ⓘ TL;DR
- Njira yozungulira ndi njira yosiyana ndi njira yogwiritsira ntchito zida, osati yowonjezera. Malamulo, zoopsa, ndi malo otetezedwa amlengalenga zimasintha mukangoyamba kuona.
- Malo otetezedwa amlengalenga amatsimikiziridwa ndi gulu lanu la ndege komanso Vref, osati mtundu wa ndege. Kuuluka mofulumira kuposa momwe gulu lanu limaloleza kumachotsa mwakachetechete chopinga chanu popanda chenjezo lililonse.
- Yerekezerani mozama malo ozungulira, zopinga zodziwika, ndi njira yolowera yomwe simunafike musanatsike, osati panthawi yoyenda.
- Njira yolakwika yolowera kuchokera pamalo ozungulira ndiyo gawo loopsa kwambiri la njira yonseyi. Kwerani ndikuyang'ana malo otetezedwa kaye, kenako tsatirani njira yofalitsidwa.
- Kudziwa bwino njira zozungulira kumafuna maphunziro aposachedwa komanso okonzedwa bwino. Maola ochulukirapo oyenda pandege salowa m'malo mwa maphunziro ophunzitsidwa bwino.
M'ndandanda wazopezekamo
Nthawi yomwe woyendetsa ndege akusintha kuchoka pa zida zogwiritsira ntchito kupita ku kuyang'ana pawindo la malo oimikapo ndege, malire a cholakwika amachepa kwambiri. Iyi ndi njira yozungulira, njira yomwe imafuna kusamala kolondola kwa njira zoyendetsera ndege pamalo otsika okhala ndi ntchito yambiri.
Mapulogalamu ambiri ophunzitsira amaona kuti kuyenda mozungulira kupita kumtunda ndi njira yosavuta yowonera njira yogwiritsira ntchito zida. Lingaliro limenelo ndi komwe ngozi zimayambira. Vuto lenileni si kuyendetsa ndege mozungulira, koma kusunga chidziwitso cha malo pamene mukukhala mkati mwa mlengalenga wotetezedwa womwe ndi wocheperapo kuposa momwe oyendetsa ndege ambiri amaganizira.
Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza zofunikira pa nzeru ndi njira zoyendetsera bwino njira yozungulira. Muphunzira momwe mungafupikitsire kayendetsedwe ka ndege, kuigwiritsa ntchito mumlengalenga wotetezedwa, komanso kuthana ndi njira yolakwika pamene msewu wolowera ndege sukuwonekera. Izi ndi njira zomwe zimasiyanitsa oyendetsa ndege odziwa bwino zida ndi omwe amadalira mwayi.
Kodi njira yozungulira imatanthauza chiyani?
Njira yozungulira ndi gawo lowoneka bwino la njira yolowera mu chipangizo chomwe chimayika ndege kuti ikwere pa msewu wolowera ndege womwe sunakonzedwe bwino kuti ulowe molunjika. Woyendetsa ndegeyo amayendetsa chidacho kupita ku msewu winawake wolowera ndege, kenako amasinthira ku ulendo wowoneka bwino kupita ku njira yomaliza yolowera mu msewu wina. Iyi si njira yosiyana, ndi njira yowonjezera njira yolowera mu chipangizo chomwe chilipo kale.
Oyendetsa ndege ambiri samvetsa komwe gawo la zida limathera ndipo gawo lozungulira limayamba. Njira ya zida imathera pamalo omwe sanafikire kapena pamene malo oimikapo ndege afika. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, chisankho chilichonse chimakhala chowoneka, kutembenukira kulikonse kumakhala kwamanja, ndipo kutsika kulikonse ndi udindo wa woyendetsa ndege.
Chikalata cha ICAO 8168 Kusiyanitsa kumeneku kukuwonekera bwino: njira yozungulira ndi gawo lowoneka bwino la njira yolowera ku bwalo la ndege lomwe silili pamalo oyenera olowera molunjika.
Kusiyana kwa njira yolunjika ndi kophunzitsa. Njira yolunjika imapangitsa ndegeyo kukhala yogwirizana ndi msewu wokwerera ndege kuyambira pomwe ndegeyo imafika mpaka pomwe ndegeyo imafika. Chitsogozo cha chida sichimaima. Njira yozungulira imachotsa chitsogozocho panthawi yofunika kwambiri, yotsika kwambiri, pafupi ndi malo, ndipo woyendetsa ndegeyo akuuluka mowoneka bwino akadali kugwira ntchito pansi pa ndege. malamulo oyendetsa ndegeKupereka njira yochitira zinthu kumeneko ndiko komwe chiopsezo chimakhala.
Kumvetsa tanthauzo limeneli kumasintha momwe woyendetsa ndege amakonzekera. Njira yozungulira si kupitiriza njira ya chida. Ndi njira yosiyana yokhala ndi malamulo ake, malo ake otetezedwa amlengalenga, ndi njira zake zolephera. Kuiona ngati chinthu chocheperako kumabweretsa zolakwika zomwe zimapangitsa kuti njira yachizolowezi ikhale unyolo wa ngozi.
Chifukwa Chake Kuzungulira Mzere Kumabweretsa Chiwopsezo Chokwera
Nthawi yoopsa kwambiri pozungulira si kutembenuka kapena kutsika. Ndi nthawi yomwe woyendetsa ndege akukhulupirira kuti gawo lovuta latha. Gawo la zida zatha, njira yonyamulira ndege yayamba kuonekera, ndipo chibadwa chachibadwa ndi kupumula. Chibadwa chimenecho ndicho chimapha malire a cholakwika.
Kusintha kuchoka pa chida kupita ku kuuluka kowoneka ndi maso ndi komwe katundu wozindikira umakwera, osati kutsika. Woyendetsa ndege ayenera nthawi imodzi Sungani mtunda Pa MDA kapena kupitirira apo, sungani malo onyamulira ndege kuti awonekere, khalani mkati mwa mlengalenga wotetezedwa, ndikukonza ndegeyo kuti ikwere. Ntchito iliyonse mwa izi imapikisana kuti iyang'aniridwe. Palibe yomwe ingapatsidwe udindo.
Kulephera kofala kwambiri ndi kuchoka pamalo ozungulira. Ogwira ntchito amatuluka mumlengalenga wotetezedwa pouluka motalikirapo, kutali kwambiri, kapena mwachangu kwambiri. Akatuluka kunja, njira yochotsera zopinga imatha. Palibe mwayi wina. Ichi ndichifukwa chake kudziwa gulu la njira ndi malo ozungulira omwe akuyenera si njira yabwino, koma ndi chofunikira kuti munthu apulumuke.
Kufunika kumeneku kumachokera ku kugwirizana kwa malo otsika, kuchuluka kwa ntchito, komanso mawonekedwe osakhululuka a mlengalenga wotetezedwa. Chosintha chimodzi sichinasamalidwe bwino, ndipo malire onse achitetezo amagwa.
Chiwopsezo sichili mu chinthu chimodzi chokha. Chili mu mphamvu yowonjezereka yowongolera zonse nthawi imodzi pamene nthaka ikuyandikira.
Magulu a Njira Yotetezera Mpweya ndi Kuzungulira
Malo otetezedwa a mlengalenga kuti munthu azitha kuzungulira si lingaliro, ndi chitsimikizo chokhacho cha kuchotsedwa kwa zopinga, ndipo kuziona ngati malire osinthasintha ndi momwe oyendetsa ndege amapezera ziwerengero za ngozi.
Ndege iliyonse yomwe imagwira ntchito motsatira malamulo oyendetsera ndege imapatsidwa gulu lolowera kutengera liwiro lake lofikira, kapena Vref, ndipo gulu limenelo limasankha dera lenileni lozungulira lomwe woyendetsa ndege sayenera kudutsa.
Kuuluka mofulumira kuposa momwe gululo limaloleza, ndipo malo otetezedwa amachepa poyerekeza ndi momwe ndegeyo imayendera.
Momwe Magulu Oyandikira Amafotokozera Radius Yozungulira
FAA imatanthauzira magulu asanu a njira, A mpaka E, iliyonse yokhala ndi liwiro lokwanira lozungulira komanso radius yotetezedwa yofalitsidwa. Ndege ya Gulu A, yokhala ndi liwiro la ma knots 90 kapena kuchepera, imagwira ntchito mkati mwa radius ya 1.3 nautical mile kuchokera pamalire a msewu wonyamulira ndege, pomwe ndege ya Gulu D, yomwe imatha kuuluka mpaka ma knots 165, imafuna radius ya 2.3 nautical mile.
Woyendetsa ndege wa Gulu D pa liwiro la Gulu C sanachite bwino, atuluka mwakachetechete m'dera lotetezedwa.
TERPS Yachikale Mosiyana ndi Zofunikira Zowonjezera
Miyezo yakale ya TERPS idagwiritsa ntchito radius imodzi yokhazikika pagulu lililonse, koma miyezo yowonjezera yomwe idayambitsidwa ndi ICAO PANS-OPS ndikutsatiridwa mu malangizo atsopano a FAA imakhudza kutalika, kutentha, ndi zotsatira za mphepo pa radius yozungulira.
Kusiyana kumeneku n'kofunika kwambiri pamalo okwera kwambiri kapena masiku otentha, komwe liwiro lenileni la ndege limawonjezeka ndipo ndegeyo imadutsa pansi kwambiri nthawi yomweyo. Oyendetsa ndege omwe amadalira manambala akale osasintha momwe zinthu zilili, akuuluka osazindikira malire enieni otetezedwa.
Chifukwa Chake Gawo Logawika Liyenera Kutsimikiziridwa Musanayambe Njira
Gulu la njira si chinthu chokhazikika cha ndegeyo, limasintha ndi kulemera, kasinthidwe, ndi malo ozungulira, zomwe zimakhudza Vref. Ndege yolemera yomwe ikuyenda mtunda wautali ikhoza kukhala Gulu D poyamba koma imatsikira ku Gulu C ikatentha mafuta, komabe utali wozungulira wofalitsidwa unawerengedwa kuti ukhale ndi liwiro lalikulu.
Kufotokozera za kulemera kwa ndege ya Vref yeniyeni ndikuwunikanso kuti igwirizane ndi gulu la njira musanatsike pansi pa MDA ndiyo njira yokhayo yotsimikizira kuti malo otetezedwa ozungulira zikugwirizana ndi momwe ndegeyo imagwirira ntchito.
Kufotokozera Anthu Pamaso pa Circle
The njira yozungulira mwachidule Ndi komwe oyendetsa ndege ambiri amadzikonzekeretsa kuti apambane kapena amatsimikizira kuti adzagwira ntchito yambiri. Kuyeserera bwino maganizo musanapite ku MDA kumasintha njira yochitira zinthu kukhala zisankho zomwe zimayembekezeredwa.
- Zofunikira pakuwona bwino nyengo ndi kuchepera kwa mawonekedwe
- Kutsimikizira kwa MDA ndi gulu la njira
- Malire ozungulira ndi malo otetezedwa a mpweya
- Zopinga zodziwika bwino m'dera lozungulira
- Njira yolowera ndi njira yotulukira sinagwire ntchito
- Kulinganiza msewu ndi njira yozungulira yomwe mukufuna
- Njira ina yokwerera ndege ngati yatayika poyang'ana malo
Zinthu zisanu ndi ziwirizi si mndandanda woti muwerenge mokweza. Ndi chitsanzo cha m'maganizo chomwe mumamanga musanayambe njira. Woyendetsa ndege amene amayendetsa mtunda wozungulira mozungulira motsutsana ndi liwiro lenileni la pansi ndi mphepo waletsa kale cholakwika chofala kwambiri, kuuluka kunja kwa mlengalenga wotetezedwa.
Denga ndi mawonekedwe akalola, ganizirani kutsika pang'onopang'ono pamalo okwera m'malo motsika mpaka kuzungulira MDA. Njirayi imapereka malo odziwika bwino otsikira ndi makonda amphamvu omwe amasunga njirayo kukhala yachizolowezi momwe mungathere. Gwiritsani ntchito njira iyi musanakwere ndege, osati panthawi yoyendetsa.
Kuzungulira Kozungulira Pang'onopang'ono
Kukhazikitsa njira yozungulira sitepe ndi sitepe ndi kusiyana pakati pa kusintha kolamulidwa kupita ku malo otsetsereka ndi kutchova njuga komwe kuli pachiwopsezo chachikulu ndi malo otetezedwa. Kutsatana kumeneku ndi kochitika, osati kongoganizira chabe, ndipo gawo lililonse lili ndi kufunikira kwapadera komwe kuyenera kuyendetsedwa lisanayambe lotsatira.
Gawo 1. Malizitsani njira yogwiritsira ntchito chida cha MDA.
Thamangitsani njira yogwiritsira ntchito chida chofalitsidwacho mpaka pamalo otsika kwambiri ozungulira. Musatsike pansi pa MDA mpaka malo oimikapo ndege aoneke ndipo ndegeyo yayikidwa pamalo abwino kuti itsike bwino mpaka itafika pamalo abwino. Yendetsani pansi pa MDA ndikukhazikitsa ndegeyo isanasinthe kupita kumalo owonekera.
Gawo 2. Pezani malo owonera msewu.
Dziwani malo oti ndege ifikeko ndipo tsimikizirani kuti ikugwirizana ndi tchati cha njira yozungulira. Kupeza mawonekedwe kuyenera kukhala kosangalatsa komanso kopanda kukayikira, kuwona pang'ono kudzera mumtambo sikuwerengedwa. Sungani MDA mpaka malo oti ndegeyo ifikeko akuwoneka nthawi zonse ndipo ndegeyo ili mkati mwa malo ozungulira.
Gawo 3. Yendani kuti muzitha kuyang'anana ndi maso ndikukhala mumlengalenga wotetezedwa.
Kuuluka njira yomwe imapangitsa kuti msewu wa ndege ukhale wowoneka bwino pamene ukukhala mkati mwa dera lozungulira lomwe lafotokozedwa ndi gulu loyandikira. Malangizo a FAA amanena kuti ndegeyo isapitirire malire a malo otetezedwa panthawiyi. Ngodya ya banki, liwiro la pansi, ndi kukonza mphepo zonse zimatsimikizira ngati ndegeyo ikutsalira mkati kapena ikugwera m'nthaka.
Gawo 4. Tsikirani ku malo otera.
Ndege ikafika panjira yokhazikika yolowera yolumikizana ndi malo otera ndege, yambani kutsika bwino kuchokera ku MDA. Pitirizani kuyang'anana ndi ndege nthawi yonse yotsika. Kutsika kuyenera kufanana ndi njira yowonera, mphamvu zomwezo, kuchuluka komweko kwa ndege, ndi malo omwewo ofikira.
Gawo 5. Chitani njira yomwe mwaphonya ngati pakufunika.
Ngati ndege yasowa nthawi iliyonse, kapena ngati ndegeyo singathe kuiyika pamalo otetezeka, yambani kuyandikira komwe yasowa nthawi yomweyo. Kwerani pamene mukutembenukira ku malo otetezedwa. Musachedwetse chisankhocho, kukayikira pamalo otsika komanso osawoneka bwino ndi komwe kumabweretsa ngozi.
Kumaliza ndondomekoyi ndi chilango kumasandutsa njira yowopsa kwambiri kukhala njira yolamulidwa. Woyendetsa ndege amene amayeserera sitepe iliyonse asanayambe njirayo ndiye mwiniwake wa zotsatira zake.
Njira Yosowa Pambuyo Pozungulira
Njira yolakwika yochokera mu njira yozungulira si batani lokonzanso, ndi gawo lovuta kwambiri la njira yonse, ndipo ndi pomwe chisokonezo cha njira chimapha oyendetsa ndege. Maphunziro ambiri amayang'ana kwambiri gawo lowoneka ndi malo otera, koma njira yolakwika ndi pomwe malire a cholakwika amagwera pa zero.
Njira yodziwika bwino yolowera ndege ikalephera kuyenda imatanthauza kuti ndegeyo ili pamalo omwe yalephera kuyendamo motsatira njira yonyamulira ndege, koma ikayandikira mozungulira, ndegeyo ikhoza kukhala kulikonse mkati mwa mlengalenga wotetezedwa, pamalo otsika, komanso mozungulira.
Kukwera uku ukutembenukira ku malo otetezedwa ndi chinthu choyamba chofunikira kwambiri. Chizolowezi chokweza mapiko musanakwere chimamveka ngati chachilengedwe, koma chimawononga nthawi ndi mphamvu. Njira yoyenera ndi mphamvu, kukweza, ndikutembenukira ku bwalo la ndege kapena kukonza njira yolakwika nthawi imodzi. Apa ndi pomwe njira yozungulira njira yosowa Njira yochitira zinthu imasiyana ndi njira ina iliyonse yomwe woyeserera amachita.
Cholakwika chofala kwambiri ndi kuyesa kubwereza njira yolembedwa yolakwika popanda kubwerera kaye kumalo otetezedwa. Njira yofalitsidwayo imatenga poyambira pomwe palibe panthawi yozungulira.
Oyendetsa ndege ayenera kukwera mpaka pamalo omwe sanafikire pamene akubwerera kumalo otetezedwa asanapitirize ndi njira yofalitsidwa. Izi sizongochitika mwachisawawa, ndipo sizikuchitika mokwanira.
Kudziwa bwino gawo lililonse la njira yozungulira, kukonzekera, kuyendetsa, kuphonya, ndi kuchita masewera ausiku, kumafuna kuona njira yophonya ngati njira yosiyana yokhala ndi chidziwitso chake komanso kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi m'maganizo. Woyendetsa ndege amene sanawone njira yophonya asanayambe bwalo wataya kale malire omwe amafunikira.
Maphunziro a Luso Lozungulira
Luso loyendetsa ndege mozungulira silichokera ku nthawi yoyenda pandege, koma limachokera ku maphunziro okonzedwa bwino komanso okonzedwa bwino omwe amasinthidwa nthawi zonse.
FlightSafety International inazindikira kusiyana kumeneku poyambitsa maphunziro apadera okhudza njira yozungulira. Njira yophunzitsira yokhazikika siyipanga luso lokha panjira imeneyi. Maphunzirowa alipo chifukwa oyendetsa ndege amasiya maphunziro a njira zinazake zolephera zomwe zimachitikanso mu malipoti a ngozi.
Kuchita njira yolakwika kuchokera pamalo osadziwika poyerekeza ndi bwalo la ndege. Kuchitanso kukwera ndi kutembenukira kumlengalenga wotetezedwa mpaka utayamba kusinthasintha. Kuwongolera mtunda wozungulira motsutsana ndi Vref yeniyeni m'malo mongoganizira gulu lomwe laperekedwa mu dongosolo la ndege. Awa si maluso omwe amakula mopanda kungokhala chete.
Florida Flyers Flight Academy imamanga njira yokhazikikayi mu mapulogalamu ake oyesa zida ndi oyendetsa ndege. Cholinga chake si chizindikiro cha muyezo woyeserera wothandiza. Ndi oyendetsa ndege omwe amatha kuchita njira yozungulira pansi pa kuthamanga kwambiri kwa mpweya wochepa, ntchito yambiri, komanso nthawi yochepa.
Funso silili ngati munayamba mwachitapo kale njira yozungulira, koma ngati munaphunzirapo kale njira imodzi.
Pangani Chidaliro Chanu Chozungulira
Njira yozungulira si njira yolunjika yokhala ndi njira yolowera. Ndi njira yapadera yokhala ndi zofunikira zake zamaganizo, zoletsa zotetezedwa zamlengalenga, komanso njira zolephera zomwe zimawonjezeka mwachangu kuposa momwe oyendetsa ndege ambiri amayembekezera.
Kumvetsetsa kusiyana pakati pa ndondomeko ya zochitika ndi improvisation ndiko kumasiyanitsa bwalo lotetezeka ndi lomwe limathera kunja kwa mlengalenga wotetezedwa. Ola lililonse lomwe mumagwiritsa ntchito poyeserera zokambirana, kukwera kwa njira yolakwika, ndi radius yeniyeni ya gulu kumabwezera nthawi yomwe ili yofunika kwambiri, pamene denga lili lotsika, mawonekedwe ake ndi ochepa, ndipo msewu wolowera si komwe njira yolowera idakusiyirani.
Yendani kupita ku ndege ndi bwalo lomwe lazungulira kale m'mutu mwanu. Yang'anani mwachidule njira yomwe mwaphonya musanalowetse bwalo. Dziwani gulu lanu. Dziwani dera lanu. Zina zonse ndi kungouluka.
Mafunso Omwe Amafunsidwa Kawirikawiri Okhudza Njira Zozungulira
Kodi njira yozungulira ndi chiyani?
Njira yozungulira ndi gawo lowoneka bwino la njira yogwiritsira ntchito chida chomwe chimayika ndege kuti ikwere pa msewu woti isayende bwino kuti ilowe molunjika. Woyendetsa ndege ayenera kukhala ndi kulumikizana kowoneka bwino ndi msewu wolowera pamene akuyenda mkati mwa dera lotetezedwa la mlengalenga lomwe limatsimikiziridwa ndi gulu la njira yolowera ndegeyo.
Kodi njira yozungulira ndi yotani?
Njira yozungulira, yomwe imatchedwa kuti circle-to-land maneuver, ndi njira yofanana ndi njira yozungulira komwe woyendetsa ndege amasinthira kuchoka pa malamulo oyendetsa zida kupita ku ndege yowoneka bwino pamalo otsika kwambiri. Mawuwa amagwiritsidwa ntchito mofanana mu ndege, ngakhale kuti njira yozungulira ndiyo mawu ovomerezeka mu zolemba za FAA ndi ICAO.
Kodi mungaphonye bwanji pamene mukuyandikira kuzungulira?
Kuti achite njira yolowera yomwe yasowa panthawi yozungulira, woyendetsa ndege ayenera kukwera nthawi yomweyo akutembenukira ku malo otetezedwa a mlengalenga, kenako kutsatira njira yolowera yomwe yasowa yofalitsidwa ya njira yolowera yomwe ikuwulutsidwa. Choyamba chofunikira ndikukwera pamene akutembenukira ku malo olowera ndege, osati kulowera komwe kwasowa, chifukwa malo a ndegeyo poyerekeza ndi njira yowulutsidwayo sakudziwika panthawi yozungulira.
Kodi kusiyana pakati pa njira yolunjika ndi njira yozungulira ndi kotani?
Njira yolunjika imalola ndegeyo kuti ifike molunjika pa msewu wolowera ndege womwe ukugwirizana ndi njira yomaliza yolowera ndege, osafuna kuyendetsa ndege ina ikafika pamlingo wocheperako. Njira yozungulira ndege imafuna kuti woyendetsa ndegeyo ayende molunjika pamalo otsika kuti agwirizane ndi msewu wina wolowera ndege, zomwe zimawonjezera zofunikira zanzeru zopewera malo, kasamalidwe ka mpweya wotetezedwa, komanso kukonza mawonekedwe omwe njira yolunjika ndege siimafuna.
