololi silisankha gwero limodzi kuposa linzake. Limasakaniza, kuwerengera chilichonse kutengera mtundu wa chizindikiro ndi geometry. GPS ikagwa pamtunda wakutali kapena nthawi ya satellite, DME imasunga yankho la malo likugwira ntchito popanda woyendetsa ndege kunyamula chala.
Njira zina zimafunabe DME kuti zithetsedwe pang'onopang'ono komanso njira zopewera njira. Njira ya ILS yokhala ndi ma DME arcs imafuna zida zomwe GPS yokha singazikope popanda wolandila wovomerezeka. FAA sinachotse DME pamlingo womwewo monga ma navaid ena okhala pansi chifukwa imadzaza kusiyana kumeneku.
Florida Flyers Flight Academy imaphunzitsa ophunzira za kayendetsedwe ka DME komanso kuyenda pogwiritsa ntchito GPS. Cholinga chake si kusankha njira yomwe amakonda. Ndi kupanga oyendetsa ndege omwe angalowe m'chipinda chilichonse cha ndege, kaya ndi chophunzitsira cha nthunzi chokhala ndi bokosi la DME lokha kapena gulu lagalasi lomwe lili ndi FMS yolumikizidwa, ndikudziwa bwino tanthauzo la kuwerenga mtunda komanso nthawi yoti mukhulupirire.
DME si njira yakale yomwe ikuyembekezera kupuma pantchito. Ndi gawo lowonjezera mu navigation stack lomwe woyendetsa ndege aliyense waluso ayenera kumvetsetsa pamlingo wa circuit, osati pamlingo wongokanikiza mabatani okha. Kumvetsetsa mfundo zoyambira za DME imasiyanitsa oyendetsa ndege omwe amatsatira mizere ya magenta ndi oyendetsa ndege omwe amayendetsa.
Master DME ndi Fly ndi Chidaliro
Kumvetsetsa momwe DME imagwirira ntchito kumasintha kuwerenga kwa cockpit kuchokera ku nambala yomwe mumayidalira mosazindikira kukhala mfundo ya data yomwe mungathe kutsimikizira, kuyesa, ndikugwiritsa ntchito molondola. Kusiyana pakati pa woyendetsa ndege yemwe amadziwa nthawi yofunsa mafunso ndi amene amangowerenga chiwonetserocho ndi kusiyana pakati pa munthu amene amayenda ndi munthu amene amatsatira.
Njira iliyonse yogwiritsira ntchito zida zomwe zimadalira kuyang'ana mtunda wa DME imakhala mayeso a kumvetsetsa kumeneku. Mukaphonya cholakwika cha slant range pamalo okwera ndipo malo olakwika a approach amasinthasintha. Mukalakwitsa polumikiza ma frequency, chiwonetsero cha mtunda chimakhala chakuda. Izi si mavuto a maphunziro. Ndi mtundu wa zolakwika zomwe zimalekanitsa woyendetsa zida wolimba ndi munthu amene akuvutika ndi maphunziro a IFR.
Florida Flyers Flight Academy imalimbitsa luso la DME mu pulogalamu iliyonse ya zida ndi malonda chifukwa ma cockpits enieni amafunikirabe. Yesetsani njira mpaka nthawi yofunsa mafunso itakhala yachibadwa. Oyendetsa ndege omwe amadziwa bwino mfundo zoyambira ndi omwe amauluka molimba mtima GPS ikalephera ndipo nambala yokhayo pazenera imachokera ku kugunda kwa mtima komwe kumayenda pa liwiro la kuwala.
Mafunso Odziwika Okhudza Momwe DME Imagwirira Ntchito
Kodi DME imagwira ntchito bwanji?
DME imagwira ntchito poyesa nthawi yobwerera ndi kubwerera ya ma pulse a wailesi omwe amatumizidwa pakati pa ndege ndi siteshoni yapansi, kenako kuchotsa kuchedwa kwa 50-microsecond komwe kumayikidwa mu yankho la siteshoni yapansi. Kompyuta yomwe ili m'bwato imasandutsa nthawi imeneyo kukhala mailosi apamadzi, kuwonetsa mtunda wa slatting mtunda mwachindunji pa chipangizo cha cockpit.
Kodi zofooka za DME ndi ziti?
DME imafuna mzere wolunjika wowonera siteshoni ya pansi, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti malo kapena nyumba zitha kutseka chizindikirocho pamalo otsika ndikupangitsa kuti kuwerenga kuthe. Cholakwika cha malo otsetsereka chimatanthauzanso kuti mtunda wowonetsedwa nthawi zonse umakhala wautali kuposa mtunda weniweni wa pansi, kusiyana komwe kumakula ndi kutalika ndipo kumakhala kofunikira kwambiri poyandikira.
Kodi ma DME amalumikizana bwanji ndi ma VOR frequency?
Ma DME channels amagwirizanitsidwa mwadala ndi ma VOR ndi ma ILS frequency kotero kuti kusankha ma navigation frequency kumawongolera DME yogwirizana popanda chochita china chilichonse chowonjezera. Kugwirizanitsa kumeneku kumagwiritsa ntchito malo a X ndi Y channel spaceing kuti apewe kusokonezana pakati pa ma siteshoni apafupi, ndipo siteshoni ya DME ground nthawi zambiri imakhala pamodzi ndi VOR kapena ILS transmitter.
