Incazelo ye-IFR ne-VFR: Indlela Abashayeli Bezindiza Abakhetha Ngayo Phakathi Kwemithetho Yokundiza Ebonakalayo Neyezinsimbi

Umshayeli wendiza uhleli ekhabetheni, ifasitela langaphambili ligcwele umbala ompunga. Akukho mkhathi. Isinqumo kuphela ukuthi yimiphi imithetho okufanele uyethembe.

Impendulo yencazelo ye-IFR ne-VFR iyindlela yokukhetha ngesikhathi sangempela phakathi kokubuka ngefasitela nokuthembela kumathuluzi. Izincazelo eziningi ziphela ngokubheka isimo sezulu esincane. Ziyaphuthelwa ukuthi umshayeli wendiza unquma kanjani ukuthi yimiphi imithetho esebenza emsebenzini.

Lesi sihloko sichaza leso sinqumo. Uzofunda ukuthi isethi ngayinye yemithetho idingani, ukuthi ukuhlela indiza kushintsha kanjani, nokuthi kungani ukukhetha okuphephile kungeyona into ethuthukisiwe ngaso sonke isikhathi. Umehluko awukhona ezifundweni. Umshayeli wendiza ondiza emoyeni olawulwayo ngaphandle kwemvume ye-IFR wephula umthetho. Imithetho inesisindo esisemthethweni esibumba yonke imihlangano yangaphambi kokundiza.

Incazelo ye-IFR ne-VFR: Umehluko Omkhulu

VFR kusho imithetho yokundiza ebonakalayo, umshayeli wendiza uhamba ngokubuka ngefasitela. IFR izindlela imithetho yendiza yensimbi, umshayeli wendiza uhamba ngokubhekisela kuphela kumathuluzi e-cockpit. Indiza ngayinye isebenza ngaphansi kolunye lwalezi zinhlaka ezimbili, futhi ukukhetha phakathi kwazo kunquma ukuthi umshayeli wendiza uhlela, afeze, futhi aqaphe kanjani zonke izigaba zohambo.

Ukungaqondi kahle okuvamile ukuthi lezi yizinhlobo ezimbili ezihlukene zokundiza. Azinjalo. Indiza eyodwa ingaguquka isuka ku-VFR iye ku-IFR emoyeni njengoba izimo zezulu zishintsha. Umshayeli wendiza ondiza ngaphansi kwesibhakabhaka esicwebezelayo kungadingeka ashintshele emithethweni yokundiza lapho amafu engena. Ikhono lokwenza lolo shintsho ngokuphepha yilona elihlukanisa umshayeli wendiza oqeqeshwe kahle kulowo ongena enkingeni.

Abashayeli bezindiza abazimele baqala ukuqeqeshwa kwabo ngaphansi kwe-VFR. Bafunda ukundiza ngokubheka umkhathizwe, balandele imigwaqo nemifula, futhi bagcine umhlaba ubonakala. Isilinganiso sezinsimbi siza kamuva, isitifiketi esengeziwe esifundisa abashayeli bezindiza ukwethemba izinsimbi zabo kunemizwa yabo. Lokho kuthembana yikhono elinzima kakhulu ukulakha. Indlebe yangaphakathi itshela umzimba into eyodwa kuyilapho isibonakaliso sengqondo sitshela iqiniso. Abashayeli bezindiza abakwaziyo lokhu kuhlukana bangandiza ezimweni ezithinta wonke umuntu.

Umehluko wangempela awukho mayelana ne-cockpit. Umayelana nobudlelwano bomshayeli wendiza nokungaqiniseki. I-VFR isebenza lapho umhlaba ubonakala futhi ubikezelwa. I-IFR isebenza lapho umhlaba unyamalala futhi kusele izinsimbi kuphela. Ukuqonda Incazelo ye-IFR kanye ne-VFR kusho ukwazi ukuthi yiluphi uhlaka oluhambisana nezimo, kanye nokuba nokuqeqeshwa kokusebenzisa noma yikuphi.

Ukushintsha phakathi kwe-VFR ne-IFR akuyona into yokushintsha. Kuyisihlahla sesinqumo esiqala ngaphambi kokuba injini iphenduke. Umshayeli wendiza ofaka uhlelo lwendiza lwe-IFR kusukela ekuqaleni usevele enqume ukuthi isimo sezulu singase sivale, futhi leso sinqumo sakha ukuhlela uphethiloli, izikhumulo zezindiza ezishintshanayo, kanye nemizila yezingozi kusukela ekuqaleni.

Lapho Abashayeli Bezindiza Bethembela Ezibonelweni Ezibonakalayo Zodwa

Ukundiza nge-VFR kuyindlela emsulwa kakhulu yezindiza, futhi futhi ivimbe kakhulu. Umshayeli wendiza ugcina amaphiko eqondene ngokuwafanisa nomkhathizwe, azulazule ngokubona umbhoshongo wamanzi noma indawo yokushintshana komgwaqo omkhulu, futhi ahlulele ibanga ngokuthi umhlaba uhamba ngesivinini esingakanani. Lokhu kulula yisona sizathu esenza wonke umshayeli wendiza afunde i-VFR kuqala. Kufundisa ikhono eliyisisekelo: ukugcina indiza ilawulwa ngenkathi wenza izinqumo eziqhubekayo mayelana nokuthi uzoya kuphi nokuthi uzogwema ini.

Inkululeko ye-VFR ingokoqobo. Umshayeli wendiza angasuka endaweni encane yotshani, akhuphuke ngesikhala samafu, bese efika esikhumulweni sezindiza ngaphandle kombhoshongo wokulawula noma indlela yethuluzi elishicilelwe. Akukho cebo lokundiza elidingekayo. Akukho mvume edingekayo ukufundwa kabusha. Umshayeli wendiza unesinqumo mayelana nomzila, ukuphakama, kanye nendawo oya kuyo. Lokho kuzimela yingakho abashayeli bezindiza abaningi benqaba ukuthuthela endizeni yethuluzi iminyaka eminingi.

Kodwa imingcele ayiphelele. I-VFR idinga ubuncane besimo sezulu obuthile ukuze kubonakale futhi kususwe amafu, okuphoqelelwa yi- Imithetho Yendiza Ebonakalayo. Lapho uthuli luqina noma i-cloud deck yehla, lezo zinketho ziyanyamalala. Umshayeli wendiza ohlele uhambo lokunqamula izwe oluthatha imizuzu engama-90 angase azithole eqhele ngamakhilomitha angama-20 ukusuka endaweni aya kuyo engenandlela yokuya phambili kanye nophahla oluwohloka ngokushesha. Okuwukuphela kwesinyathelo esisemthethweni ukujika noma ukufika kwenye indawo.

Isikhala sezindiza senezela omunye umkhawulo. Isikhala sezindiza sekilasi B nekilasi C eduze kwezikhumulo zezindiza ezinkulu sidinga ukuxhumana okukhethekile kanye nemishini izindiza eziningi ze-VFR kuphela ezingenayo. Umshayeli wendiza ondiza i-VFR eduze kwaseChicago noma eLos Angeles kumele azulazule kulezi zindawo zomoya ezilawulwayo, enezela amamayela nobunzima. Inkululeko ye-VFR isebenza ngaphakathi kwebhokisi elichazwe yisimo sezulu, isikhala sezindiza, kanye nekhono lomshayeli lokubona izingozi ngaphambi kokuba zibe izinkinga.

Lelo bhokisi yilapho kuhlala khona ukucindezeleka. Wonke umshayeli we-VFR ekugcineni ubhekene nesikhathi lapho izinkomba ezibonakalayo abezethembayo ziqala ukunyamalala, futhi isinqumo esiphephile kuphela yilesi abengafuni ukusenza.

Lapho Izinsimbi Zithatha Indawo Yokuhlala Abakhubazekile

I-IFR kanye ne-VFR okusho ukuthi kuyashintsha kusuka ekuhlukaniseni okusemthethweni kuya endleleni yokusinda lapho i-windscreen iba mpunga. Umshayeli wendiza oqeqeshwe izinyanga eziningi ukuze athembe umkhathi kumele ngokuzumayo zulazula ngaphandle kwezithombe bese uthemba iphaneli yama-dial esikhundleni salokho.

Izimo Eziphoqelela Ushintsho

Amafu, inkungu, imvula, kanye nomswakama konke kususa izinkomba ezibonakalayo umshayeli we-VFR athembele kuzo. Ukuhamba ebusuku endaweni engenakukhanya nakho kungadala izimo lapho umkhathi unyamalala khona ngokuphelele. Lezi yizindawo lapho i-IFR iba yimpoqo khona.

Lokho Okushiwo Yizimo Zezulu Zemishini Ngempela

I-IMC yigama lobuchwepheshe lesimo sezulu esingaphansi kwesilinganiso esiphansi se-VFR. Akuyona uhlobo olulodwa lwesimo sezulu kodwa yinoma yisiphi isimo lapho umshayeli wendiza engakwazi ukubona ngokwanele ukugcina ukundiza kuphephile ngokubheka ngaphandle. Ushintsho oluvela ku-VFR luye ku-IMC lungenzeka ngemizuzwana lapho lundiza lungena engqimbeni yamafu.

Ukushintsha Kwengqondo Kusukela Emehlweni Kuya Ezinsimbini Zomculo

I-IFR yokundiza idinga ukuhlelwa kabusha okuphelele kwendlela umshayeli wendiza acubungula ngayo ulwazi. Indlebe yangaphakathi ilele ngesikhathi sokujika nokukhuphuka, ngakho umshayeli wendiza kumele anqobe umuzwa womzimba futhi akholelwe lokho okuboniswa yinkomba yesimo sengqondo. Leli khono liyi- yakhiwe ngokuqeqeshwa okuzinikele kanye nokuzijwayeza okuqhubekayo.

Ukulawulwa Kwethrafikhi Yezindiza Kuthatha Izilawuli

Indiza ye-IFR isebenza ngaphansi kwemvume eqinile ye-ATC kusukela ekusukeni kuya ekufikeni kwayo. Umshayeli wendiza akakwazi ukuphambuka endleleni eyabelwe, ukuphakama, noma umzila ngaphandle kwemvume. Lokhu kususa inkululeko yokundiza kwe-VFR kodwa kwenezela ukuhlukana nezinye izimoto kanye nomzila oqinisekisiwe endaweni yomoya ematasa.

Isithiyo Sokuqinisekisa

Abashayeli bezindiza abazimele bathola isitifiketi se-VFR kuphela kuqala, bese bephishekela isilinganiso sezinsimbi ngamahora engeziwe okundiza, isikole sasemhlabeni, kanye nokuhlolwa. Isilinganiso sezinsimbi asiyona into ongayikhetha kunoma ubani ondiza ngendiza yezentengiselwano, indinganiso ehlukanisa ukundiza kokuzijabulisa nemisebenzi yobungcweti.

Indlela Ukuhlela Indiza Okuhluke Ngayo Phakathi Kwe-VFR Ne-IFR

Ukuhlela indiza kwembula umehluko wangempela phakathi kwalezi zimiso ezimbili. Umshayeli we-VFR uhlela lokho angakubona. Umshayeli we-IFR uhlela lokho angakuboni. Yonke inqubo iyashintsha, kusukela ekukhetheni umzila kuya ekubalweni kukaphethiloli kuya endleleni umshayeli wendiza acabanga ngayo ngesimo esibi kakhulu.

Ukuhlela i-VFR kuqala ngemephu kanye nesifinyezo sesimo sezulu. Umshayeli wendiza ubona izindawo zokuhlola ezibonakalayo: ichibi elibunjwe njengebhuthi, indawo yokushintshana komgwaqo omkhulu, umbhoshongo womsakazo onesibani esibomvu. Indlela ilandela lezi zindawo ezibalulekile, igweme indawo yomoya evinjelwe kanye nezindawo ezilawulwayo. Ukugwema isimo sezulu kuyinto ebaluleke kakhulu. Umshayeli wendiza i-VFR uchitha isikhathi esiningi sokuhlela ebuza ukuthi isibhakabhaka sizobe sicacile ngokwanele yini ukundiza.

Ukuhlela i-IFR kuyindlela ehlukile ngokuphelele. Ukuhlola kufaka isicelo uhlelo lwendiza ngokulawulwa kwethrafikhi yezindiza ngaphambi kokuhamba phansi. Umzila ulandela izindlela zomoya ezishicilelwe kanye nezindlela zemishini, hhayi izimpawu ezibonakalayo. Ukuhlela uphethiloli kuhlanganisa ukubhukelwa kwesinye isikhumulo sezindiza ngoba indawo ohamba kuyo ingase ibe ngaphansi komkhawulo ophansi. Umshayeli wendiza we-IFR uhlela ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi ukufika okuhleliwe ngeke kwenzeke. Isinqumo ngasinye sidinga ikhophi yesipele.

I-VFR iyawina ngenxa yobulula kanye nezindleko eziphansi. Umshayeli wendiza angahlela i-VFR cross-country ngemizuzu embalwa ngeshadi lesigaba kanye nohlelo lokusebenza lwesimo sezulu. I-IFR iyawina ngenxa yokuthembeka nokubikezela. Umshayeli wendiza uyazi kahle ukuthi i-ATC izoyinika umzila onjani nokuthi izondiza kanjani. Ukuhweba kucacile: inkululeko yesakhiwo, ubulula bokuqiniseka.

Ukukhetha phakathi kwalezi zindlela ezimbili zokuhlela kuncike emsebenzini. Indiza yokubuka indawo endaweni ejwayelekile ngumsebenzi we-VFR. Indiza yebhizinisi eya edolobheni elaziwa ngamafu aphansi idinga i-IFR. Umshayeli wendiza okhetha uhlaka olungalungile lohambo olungalungile ugcina engasebenzi kahle noma okubi nakakhulu.

Kungani Abanye Abashayeli Bezindiza Bekhetha IFR Kune-VFR

Ukukhetha i-IFR kune-VFR akuphathelene nezinga lekhono. Kumayelana nokuthi umshayeli wendiza ufuna ukundiza kanjani. Kulabo abandiza ngendiza ngenxa yezokuthutha kunokuzijabulisa, i-IFR isusa ushintsho olukhulu kakhulu ohambweni ngalunye: isimo sezulu.

Umshayeli we-VFR uyavuka, ahlole isibikezelo, bese endiza noma angahambi. Umshayeli we-IFR uyavuka, ahlole isibikezelo, bese ehlela umzila odlula kuso. Lowo mehluko ushintsha indlela abashayeli bezindiza abasondela ngayo emsebenzini wabo wonke. Izindiza ezizokhanselwa ngaphansi kwe-VFR ziba yinto evamile ngaphansi kwe-IFR, okubalulekile kunoma ubani odinga ukuba endaweni ethile ngesheduli.

Ngale kwesimo sezulu, i-IFR inikeza inzuzo yesakhiwo i-VFR engenakukwazi ukuyifanisa. Ukuhlukaniswa kokulawulwa kwethrafikhi yendiza izenzakalelayo ngaphansi kwe-IFR. Abalawuli banesibopho sokuhlukanisa. Umshayeli we-VFR kumele abone futhi agweme ezinye izimoto, ahlole njalo isibhakabhaka ngenkathi elawula ukuzulazula nokuxhumana. Lowo mthwalo wengqondo ungokoqobo, futhi uyanqwabelana phakathi nendiza ende.

Imisebenzi yezentengiselwano isusa ukukhetha ngokuphelele. Abashayeli bezindiza, abaqhubi bezindiza abaqashayo, nanoma ubani ondiza eqashiwe kumele abe nesilinganiso sethuluzi. Ukukhetha i-IFR akuyona into ethandwayo nhlobo kulezo zimo. Kuwukuphela kwenketho esemthethweni. Kodwa ngisho naphakathi kwabashayeli bezindiza abazimele abangandiza nganoma iyiphi indlela, abaningi bakhetha i-IFR uma sebebona ukubikezela kwayo.

Ukuhweba kungokoqobo. I-IFR idinga ukuskenwa kwezinsimbi okuqhubekayo, ukuxhumana njalo ngomsakazo, kanye nokunamathela ngokuqinile ezindaweni ezivulekile. Akukho ukuphambuka okuzenzakalelayo ukundiza phezu komfula noma ukuzungeza uphawu. Inkululeko ye-VFR iyinkululeko yangempela. Kodwa kubashayeli bezindiza abandizayo ukufika, hhayi ukuzulazula, leyo nkululeko ibaluleke kakhulu kunesiqinisekiso sokudlula.

Umbono Oyiphutha Wokuthi I-IFR Ihlala Iphephile

Abashayeli bezindiza abaningi bacabanga ukuthi imithetho yokundiza yezinsimbi iphephile. Lokhu akunaki ushintsho oluyingozi kakhulu: umshayeli wendiza. Ukuphepha kuhambisana nekhono lomshayeli wendiza kanye nezimo.

Ugibe Lobungcweti Ekundizeni Ngezinsimbi

Ubuchwepheshe be-IFR buphela ngokushesha kunalokho abaningi abakuqaphelayo. Umshayeli wendiza oqhuba izinsimbi kabili ngenyanga ugcina ukuskena okuthembekile. Umshayeli wendiza oqhuba izinsimbi kabili ngonyaka uyisibopho. Umshayeli wendiza angase angacubunguli idatha efanele ngokushesha okwanele.

Lapho i-VFR Flying Iba Yisinqumo Esiphephile

Abashayeli bezindiza be-VFR esimweni sezulu esihle babona indawo, ithrafikhi, kanye nesimo sezulu esithuthukayo ngaphambi kokuba kube yinkinga. Lokho kuqaphela kuvumela izinqumo zangaphambilini. Umshayeli wezindiza we-VFR angaphenduka ngaphambi kokungena efwini. Umshayeli wezindiza we-IFR kumele ukuthi usevele usefwini.

Isinqumo Esinquma Umphumela

Umshayeli wendiza ophephile uhlola ngokunembile imikhawulo yawo uma eqhathaniswa nezimo. Umshayeli wendiza we-VFR okhansela ngenxa yamafu ahlakazekile kuphephile kunomshayeli wendiza we-IFR oqala iqhwa elaziwayo. Isilinganiso sishintsha ingozi, asiyisusi.

Izindlela Zokuqeqesha: Kusukela ku-VFR kuya ku-IFR Certification

Ukuqonda incazelo ye-IFR ne-VFR akuphelele ngaphandle kokwazi ukuthi abashayeli bezindiza baqeqesha kanjani. Wonke umshayeli wendiza uqala ngokuqeqeshwa kwe-VFR, bese abanye bethola isilinganiso sethuluzi esivula ukundiza kwe-IFR. Ukuqhubeka akuyona into ongayikhetha endizeni yezentengiselwano, kuyisango.

• Ukuqeqeshwa kwe-VFR kuqala. Isitifiketi somshayeli wendiza ozimele sakhelwe ngokuphelele ekundizeni okubonakalayo. Abafundi bafunda ukugcina amaphiko elingana ngokubuka umkhathizwe, ukuzulazula ngokubona izimpawu, nokwahlulela ibanga ngesivinini somhlaba. Lesi sisekelo sifundisa amakhono ayisisekelo okunamathela nokuqondisa ngaphambi kokufaka izinsimbi.
• Izidingo zokulinganisa izinsimbi. Ngemva kokuthola isitifiketi sangasese, abashayeli bezindiza baphishekela isilinganiso sezinsimbi. Ukuqeqeshwa kudinga ukuhlolwa okubhaliwe, ukuhlolwa, kanye namahora okundiza okungenani ezimweni zangempela noma ezilingisiwe zezinsimbi. Ukugxila kuyashintsha kusuka ekubhekeni ngaphandle kuya ekuskeni iphaneli.
• Ithuluzi lokucabanga elindizayo. Ukuqeqeshwa kwe-IFR kufundisa abashayeli bezindiza ukulawula indiza besebenzisa kuphela inkomba yesimo, i-altimeter, kanye nenkomba yesihloko. Umzimba uzotshela umshayeli ukuthi indiza iyajika uma ingaphenduki. Amathuluzi kumele anqobe lowo muzwa njalo.
• Ukuzulazula kanye nezindlela. Abashayeli bezindiza bafunda ukundiza izindlela zezinsimbi, izindlela eziqondile eziqondisa indiza endaweni yokugijima ngaphandle kokubhekisela ngokubonakalayo. Izindlela ze-VOR, ILS, kanye ne-GPS ngayinye zidinga izinqubo ezahlukene. Ukuqeqeshwa kuhlanganisa indlela yokufinyeza, ukundiza, kanye nokuphuthelwa ngayinye.
• Izidingo zezentengiselwano nezezindiza. Noma yimuphi umshayeli wendiza oqashiwe kumele abe nesilinganiso sezinsimbi. Abaqhubi bezentengiselwano abakwazi ukuthembela ekutheni isimo sezulu silungele i-VFR. Isilinganiso sezinsimbi siyisisekelo sanoma ubani okhokhelwa ukundiza.
• Ukuqeqeshwa okuphindaphindiwe. Isilinganiso sezinsimbi kumele sigcinwe sisesikhathini. Abashayeli bezindiza kumele babhale phansi izindlela eziyisithupha zezinsimbi, izinqubo zokubamba, kanye nezifundo zokuvimba nokulandelela njalo ezinyangeni eziyisithupha. Ngaphandle kwalokhu, isilinganiso siyaphela futhi umshayeli wezindiza abuyele emalungelweni e-VFR kuphela.

Indlela yokuqeqesha yembula iqiniso: abashayeli bezindiza abangcono kakhulu bangashintsha phakathi kokundiza okubonakalayo nokundiza ngezinsimbi njengoba izimo zifuna. Ukwenza izinqumo ze-IFR vs VFR kumele kwenziwe, hhayi nje kuqondwe. Noma ubani ozimisele ngempela ukuqeqeshwa komshayeli wendiza, isilinganiso sezinsimbi sitholakala lapho ukundiza kuyeka ukuba yinto yokuzilibazisa bese kuba umsebenzi.

Ukwazi Ukukhetha Phakathi Kokundiza Okubonakalayo Nokwezinsimbi

Ukuqonda incazelo ye-IFR kanye ne-VFR akuyona into yokuzijwayeza. Umehluko phakathi komshayeli wendiza osabela ezimweni kanye nalowo ozilindele.

Isinqumo se-cockpit phakathi kwemithetho ebonakalayo neyemishini senzeka ngaphambi kokuba injini iqale. Umshayeli wendiza olinda kuze kube yilapho amafu evala usevele ekhethe kabi. Abashayeli bezindiza abahlakaniphe kakhulu bahlela imiphumela yomibili. Bachaza ukusuka, umzila, kanye nokushintshana ngaphambi kocingo lokuqala lomsakazo.

Phusha ngale kwezincazelo. Ndiza ngaphansi kwemithetho emibili kuze kube yilapho ushintsho luba yinto engokwemvelo. Umgomo awukona ukukhetha okuthandayo. Umgomo uwukuba umshayeli wendiza ongandiza noma yimuphi umsebenzi ovunyelwe yisimo sezulu.