Kumvetsetsa momwe ma jeti amagwirira ntchito ndikofunikira kwa aliyense amene akuchita nawo ndege, kuyambira oyendetsa ndege mpaka mainjiniya. Zodabwitsa za uinjiniya izi zimapatsa mphamvu ndege zamakono, zomwe zimatheketsa kuthamanga, kuchita bwino, ndi kudalirika zomwe timaziwona mopepuka.
M'nthawi yomwe kuwoloka makontinenti mu maola kuli chizolowezi, sayansi kumbuyo kwa injini za jet ndi yochititsa chidwi komanso yovuta. Kwa oyendetsa ndege, kudziwa lusoli sikungokhudza luso lamakono chabe, koma kuonetsetsa chitetezo, kukonza bwino kachitidwe kake, ndi kupanga zisankho mwanzeru pamalo oyendetsa ndege.
Kuyambira pachiyambi pomwe panthaŵi yankhondo kufika pa ntchito yawo yosintha kayendetsedwe ka ndege zamalonda, majeti asintha mmene timaulukira. Mu bukhuli, tiwona momwe ma jet injini amagwirira ntchito, ndikuwulula mfundo zomwe zimasinthira mafuta kukhala kuponyedwa ndipo tiyendetseni kuthambo.
Jet Engine: Momwe Idayambira
Kuti mumvetse bwino momwe mainjini a jet amagwirira ntchito masiku ano, ndikofunikira kumvetsetsa komwe adachokera komanso momwe adasinthira m'mbiri yoyendetsa ndege. Ulendo kuyambira molawirira ndege zoyendetsedwa ndi propeller kwa injini za ndege zamphamvu zamasiku ano ndi nkhani yaukadaulo, kufunikira, ndi kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo.
Ma injini a ndege asanayambe, ndege zinkadalira ma propellers oyendetsedwa ndi pisitoni. Ngakhale kuti injinizi zinkayendetsa ndege m'masiku oyambirira, zinali zochepa pa liwiro, kutalika, ndi luso. Turboprop injini zidapereka zosintha zina, koma maloto oyendetsa ndege owona anali osatheka.
Kukula kwa injini za jet kunafulumizitsidwa ndi zofuna zankhondo. Panthawi ya nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse, mayiko anaika ndalama zambiri pazaumisiri woyendetsa ndege, zomwe zinachititsa kuti anthu apite patsogolo kwambiri. Ku Germany, katswiri wa sayansi ya zakuthambo Hans von Ohain adapanga injini ya jet yogwira ntchito, yomwe idaphatikizidwa mu Otsutsana Ndi Ine 262-wowombera ndege woyamba padziko lonse lapansi. Ngakhale zidapangidwa mwaluso, Me 262 idakumana ndi zovuta monga kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta ambiri komanso kupirira kochepa.
Pakadali pano, injiniya waku Britain Frank Whittle anali akupita patsogolo muukadaulo wa jet. Injini yake idayendetsa Gloster Meteor, yomwe idagwiritsidwa ntchito pang'ono panthawi yankhondo koma idawonetsa kuthekera koyendetsa ndege.
Nkhondo yachiŵiri ya padziko lonse itatha, injini za jeti zinasintha kuchoka ku ntchito zankhondo kupita ku zamalonda zandege, kusinthiratu maulendo apandege. Zaka za jet zinayamba mwalamulo mu 1958 pamene Pan American Airlines inayambitsa ntchito ya jet transatlantic ndi Boeing 707. Ichi chinali chiyambi cha nyengo yatsopano, kupangitsa kuyenda kwandege kukhala kofulumira, kothandiza, ndi kofikirika kwa anthu ambiri.
Kumvetsetsa momwe injini za jet zimagwirira ntchito masiku ano kumafuna kuyamikira mbiri yakale yaukadaulo iyi komanso zovuta zomwe timakumana nazo kuti tikwaniritse ukadaulo womwe timadalira.
Mfundo ndi Zimango: Momwe Ma Jet Engine Amagwirira Ntchito
Pamtima pa injini iliyonse ya jet pali kugwiritsa ntchito kosangalatsa kwa sayansi ndi uinjiniya. Kuthamanga kwakukulu ndi mphamvu ya injini ya jet zimachokera ku Newton's Third Law of Motion: "Pazochitika zilizonse, pali yofanana ndi yotsutsana. " Mfundo imeneyi imapangidwa kukhala yamoyo kudzera mu njira yothamangitsira, yomwe imayendetsa ndege kupita patsogolo.
Nayi kugawanika kwapang'onopang'ono kwa momwe ma jet amagwirira ntchito:
akuyamwitsa: Njirayi imayambira kutsogolo kwa injini, kumene fani yaikulu imakoka mpweya wambiri. Ngati munayang'anapo mutu pa injini ya jet, mwawona masamba a fan iyi.
Finyani: Mpweya womwe ukubwera umakanikizidwa ndi mafani angapo ozungulira mkati mwa injini. Mafanizi awa, omwe amamangiriridwa pamtengo wapakati, amawonjezera kuthamanga kwa mpweya kwambiri, kukonzekera kuyaka.
Bang: Mafuta amabayidwa mumpweya woponderezedwa, ndipo motowo umayatsa kusakaniza. Kuyaka uku kumapangitsa kuti mpweya ukule mwachangu, ndikupanga kuphulika kwamphamvu kwa mpweya.
nkhonya: Mipweya yokulirapo imakakamizika kudzera pamphuno kumbuyo kwa injini, kutulutsa mphamvu. Izi zimapititsa patsogolo ndegeyo, kutsatira Lamulo Lachitatu la Newton.
Njira yonseyi imachitika mwachangu kwambiri. M'mainjini amakono a jet, ma turbines amatha kuzungulira nthawi 10,000 pamphindi, kuwonetsa kulondola komanso luso laukadaulo uwu.
Aphunzitsi oyendetsa ndege nthawi zambiri kufewetsa ndondomeko yovutayi ndi mawu "Kuyamwa, kufinya, kuphulika, kuphulitsa," njira yosaiwalika yofotokozera magawo anayi ofunikira a injini ya jet.
Kumvetsetsa momwe majeti amagwirira ntchito sikumangowonetsa luso la kapangidwe kake komanso kugogomezera ntchito yawo yofunika kwambiri pakuyendetsa ndege zamakono. Kuyambira kupatsa mphamvu oyendetsa ndege zamalonda mpaka kuloleza ndege zankhondo, injini za jet ndi umboni wanzeru za anthu komanso malamulo a sayansi.
Momwe Ma Jet Engine Amagwirira Ntchito: Mafuta a Jet
Kuti mumvetse momwe ma jet amagwirira ntchito, m'pofunika kufufuza mafuta omwe amawagwiritsa ntchito. Mafuta a jet, omwe amadziwika kuti aviation turbine fuel (ATF), ndi omwe amachititsa kuti ndege zipite patsogolo.
Kuyesera koyambirira kwa injini ya jet kumadalira mphamvu ya nthunzi, pamene injini za pistoni zinkagwiritsa ntchito mafuta. Komabe, kuyambira kumapeto kwa Nkhondo Yadziko II, injini zamakono za jet zakhala zikugwiritsa ntchito mafuta a palafini, omwe amatchulidwa mofala m’maiko oyendetsa ndege. "anthu."
ATF nthawi zambiri imakhala yowoneka bwino kapena yachikasu ndipo imakhala ndi ma hydrocarbon osakanikirana bwino. Kuonetsetsa chitetezo ndi magwiridwe antchito, amayengedwa ndikukonzedwa molingana ndi mfundo ndi miyezo yapadziko lonse lapansi.
Poyendetsa ndege zamalonda, mafuta omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi Jet A ndi Jet A-1. Onsewa ndi a palafini, koma amasiyana m'malo oziziritsa:
- Jet A amaundana pa -40 ° C (-40 ° F).
- Ndege A-1 amaundana pa -53 ° C (-63 ° F), kupangitsa kuti ikhale yoyenera kuyenda maulendo ataliatali komanso nyengo yozizira.
Pandege wamba komanso ndege zankhondo zomwe zimagwira ntchito movutikira, mafuta amtundu wina wotchedwa Jet B amagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri. Jet B ndi mafuta odulidwa kwambiri, osakaniza mafuta a palafini ndi mafuta, ndipo amapangidwira kuti azigwira ntchito nyengo yozizira.
Kusankha mafuta opangira palafini sikungochitika mwangozi. Mafutawa amapereka mphamvu zambiri zomwe zimafunikira kuti azikankhira pamene zimakhala zokhazikika pansi pa kutentha kwakukulu ndi kupanikizika mkati mwa injini ya jet. Kukhazikika kumeneku ndikofunikira kuti zitsimikizire kuti zikuyenda bwino komanso moyenera, makamaka paulendo wautali wandege kapena nyengo zovuta.
Kumvetsetsa mafuta a jet ndi gawo lofunikira pakumvetsetsa momwe ma jet amagwirira ntchito. Sikuti zimangokhudza makina a injini, komanso za chemistry yomwe imapangitsa ndege iliyonse kukhala yotheka.
Kodi Kusiyana Pakati pa Jet Engines ndi Turboprop Engines ndi Chiyani?
Kuti mumvetse bwino momwe ma jeti amagwirira ntchito, ndikofunikira kuwafanizira ndi ma injini a turboprop. Ngakhale kuti onsewa amayendetsedwa ndi ma turbines a gasi, amagwira ntchito mosiyana ndipo amagwira ntchito yapadera pazandege. Kumvetsetsa kusiyana kumeneku kumapereka chidziwitso cha momwe ma jeti amagwirira ntchito komanso chifukwa chake ali oyenerera pamitundu ina ya ndege.
Ma injini a jet adapangidwa kuti azithamanga komanso kuchita bwino pamalo okwera. Mosiyana ndi ma turboprops, sagwiritsa ntchito ma propeller akunja. M'malo mwake, amadalira fani yamkati kuti ipanikizire mpweya, kusakaniza ndi mafuta, ndi kutulutsa mphamvu kudzera mu kuyaka kofulumira. Njira imeneyi ndi yofunika kwambiri pa momwe majeti amagwirira ntchito, kuwapangitsa kuti aziyendetsa ndege mwachangu kwambiri.
Komabe, ma injini a jet sagwira ntchito bwino pama liwiro otsika komanso okwera, ndipo amadya mafuta ochulukirapo poyerekeza ndi ma turboprops. Izi zimawapangitsa kukhala abwino kwa maulendo ataliatali, komwe liwiro lawo ndi mphamvu zawo zimaposa ndalama zawo zogwirira ntchito.
Injini za Turboprop: Kuchita Bwino Kwa Maulendo Afupiafupi
Ma injini a Turboprop amaphatikiza mfundo zamainjini a jet ndi mphamvu ya ma propellers. Amagwiritsa ntchito turbine ya gasi kuyendetsa galimoto yakunja, yomwe imatulutsa mphamvu. Kapangidwe kameneka kamapangitsa ma turboprops kukhala othandiza kwambiri pamaulendo afupiafupi komanso otsika, pomwe mafuta awo amafuta komanso kusinthasintha kwake kumawala.
Ngakhale ma turboprops nthawi zambiri amawoneka ngati mlatho pakati pa injini zoyendetsedwa ndi pisitoni ndi ma jeti, amakhalabe otchuka kumakampani a ndege am'madera komanso ndege wamba. Oyendetsa ndege amayamikira ma turboprops chifukwa cha kuphweka kwawo, kutsika kwake, komanso kutsika mtengo panjira zazifupi.
Mwachitsanzo, ndege yochokera ku Colorado kupita ku New Mexico ndiyopanda ndalama zambiri yokhala ndi turboprop kuposa injini ya jet, yomwe ndiyoyenera kuyenda maulendo ataliatali ngati Maine kupita ku Nevada.
Kusankha Injini Yoyenera
Chisankho chapakati pa injini za jet ndi injini za turboprop chimadalira cholinga chake komanso zofunikira pakugwirira ntchito. Mtundu uliwonse wa injini uli ndi zabwino zake, zomwe zimawapangitsa kukhala oyenera pamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ndege. Kumvetsetsa momwe ma jet engine amagwirira ntchito poyerekeza ndi ma turboprops ndikofunikira kwambiri kuyamikira ntchito zawo zapadera pazandege.
Nthawi Yosankha Ma Jet Engine
Ma injini a jet ndi omwe angasankhe pa liwiro komanso kuyenda mtunda wautali. Kukhoza kwawo kuthamangitsa kwambiri pamalo okwera kumawapangitsa kukhala abwino kwa ndege zamalonda, ndege zankhondo, ndi ndege zonyamula katundu. Mwachitsanzo, ndege yochokera ku New York kupita ku London imafuna kuti injini ya jeti ikhale yachangu komanso yogwira ntchito bwino kuti iyende mtunda mwachangu komanso momasuka.
Komabe, injini za jet sizigwira ntchito bwino pa liwiro lotsika komanso lokwera, ndipo kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo mafuta ambiri kumawapangitsa kukhala okwera mtengo kuti azigwira ntchito panjira zazifupi. Ichi ndichifukwa chake nthawi zambiri amasungidwa ku utumwi komwe ubwino wawo umaposa mtengo wake.
Injini za Turboprop, kumbali ina, zimachita bwino kwambiri komanso zimasinthasintha pamaulendo afupiafupi. Kuthekera kwawo kupanga chiwongolero pogwiritsa ntchito chopalasira chakunja kumawapangitsa kukhala osagwiritsa ntchito mafuta ambiri pokwera komanso kuthamanga kwambiri. Izi zimapangitsa ma turboprops kukhala chisankho chomwe chimakonda kumakampani a ndege am'madera, maulendo apanyanja, ndi mishoni zomwe zimafuna kunyamuka pafupipafupi ndikutera.
Mwachitsanzo, ulendo wa pandege kuchokera ku Colorado kupita ku New Mexico ndi wokwera mtengo kwambiri ndi turboprop, chifukwa mtunda waufupi sufuna kuti injini ya jet ikhale yothamanga kwambiri. Oyendetsa ndege amayamikiranso ma turboprops chifukwa cha kuphweka kwawo komanso kutsika kwake, zomwe zingakhale zopindulitsa pazinthu zina.
Kumvetsetsa momwe ma jet injini amagwirira ntchito limodzi ndi ma turboprops kumapereka chidziwitso chofunikira pamphamvu zawo. Ma Jets amawongolera maulendo ataliatali komanso othamanga kwambiri, pomwe ma turboprops amawala m'magawo ang'onoang'ono komanso ang'onoang'ono. Pamodzi, ma injiniwa amakwaniritsa zosowa zosiyanasiyana za ndege zamakono, kuwonetsetsa kuti zikuyenda bwino, chitetezo, komanso magwiridwe antchito pagulu lonselo.
Kutsiliza
Ma injini a jet ndi odabwitsa mwauinjiniya wamakono, amathandizira kuthamanga, kuchita bwino, ndi kudalirika komwe kumatanthawuza makampani amasiku ano oyendetsa ndege. Kuyambira pachiyambi pomwe panthaŵi yankhondo kufika pa ntchito yawo yosintha maulendo apandege amalonda, majeti asintha mmene timaulukira.
Kumvetsetsa momwe ma jeti amagwirira ntchito sikungokhudza kuyamika makina awo - ndi kuzindikira momwe amakhudzira chitetezo, magwiridwe antchito, ndi kulumikizana kwapadziko lonse lapansi. Kaya ndi kuthamanga kwambiri kwa injini ya jet kapena kusinthasintha kwamafuta kwamtundu wa turboprop, makina aliwonse amagwira ntchito yofunikira pakukwaniritsa zosowa zosiyanasiyana zamaulendo amakono.
Pamene ukadaulo ukupitilirabe kusinthika, momwemonso mphamvu zamainjini a jet zidzatero. Mwa kuphatikiza luso lamakono ndi mfundo zosasinthika za sayansi ndi uinjiniya, titha kuwonetsetsa kuti tsogolo la ndege likukhalabe lamphamvu komanso losinthika monga kale.
Lumikizanani ndi Gulu la Florida Flyers Flight Academy lero ku (904) 209-3510 kuti mudziwe zambiri za momwe mungasinthire layisensi yoyendetsa ndege yakunja mumayendedwe 4.
