I-crosswind landing yindlela edinga abashayeli bezindiza ukuthi bazulazule indiza yabo ngesikhathi sokufika kokugcina kanye nokuthinta phansi ngenkathi bebhekene nemimoya evunguza iqonde ngqo kumugqa omaphakathi womzila wezindiza. Lesi simo sibonisa inselele enkulu, njengoba umoya ovunguzayo ungasebenzisa amandla amakhulu aseceleni endizeni, okwenza kube nzima ukugcina indlela ezinzile kanye nokuhambisana okunembayo nomzila wezindiza.
Ukufika kwe-Crosswind kuyingxenye ebalulekile yokuqeqeshwa nekhono lomshayeli wendiza, njengoba kwenzeka kaningi emhlabeni wangempela. imisebenzi yendiza. Izikhumulo zezindiza ezitholakala ezindaweni ezinezivunguvungu ezivamile noma lezo ezisezifundeni ezinamaphethini omoya aguquguqukayo ngokuvamile zidinge izindlela zokufika ezinqamula imimoya ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza okuphephile.
Ikhono lokwenza uhambo oluyimpumelelo lokufika kwe-crosswind liwubufakazi bekhono lomshayeli wendiza, ulwazi, kanye nokuqonda izimiso ze-aerodynamic. Kudinga inhlanganisela yokokufaka kokulawula okunembayo, ukuqwashisa ngezimo, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamasu athile ukuze kuliwe nemithelela yokuwela umoya.
Izinselelo Zokuhamba Kwe-Crossswind
Ukuhlalisa indiza lapho kunomoya ovunguzayo kungaba inselele kakhulu kubashayeli bezindiza. Umoya ovela ohlangothini uphusha indiza isuke emgqeni omaphakathi womzila wezindiza, okudinga ukulungiswa njalo ukuze kugcinwe indiza iqondane kahle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iphiko elivunguzayo likhiqiza ukuphakama okwengeziwe, okwenza indiza ifune ukugingqika ibheke lapho umoya uya khona. Abashayeli bezindiza kufanele basebenzise ngobuchule amaphiko futhi amaphini okuqondisa ukulwa nalokhu kuthambekela nokugcina isimo sengqondo sezinga lamaphiko.
Ukufika kwe-Crosswind-landing kubeka izidingo ezibalulekile kubashayeli bezindiza phakathi nalesi sigaba esibucayi sendiza. Kumelwe bahlale besazi kahle isimo ngenkathi benza izinto zokulawula njalo ukuze bamelane nemiphumela yomoya. Uma kungenziwanga kahle, kunengozi yokubeka imithwalo eseceleni ngokweqile igiya lokufika njengoba indiza ithinta phansi. Lokhu kungase kulimaze igiya noma kubangele nokwehluleka kwesakhiwo endizeni. Ukwazi ikhono lokuhlala ngaphansi kwezimo ezinqamula umoya kuyikhono elibalulekile kubashayeli bezindiza ukuze baqinisekise ukuphepha.
Izisekelo ze-Aerodynamics ku-Crosswind Conditions
Ukwenza lokhu kwehla ngempumelelo kudinga ukuqonda okujulile kwezimiso ze-aerodynamic ezidlalwayo. Omunye umqondo oyinhloko yi- i-angle yokulungisa umoya (WCA) – i-engeli ephakathi kwe-eksisi yobude bendiza kanye nomugqa omaphakathi wendiza. Ukusungula i-WCA efanele kuvumela umshayeli wendiza ukuthi alandelele umugqa omaphakathi ngenkathi ehlahlela umoya. I-engeli ye-crab ngokwayo iyi-engeli ephakathi kwe-eksisi yobude bendiza kanye nendlela yayo yangempela phezu komhlaba. Ukugcina i-angle yenkalankala emoyeni kugcina i-fuselage iqondaniswe nomoya ohlobene, inciphisa amandla asemaceleni aphazamisayo.
Ngesikhathi sokuqhuma kokufika, abashayeli bezindiza bangase bahehe ngamabomu i-engeli ehlangothini - lapho i-axis yobude ihlukana ne-vector yomoya ehlobene. Lesi siripi esiseceleni esilawulwayo sinika amandla ukuqondisa indiza nomzila wezindiza ohamba phambili ngenkathi igaya umoya ovunguzayo. Kodwa-ke, i-sideslip iphinda yethula amandla engeziwe asemaceleni njengoba ama-lift and drag vectors engasaqondanisiwe ne-axis yobude.
Abashayeli bezindiza kufanele baphathe ngobuciko futhi bamelane nalezi zingxenye zokuphakamisa okungemuva ezishintshayo futhi bahudule ngokufaka okunembayo kokulawula kuma-ailerons, iphinikhodi, namakheshi. Iphiko elikhuphukayo likhiqiza ukuphakama okukhulu ngenxa yokukhuphuka komoya, okudala ukuthambekela kokugoqa okufanele kubalwe ne-aileron. Ngaleso sikhathi, isiliphu esiseceleni somoya ophansi senza ukuthi kusetshenziswe iphini eliphambene ukuze kugcinwe ukundiza okuhlangene.
Kuyo yonke indawo lapho indiza ewela khona, izilawuli zendiza zidinga ukulungiswa okuqhubekayo nokuhlelekile emzamweni wokugcina ukulungiswa komoya okulungile, inkalankala, nama-engeli asemaceleni. Ukwehluleka ukuphatha kahle lawa mandla we-aerodynamic kungase kubangele imithwalo eseceleni eyeqile, ukulimala okungenzeka kwegiya, noma ukulahlekelwa ukulawula phakathi nalesi sigaba esibucayi sendiza.
Amasu Okungena Ngempumelelo
Amasu Okufika Ahlukahlukene
Indlela Yenkalankala
Ukulandelela i-Runway Centerline: Ngesikhathi sokugcina, umshayeli ugcina i-engeli yenkalankala emoyeni, okuvumela i-eksisi yobude bendiza ukuthi ikhombe buqamama nomugqa omaphakathi wendiza. Le engeli yenkalankala inxephezela amandla asemaceleni e-crosswind, okwenza indiza ikwazi ukulandelela indlela efiswayo yokusondela.
I-Decrab Maneuver: Njengoba indiza isondela endaweni yokuthinta phansi, umshayeli wendiza uqalisa ukuqondisa kwe-decrab okulawulwayo ngokusebenzisa iphini lokuqondisa ukuqondisa i-eksisi yobude bendiza nomzila wendiza oya khona kuyilapho egcina i-engeli ye-crab emoyeni.
Ukuhlanganisa: I-decrab maneuver idinga ukusebenzisana okunembayo phakathi kwama-ailerons nephini lokuqondisa ukuze kugcinwe isihloko osifunayo futhi kuvimbele indiza ekukhukhuleni isuke emugqeni omaphakathi.
Indlela Ephansi Yephiko
Ukubhenka Emoyeni: Kule nqubo, umshayeli wendiza ngamabomu ubhangisa indiza emoyeni, esebenzisa iphiko eliphansi ukuze amelane namandla asemaceleni omoya ovunguzayo. Inani le-engeli yasebhange elidingekayo lincike emandleni e-crosswind kanye ne- isivinini sendiza.
Ukugcina i-Glideslope kanye nethrekhi: Ngenkathi ubhanga, umshayeli wendiza kufanele asebenzise okokufaka okunembayo ukuze agcine i-glideslope oyifunayo futhi alandelele umugqa omaphakathi womzila wezindiza. Le ndlela idinga ukulungiswa okuqhubekayo ukuze kunxeshezelwe imiphumela ehlukahlukene ye-crosswind.
I-Rudder Coordination: Ukuxhumana ngendlela efanele kwamaphini kubalulekile ukuze kuvinjwe indiza ekuzamuleni noma ekushibilikeni lapho indiza ishona phansi.
I-Flare kanye ne-Touchdown
Ukugcina Ukuqondanisa: Ngesikhathi se-flare nesigaba sokuthinta phansi, umshayeli wendiza kufanele agcine okokufaka okunembayo ukuze amelane nemiphumela yako futhi aqinisekise ukuthinta okushelelayo egiyeni elikhulu lokumisa elinomoya kuqala, kulandele igiya elihambisa umoya.
Ukulungiswa kwe-Crosswind: Njengoba indiza izinza kumzila wezindiza, umshayeli wendiza angase adinge ukufaka okokufaka kokulungisa okunqamula umoya ukuze avimbele indiza ekuguquguqukeni kwesimo sezulu (iphendukele emoyeni) noma isuke emgqeni omaphakathi.
Ukusetshenziswa kwe-Differential Braking: Ngemva kokuthinta phansi, abashayeli bezindiza bangase basebenzise i-differential braking (besebenzisa amandla amaningi okubhuleka egiyeni elikhuphukayo) ukuze balawule indlela eya kuyo futhi bavimbele indiza ukuba ingaphunyuli emoyeni.
Ukusetshenziswa kwe-Reverse Thrust kanye ne-Braking
I-Reverse Thrust: Ngemva kokuthinta phansi, abashayeli bezindiza bangasebenzisa i-thrust ehlehlayo (uma ikhona) ukuze basize ekwehliseni isivinini indiza kuyilapho begcina ukulawula kokuqondisa. I-Reverse thrust ingasiza ukulwa nemithelela ye-crosswind futhi ivimbele ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu.
I-Braking Technique: Indlela efanele yokubhuleka ibalulekile ngesikhathi sokufika kwe-crosswind. Abashayeli bezindiza bangase basebenzise inhlanganisela ye-braking evamile kanye ne-different braking (besebenzisa amandla amaningi okubhuleka egiyeni elikhuphukayo) ukuze balondoloze indlela eya kuyo futhi bavimbele indiza ekukhukhuleni isuka kumzila wezindiza.
Ukuqapha Ukuqondanisa Kwendlela Yokugijima: Kuwo wonke umqulu wokufika, umshayeli wendiza kufanele aqaphe ngokuqhubekayo ukuminyana kwendiza nomugqa omaphakathi wendiza futhi enze izilungiso ezidingekayo ukuze agcine ukulandelelwa ngendlela efanele.
Indlela Ezinzile kanye Nokulungela Ukuzulazula
Indlela Ezinzile Yokunquma: Abashayeli bezindiza kufanele bahambisane nenqubo yokuzinza, ehlanganisa nokugcina isivinini esilungile, izinga lokwehla, kanye nokumisa ngaphakathi kwemikhawulo ethile kuyo yonke indlela yokugcina.
Ukulungela Ukuzungeza: Uma indlela yokubhekana nayo ingasimama noma izimo zomoya ovunguzayo zingaphezu kwamandla endiza noma omshayeli wendiza, umshayeli wendiza kufanele azilungiselele ukuqalisa indlela yokuzulazula (indlela ephuthelwe) futhi asebenzise izinqubo ezifanele zokuyiphutha.
Iqhaza Lomklamo Wezindiza
Abakhiqizi bezindiza bahlanganisa izici zedizayini ezihlukahlukene ukuze bathuthukise ikhono lendiza yabo yokusingatha ukuma kwezindiza ngokuphepha nangempumelelo. Ukucushwa kwephiko, kungaba iphiko eliphezulu noma iphiko eliphansi, kudlala indima ebalulekile ekunqumeni izici zalo. Imiklamo yamaphiko aphezulu ngokuvamile inikeza ukubonakala okungcono ngesikhathi sokuvuleka nokuthinta, kuyilapho imiklamo yamaphiko aphansi ingase inikeze ukuzinza okuthuthukisiwe kwe-lateral ngenxa yesikhungo sawo esiphansi samandla adonsela phansi.
Ijiyomethri yegiya lokufika ingenye into ebalulekile enomthelela ekusebenzeni kwayo. Izindiza ezinobubanzi bethrekhi yegiya elibanzi namagiya amade abonisa ukuzinza okuthuthukisiwe kanye nengozi encishisiwe yokuwa kwegiya ngesikhathi sokufika kokuwela umoya. Ukwengeza, izindawo zokulawula ezisebenzayo, njengama-ailerons anamandla futhi asabelayo, ama-rudders, nama-spoiler, anika amandla okokufaka okulawula okunembayo okudingekile ukuze kulwisane namandla asemaceleni abangelwe ukuwela imimoya.
Okwenzeka okukhipha umoya izici zokuzinza, njengomphumela we-dihedral namaphiko ashanelwe, nakho kunomthelela emandleni okuphatha ama-crosswind angcono. Lezi zici zokuklama zinikeza ukuzinza kwemvelo futhi zinciphisa umsebenzi womshayeli phakathi nalokhu kwehla. Ekugcineni, abakhiqizi bezindiza balwela ukufaka izakhi zedizayini ezithuthukisa ukusebenza kokuwela kwe-crosswind, okuqinisekisa ukuphepha nokusebenza kahle ezimweni zomoya eziyinselele.
Ukuqeqeshwa Nokuzilungiselela Komshayeli
Ukuqeqeshwa okufanele kuyisisekelo sokuthi abashayeli bezindiza bathuthukise amakhono nokuzethemba okudingekayo ukuze benze uhambo oluyimpumelelo lwe-crosswind landning. Uhambo luqala ngeziyalezo eziphansi, lapho abashayeli bezindiza bethola khona ulwazi lwethiyori nokuqonda izimiso zalo, i-aerodynamics, namasu. Izilingisi zendiza idlala indima ebalulekile kule nqubo, ihlinzeka ngendawo ephephile nelawulwayo ukuze abashayeli bezindiza bazilolonge lezi zimo ngaphansi kwezimo ezihlukahlukene zomoya kanye nokuhlelwa kwezindiza.
Nokho, ukuqeqeshwa okusebenzayo kwendiza ngaphansi kokuqondisa kothisha abanolwazi yilapho abashayeli bezindiza bewacija ngempela amakhono abo. Lokhu okwenziwa ngezandla kubavumela ukuthi basebenzise ulwazi abaluthole emfundweni yaphansi kanye nokuqeqeshwa kwesifanisi ezimweni zomhlaba wangempela, bacwengisise amasu abo nokwakha inkumbulo yemisipha ebalulekile ekusebenziseni okokufaka kokulawula okunembile ngesikhathi sokufika kwe-crosswind.
Ukuqeqeshwa okuqhubekayo nokuzilungiselela kuyisihluthulelo sokugcina ubuchwepheshe kumasu ayo. Abashayeli bezindiza baqeqeshwa ngezikhathi ezithile ukuze bahlale benolwazi lwakamuva nganoma yiziphi izinguquko zenqubo noma zokulawula futhi baqinise amakhono abo. Ukwengeza, ukuzilungiselela komuntu siqu ngaphambi kwendiza ngayinye, njengokubuyekeza izinqubo zokufika kwendiza ewela imimoya, ukufunda imidwebo yesikhumulo sezindiza namaphethini omoya, nokuzilungiselela ngokwengqondo izimo ezingaba khona zokuwela umoya, kungathuthukisa nakakhulu ukulungela nokuqiniseka komshayeli wendiza lapho ebhekene nezimo eziyinselele zokuwela umoya.
Izibonelo Zempilo Yangempela Yezindawo Eziwela Umoya
Ukuhlalisa ama-Crosswind kuyinto evamile emhlabeni wezindiza, futhi abashayeli bezindiza abaningi baye babonisa ikhono elimangalisayo lokuqhuba lezi zindlela ngaphansi kwezimo eziyinselele. Isibonelo esisodwa esiphawulekayo i-Airbus A380 esikhumulweni sezindiza sase-Düsseldorf ngo-2018. Umshayeli wendiza onekhono wamisa ngempumelelo enye yendiza enkulu yabagibeli, ebonisa amakhono ezindiza zesimanje kanye nokuqeqeshwa komshayeli.
Enye ividiyo eyigciwane kusukela ngo-2017 yathwebula i-Boeing 737 ihlezi ezindaweni ezinqamula umoya esikhumulweni sezindiza saseBirmingham. Ikhono elikhethekile lomshayeli wendiza ekugcineni ukulawula phakathi nendlela eyinselele lizuze ukunconywa okusabalele futhi lagqamisa ukubaluleka kwamasu akhe.
Izikhumulo zezindiza ezisezindaweni ezinezintaba, njengesikhumulo sezindiza i-Paro e-Bhutan kanye ne-Lukla Airport e-Nepal, zaziwa ngezimo zazo zokuwela umoya eziyinselele ngenxa yezindawo ezizungezile namaphethini omoya. Abashayeli bezindiza abasebenza kulezi zindawo kumele babe namakhono akhethekile okuzulazula kumaphethini omoya ayinkimbinkimbi futhi baqinisekise ukusebenza okuphephile.
Ubuchwepheshe Namathuluzi Okusiza Abashayeli Bezindiza
Nakuba ikhono lokushayela indiza nezindlela zisalokhu zihamba phambili, intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe inikeze amathuluzi engeziwe nezinsiza zokusiza ekufikeni kokuwela umoya. Izindiza eziningi zesimanje zihlome ngezinsiza, njengezinhlelo zokuqondisa ezinqamula imimoya noma izibonisi ezibonisa ukuthi ubheke phezulu, ezinikeza ulwazi lwesikhathi sangempela kanye nezinkomba zokusiza abashayeli bezindiza ngesikhathi sokunqamula imimoya nokuhlalisa. Ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe be-Vision Systems (EVS), njengamakhamera e-infrared noma amasistimu okubona okwenziwa, angathuthukisa ukuqwashisa ngezimo nokubonakala ngesikhathi sokubonakala kancane noma ukusebenza kokuhlala ebusuku. Ukwengeza, amasistimu e-Autoland athuthukisiwe angasebenzisa ngokuzenzakalelayo lokhu kuhlaliswa ngaphakathi kwemikhawulo enqunywe kusengaphambili, enciphisa umsebenzi wabashayeli bezindiza phakathi nezimo eziyinselele.
Ukutholwa kokugunda komoya kanye nezinhlelo zokuxwayisa zingathola futhi zixwayise abashayeli bezindiza ngobukhona bokugunda komoya noma izinguquko ezingazelelwe endleleni yomoya kanye nesivinini, okuvumela izenzo zokulungisa ezifika ngesikhathi phakathi nezindlela zokuwela umoya. Izikhumulo zezindiza zingase futhi zisebenzise amasistimu okuqapha isimo sendlela yezindiza ukuze zinikeze idatha yesikhathi sangempela mayelana nezimo zendlela yezindiza, okuhlanganisa izingxenye ezinqamula umoya, ezingasiza abashayeli bezindiza ekuthatheni izinqumo nasekulungiseleleni ukuhlala.
Izinyathelo Zokuphepha kanye Nezinqubo
Ukuphepha kubaluleke kakhulu ngesikhathi sokuma kwe-crosswind. Izinkampani zezindiza, iziphathimandla zezindiza, kanye nezikhumulo zezindiza zisebenzisa izindlela ezahlukahlukene nezinqubo zokuqinisekisa amazinga aphezulu okuphepha. Abakhiqizi bezindiza nezindikimba ezilawulayo basungula imikhawulo ethile enqamula umoya ngokusekelwe ohlotsheni lwendiza, ukumiswa, nezimo zendlela yezindiza. Abashayeli bezindiza kufanele bahambisane nale mikhawulo futhi benze izinqumo ezinolwazi mayelana nokuba nokwenzeka kokufika kokuwela umoya. Uma izimo zeqa imikhawulo emisiwe noma umshayeli wendiza ebona ukuthi ukuwela kwe-crosswind akuphephile, kulandelwa izinqubo ezijwayelekile zokuzulazula ukuze kunqanyulwe ukuhlalisa futhi kuqalise indlela egejiwe.
Uma kungenzeka, abashayeli bezindiza bangase bakhethe ukuhlala kumzila wezindiza onciphisa ingxenye yokuwela umoya, okunciphisa izinselele ezihambisana nalokhu kumisa. Ukuxhumana okusebenzayo nokuxhumana phakathi kwabashayeli bezindiza, izilawuli zethrafikhi yezindiza, kanye nabasebenzi basezindaweni eziphansi babalulekile ekusebenzeni okuphephile kokuwela umoya ngokusebenzisa izinqubo Zokuphathwa Kwezinsiza Zabasebenzi (CRM). Ngemva kwesimo esiyinselele, indiza ingase ihlolwe ngokucophelela ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi akukho monakalo owenzekile futhi kuhlonzwe noma yiziphi izimfuneko ezingase zilungiswe.
Isiphetho
Ukufika kwe-Crosswind kumelela ikhono lomshayeli wendiza nolwazi lwe-aeronautical. Ikhono lokulenza ngempumelelo lidinga ukuqonda okujulile kwezimiso ze-aerodynamic, okokufaka okunembayo kokulawula, ukuqwashisa ngezimo, nokuqeqeshwa okubanzi.
Nakuba iletha izinselele, iyingxenye ebalulekile yokusebenza kwezindiza, futhi abashayeli bezindiza kufanele bazilungiselele ukubhekana nalezi zimo ngokuzethemba nangobungcweti. Ngokusebenzisa amasu aqinisekisiwe, izici zokuklama izindiza ezisebenzayo, nokusebenzisa izinsiza zobuchwepheshe, abashayeli bezindiza bangakwazi ukuzulazula ngokuphepha izimo ezinqamula imimoya futhi baqinisekise ukufika okuphephile kwendiza yabo nabagibeli.
Kubashayeli bezindiza abasafufusa noma labo abafuna ukuthuthukisa amakhono abo, kufanele bacabangele ukubhalisa I-Florida Flyers Flight Academy's izinhlelo zokuqeqesha ezikhethekile noma ukufuna isiqondiso kubafundisi bethu abanolwazi. Ukwazi lokhu kuhlaliswa akubonisi nje kuphela amakhono akhethekile okushayela kodwa futhi kunomthelela ekuphepheni kukonke nokusebenza kahle kwezindiza. Faka imali kumakhono akho bese uthatha ikhono lakho lokundiza uye phezulu ngokuqeqeshwa kwethu okuphelele.
Xhumana nethimba le-Florida Flyers Flight Academy namuhla ku (904) 209-3510 ukuze ufunde kabanzi mayelana ne-Private Pilot Ground School Course.
