ⓘ TL;DR
- Malo oti ndege zifikeko ndi mamita 3,000 oyambirira kupitirira malire ndipo ndi malo okhawo omwe adapangidwa kuti azitha kukhudzana bwino ndi kuyima kwathunthu.
- Yesetsani kupeza zizindikiro za malo olunjika, osati malire. Kukhudza pansi kupitirira iwo kumachepetsa kutseguka kwa zopinga ndi mtunda woyima.
- Lamulo la 70-50 ndi kuwunika kutalika kwa msewu wolowera ndege: pa 70% ya liwiro loyandikira, muyenera kukhala ndi 50% ya msewu wolowera ndege kapena kuchita zoyeserera.
- Lamulo la 51% ndi choyambitsa mphepo yozungulira. Ngati mphepo yozungulira ikupitirira 51% ya mphamvu yowonetsedwa, musayese kutera.
- Magetsi a malo otsetsereka amatsimikizira malo omwe ndegeyo ili usiku komanso osawoneka bwino, zomwe zimalimbitsa malo omwe ndegeyo iyenera kutera.
M'ndandanda wazopezekamo
Njirayo ikuwoneka bwino kuchokera pa chipinda chosungiramo anthu. Kuthamanga ndi yokhazikika. Bwalo la ndege lili molunjika patsogolo. Kuwala kwa moto kumayamba. Kenako mawilo amagunda pansi kudutsa zizindikiro za malo owunikira, ndipo bwalo lotsalalo limachepa mofulumira kuposa momwe amayembekezera. Ili si vuto laukadaulo. Ndi vuto la malo ogunda ndege.
Oyendetsa ndege ambiri amadziwa kuti ayenera kutera m'dera lolowera. Ochepa amatha kuzindikira popanda kuyang'ana chida. Ochepa amadziwabe malamulo osankha omwe amalekanitsa malo otera bwino ndi malo ozungulira. Malangizo wamba, omwe ali ndi cholinga, ndi osakwanira. Amasiya malamulo awiri omwe oyendetsa ndege odziwa bwino ntchito amagwiritsa ntchito posankha ngati achite kapena ayi.
Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza za malo otsetsereka kwenikweni, momwe mungawerengere zizindikiro zake pa msewu, ndi malamulo awiri ofunikira omwe atsogoleri ambiri amanyalanyaza: lamulo la 70-50 la kutalika kwa msewu wonyamulira ndege ndi lamulo la 51% la kutera kwa mphepo. Pamapeto pake, mudzadziwa komwe mungatsike komanso nthawi yozungulira.
Kodi Malo Olowera M'misewu Ndi Otani?
Malo oti ndege zifike pansi ndi gawo la msewu wonyamukira ndege, kupitirira malire, komwe ndege zotera zimayenera kukhudza msewu wonyamukira ndege. FAA Pilot/Controller Glossary imatanthauzira ngati mamita oyamba 3,000 a msewu wonyamuliramo kuyambira pakhomo. Tanthauzo la ICAO ndi lalikulu, limafotokoza dera, osati mtunda wokhazikika.
Oyendetsa ndege ambiri amaganiza kuti derali ndi malo amodzi. Sili choncho. Ndi malo okonzedweratu omwe adapangidwa kuti azitha kupirira kugunda koyamba ndikukupatsani malo oti muyime. Malowa alipo kuti atsimikizire kuti zopinga zichotsedwa pamalire oyandikira ndi momwe ndegeyo imachitira. Mukapanda kufika pamenepo, mumayika magetsi oyandikira pamalowo pachiwopsezo. Mukafika pamalowo, mumadya mtunda woyima.
Kusiyana pakati pa matanthauzo a FAA ndi ICAO ndikofunikira pa maulendo apadziko lonse lapansi. FAA imati mamita 3,000. ICAO imati dera ndi komwe wopanga amanena kuti lili. Limodzi ndi lamulo. Lina ndi chitsogozo. Dziwani lomwe likugwirizana ndi komwe mukupita.
Kumvetsetsa kusiyana kumeneku kumasintha momwe mumafotokozera njira. Mumasiya kufunafuna malo amodzi okha. Mumayamba kufunafuna malo. Kusintha kumeneku kokha kumaletsa zolakwika zofala kwambiri zofikira.
Kuwerenga Zizindikiro pa Palavimenti
Malo otsetsereka si chinsinsi. Amajambulidwa mwachindunji pa bwalo la ndege m'chinenero chomwe woyendetsa ndege aliyense angawerenge. AIM imatanthauzira chigawo monga mapazi oyamba 3,000, ndipo zizindikirozo zimakuuzani komwe kuli.
- Zizindikiro za malire. Izi ndi mizere yoyera m'lifupi mwa msewu wonyamulira ndege. Zimasonyeza chiyambi cha malo oti azitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Mizere isanu ndi itatu pa msewu wonyamulira ndege ndi yokulirapo kuposa mamita 100, inayi pa yopapatiza.
- Zizindikiro za malo omwe mukufuna. Ma rectangle awiri oyera okhuthala, limodzi mbali zonse ziwiri za mzere wapakati. Ali pamtunda wa mamita 1,020 kuchokera pakhomo. Apa ndi pomwe mumayang'ana ndege, osati pakhomo lokha.
- Zizindikiro za malo otsetsereka. Mawiri awiriawiri amakona anayi oyera omwe ali patali mamita 500. Amayambira pamalo olunjika ndikupitiliza pansi pa msewu wolowera. Mawiri onsewa amakuuzani kutalika komwe muli.
- Zizindikiro za pakati. Mizere yoyera yodulidwa yomwe imayenda kutalika konse kwa msewu wolowera. Imakusungani mu mzere wolunjika wa msewu wolowera. Mu gawo lolowera, imakuthandizani kukonza kutsetsereka kwa msewu musanagunde mawilo.
- Zizindikiro za m'mphepete mwa msewu. Mizere yoyera yolimba yomwe imafotokoza malire a mbali. Kukhala pakati pawo m'derali kumatanthauza kuti muli pamalo okonzedwa ndi miyala. Mukuyenda kunja kwawo ndipo mungakhale pachiwopsezo choyenda pa msewu wothamanga.
Zizindikirozi zimapanga mawonekedwe owoneka. Ziwerengereni pamodzi ndipo mutha kutsimikizira komwe muli popanda kuyang'ana chida. Nthawi ina mukakwera ndege, fotokozani chigawochi pogwiritsa ntchito chithunzi cha eyapoti kenako tsimikizirani ndi maso anu pa msewu. zizindikiro za msewu wa ndege ndi magetsi amasintha malo ojambulidwa kukhala chida chosankha.
Chifukwa Chake Kufika Pafupi ndi Malowa Kuli Koopsa
Kufika pafupi ndi malo olowera msewu ndi vuto lofala, makamaka m'malo olowera msewu afupiafupi komwe malire a cholakwika ndi ochepa kale. Cholakwikacho chimamveka chotetezeka, kutsitsa mawilo msanga, koma kwenikweni chimachotsa chitetezo chomwe derali limapangidwira.
Pamaso: Njira yakale imayang'ana kwambiri pa malire okha. Woyendetsa ndege amayang'ana kwambiri pakuyendetsa ndegeyo mopitirira muyeso, kenako n’kuyandama pansi pa bwalo la ndege, zomwe zimachititsa kuti ndegeyo isayende bwino. Kugundana kumachitika mopitirira muyeso, zomwe zimawononga mtunda wamtengo wapatali wa bwalo la ndege ndipo sizimasiya malo okwanira olakwika pa kukwera kwake.
Pambuyo pake: Njira yolondola imayang'ana zizindikiro zolunjika, ma rectangles awiri oyera okhuthala. Woyendetsa ndege amayendetsa njira yokhazikika yopita ku zizindikirozo, amafika mkati mwa gawo loyamba la dera, ndipo ali ndi malo otsala oti ayime. Uku ndiko kusiyana pakati pa malo otsetsereka olamulidwa ndi omwe amakakamiza mabuleki kuti agwire ntchito yonse.
Kufika pafupi ndi malo olowera msewu kumachepetsa kuchotsedwa kwa zopinga poyandikira ndipo kumawonjezera chiopsezo cha ulendo wopita ku msewu. Malowa alipo pazifukwa zina: ndi gawo lokhalo la msewu komwe kulibe zopinga komanso malire a momwe msewu umayendera. Malangizo a AOPA pa malo oti munthu agwire mpira Kuphonya malo kumatanthauza kuuluka kunja kwa malire amenewo.
Lamulo la 70-50 la Zisankho Zokhudza Malo Otsetsereka
Lamulo la 70-50 ndi njira yoyendetsera ndege, osati njira yofikira. Limayankha funso limodzi: kodi muli ndi njira yokwanira yolowera ndege kuti muyime bwino? Oyendetsa ndege ambiri amaphunzira kuchokera kwa mphunzitsi, osati kuchokera ku buku la malangizo. Pamenepo ndi pomwe phindu lake limakhala, mu chiweruzo chomwe chimakakamiza.
Yang'anani malo anu pa liwiro lanu loyandikira
Lamuloli limafuna malo owunikira. Pamene chizindikiro cha liwiro la mpweya chikuwonetsa kuti mwachepetsa liwiro lanu lomaliza, yang'anani msewu wotsala. Iyi ndi nthawi yowona. Nambala yomwe ili pa gejiyo sikuuzani chilichonse popanda chitsimikizo chowoneka bwino cha komwe muli pamwamba pa msewu.
Tsimikizani kuti muli ndi malo otsala oti mukwere ndege
Gawo lachiwiri la lamuloli ndi kuyang'anira malo. Ngati muli pa liwiro lanu koma osachepera theka la msewu wolowera ndege ukadali patsogolo, masamu sagwira ntchito. Mphamvu yofunikira kuti muyime imaposa mtunda womwe ulipo. Mpata umenewo ndi pomwe maulendo a msewu wolowera ndege amayambira.
Chitani kafukufuku ngati cheke chalephera
Iyi ndi gawo lovuta. Lamuloli siligwira ntchito ngati woyendetsa ndege anyalanyaza zotsatira zake. Kulephera kuyang'ana kumatanthauza kuti njira yolowera singathe kupulumutsidwa. Kuyandama kwa nthawi yayitali kapena kutseka mwamphamvu kumabweretsa zinthu zomwe zimawonjezera chiopsezo. Kuzungulira ndiye yankho lokhalo lolondola.
Kumvetsetsa chifukwa chake lamuloli limagwira ntchito
Lamulo la 70-50 limateteza ndege iliyonse ikafika. Limakakamiza munthu kusankha msanga kuti achitepo kanthu, osati mochedwa kuti achite mantha. Aphunzitsi odziwa bwino ntchito amaliphunzitsa chifukwa limalowetsa kafukufuku wongoganizira ndi kufufuza kobwerezabwereza. Lamuloli silikupezeka mu Buku Lophunzitsira za Aeronautical. Palibe vuto. Zina mwa zida zabwino kwambiri mu ndege zimakhala ndi chidziwitso chosalembedwa chomwe chimaperekedwa pakati pa oyendetsa ndege.
Kumaliza kuwunikaku pa njira iliyonse kumapangitsa kuti munthu asamaganize bwino za kuthamanga kapena kukwera kwambiri. Lamuloli silikutsimikizira kuti ndegeyo idzafika bwino. Likutsimikizira kuti simudzazindikira mochedwa kuti msewu wonyamukira ndege unali waufupi kwambiri.
Lamulo la 51% la Crosswind Landings
Lamulo la 51% si njira yofikira. Ndi njira yoyambira, ndipo kuiona ngati chinthu china chilichonse ndi cholakwika chomwe chimachotsa oyendetsa ndege pamalo olowera ndege.
Nayi lamuloli m'njira yosavuta. Ngati gawo la mphepo yodutsa pamwamba pa nyanja likuposa 51% ya mphamvu ya ndege yodutsa pamwamba pa nyanja, musatera. Mtengo wa mphepo yodutsa pamwamba pa nyanja womwe wawonetsedwa ndi mphepo yayikulu yomwe wopanga adayesa panthawi ya satifiketi. Si malire ovuta. Koma malire a 51% ndi mfundo yovuta kusankha.
Lamuloli limasokonezeka chifukwa oyendetsa ndege amaganiza kuti limayang'anira momwe angagwiritsire ntchito zowongolera mphepo ikadutsa. Sizili choncho. Lamulo la 70-50 limayang'anira kutalika kwa msewu wolowera ndege. Lamulo la 51% limayang'anira mphepo. Limodzi ndi lokhudza mtunda woyima. Lina ndi lokhudza kuwongolera mbali. Amakwaniritsa zolinga zosiyanasiyana, koma onse awiri amayankha funso lomwelo: kodi kuteraku kuyenera kupitiliza?
Mphepo yamphamvu imawononga kulondola kwa malo ogunda pansi. Mphepo yamkuntho imakankhira ndege kuchoka pakati. Woyendetsa ndegeyo amakonza, amakonza mopitirira muyeso, ndikugwedezeka. Zizindikiro za malo olunjika zimatsetsereka m'mbali mwa zenera lakutsogolo. Kugunda pansi kumachitika kumanzere kwa pakati, kapena kutali, kapena zonse ziwiri. Malowo sakudziwika.
Lamulo la 51% lilipo kuti lipewe vutoli lisanayambe. Mphepo ikapitirira malire, chisankho chanzeru sichokakamiza ndegeyo kuti ikwere panjira. Ndi kuyendayenda ndikudikirira zinthu zomwe zingakupatseni mwayi woti mufike komwe mukufuna.
Magetsi a Runway Touchdown Zone ndi Zimene Amakuuzani
Oyendetsa ndege ambiri amayang'ana msewu wapansi kuti apeze chitsogozo cha malo otsetsereka. Chida chenicheni cholondola chimakhala mkati mwake.
Magetsi a msewu wodutsa msewu ndi mzere wa magetsi oyera omwe ali pamwamba pa msewu wodutsa msewu. Amayambira pafupi ndi khomo ndikuyenda kupita ku gawo loyamba la msewu wodutsa msewu. Magetsi amenewa alipo chifukwa chimodzi: kuti derali liwonekere pamene zizindikiro sizili choncho.
Magetsi apakati pa msewu wapakati pa msewu amakutsogolerani pakati. Magetsi a malo otsetsereka amakuuzani komwe mungatsike. Kusiyana kumeneku ndikofunikira kwambiri usiku, mvula ikagwa, kapena pamene chifunga chimadya mbali yakutali ya msewu wapakati pa msewu. Magetsi amawala moyera bwino, motalikirana nthawi ndi nthawi, ndikupanga njira yowoneka bwino yomwe imakoka malo anu olunjika patsogolo kupita kumalo komwe kuli koyenera.
Si mipingo yonse ya ndege yomwe ili ndi magetsi amenewa. Mipingo ya ndege yolondola yokha ndi yomwe imalandira magetsi olowera pansi. Kuyang'ana m'njira yowoneka bwino ya ndege yolakwika kumatanthauza kudalira zizindikiro zokha. Pamenepo ndi pamene kudziwa kusiyana pakati pa magetsi kumakhala chisankho chachitetezo, osati nkhani yaing'ono.
Magetsi sasintha njira yofikira. Amatsimikizira zimenezo. Mipiringidzo yoyera ikaonekera pansi pa mphuno, malowo ndi pomwe ayenera kukhala. Akapanda kutero, funso limakhala ngati ifike konse.
Momwe Mungayesere Kufika M'derali
Kuyeserera kutera m'derali ndi luso lochita zinthu mwadala, osati zotsatira za nthawi yoyenda pandege. Oyendetsa ndege ambiri amadumpha sitepe yofotokozera mwachidule ndipo amadalira kumva, komwe ndi nthawi yeniyeni yomwe derali silikuyenda bwino.
Khwerero 1. Fotokozani malo oti mufike pansi pa mphepo pogwiritsa ntchito chithunzi cha bwalo la ndege. Izi zimakakamiza chithunzi cha m'maganizo musanayambe kuona bwalo la ndege. Oyendetsa ndege omwe amadumpha sitepe iyi nthawi zambiri amalakwitsa poganizira za malo omalizira.
Khwerero 2. Sankhani malo enieni olunjika pa mapeto, zizindikiro za malo olunjika, osati malire. Malire ndiye poyambira pa msewu wolowera ndege, osati chandamale. Kulunjika zizindikiro kumaika ndegeyo pamalo osaganizira.
Khwerero 3. Kuuluka mokhazikika ndi liwiro la mpweya, njira yolowera, ndi mawonekedwe okhazikika ndi mamita 500 AGL. Njira yosakhazikika imatsimikizira malo olakwika. Ndegeyo iyenera kukhazikika isanafike nthawi yosankha.
Khwerero 4. Kugunda pansi mkati mwa gawo loyamba la dera. Mtunda weniweni ndi wofunika kwambiri kuposa luso logunda zizindikiro. Kugunda pansi kudutsa malo owunikira kumawononga malire oima.
Khwerero 5. Yendani mozungulira ngati ndege yadutsa malo omwe ikuyang'ana. Iyi ndi sitepe yovuta kwambiri chifukwa imafuna kuvomereza kuti njirayo yatha. Chilichonse chomwe chimadutsa pa zizindikiro zake sichiyenera kutera.
Kumaliza njirayi kumasintha njirayo kukhala njira yobwerezabwereza. Malowa amakhala chandamale, osati chiyembekezo. kuwerenga zithunzi za eyapoti pansi pamapanga chitsanzo chamaganizo chomwe chimapulumutsa malo otera mlengalenga.
Pangani Malo Oyendera Msewu Kukhala Oyenera
Malo otsetsereka si malo opakidwa utoto. Ndi malo otetezeka omwe amamangidwa mu msewu uliwonse wokwererapo magalimoto womwe mumatera.
Kuiona ngati lingaliro m'malo moiona ngati chandamale kumachotsa njira yochotsera zopinga ndi mtunda woyimitsa womwe dera limalonjeza. Mphepete mwa msewuwo umatha mukangodutsa zizindikiro za malo owunikira kapena kuyandama kudzera mu mphepo.
Izi zimasintha zomwe mumachita pa njira iliyonse. Yang'anani malo a dera musanatsike. Gwiritsani ntchito lamulo la 70-50 kuti muwone komwe muli. Gwiritsani ntchito lamulo la 51% mphepo ikasuntha. Zisankho zitatuzi zimalowa m'malo mwa njira yongoganizira ndi njira yobwerezabwereza.
Luso lovuta kwambiri si kulunjika kudera linalake. Ndi kudziwa nthawi yoti muyende chifukwa simunachite bwino.
Ulendo wotsatira, fotokozani dera lomwe mukufuna kupita musanachoke pa mphepo. Sankhani zizindikiro za malo omwe mukufuna kupita, osati malire. Dulani njira yokhazikika. Ngati mudutsa zizindikirozo, zungulirani. Pangani dera kukhala muyezo wanu, osati chiyembekezo chanu.
Mafunso Omwe Amafunsidwa Kawirikawiri Okhudza Malo Otsetsereka a Runway
Kodi malo oti munthu akwerepo pa bwalo la ndege ndi aatali bwanji?
Malo otsetsereka ndi mamita oyamba 3,000 a msewu woyambira pa khomo. Tanthauzo ili likuchokera ku FAA ndipo limagwira ntchito pa msewu wonse wotsetsereka komwe kutera kumawerengedwa.
Kodi magetsi olowera pansi pa msewu wopita ku bwalo la ndege ndi otani?
Magetsi a malo otsetsereka ndi mzere wa magetsi oyera omwe ali pamwamba pa bwalo la ndege omwe amawonetsa malo otsetsereka a oyendetsa ndege. Amayambira mamita 100 kuchokera pakhomo ndipo amatambasula mamita 3,000 pansi pa bwalo la ndege, mtunda wa mamita 100 pakati pawo.
Kodi lamulo la 70-50 ndi liti?
Lamulo la 70-50 ndi chida choyesera chomwe chimayang'ana ngati ndegeyo yafika pa 70 peresenti ya liwiro loyandikira pofika nthawi yomwe 50 peresenti ya bwalo la ndege latsala. Ngati ndegeyo sinafike pamalo amenewo, woyendetsa ndegeyo amachita kafukufuku wozungulira bwalo kuti aletse ulendo wa bwalo la ndege.
Kodi lamulo la 51% mu ndege ndi liti?
Lamulo la 51 peresenti limati ngati gawo la mphepo yodutsa pamwamba pa ndege likuposa 50 peresenti ya mphamvu ya ndege yodutsa pamwamba pa mphepo, woyendetsa ndegeyo sayenera kutera. Lamuloli ndi njira yoyambira, osati njira yotera pansi, ndipo limateteza kulondola kwa malo otsetsereka poletsa kutsetsereka kuchokera pakati.
